Multimodality and cognitive mechanisms: A cognitive-semantics analysis of political cartoons <stay out of my hair>

권익수,권익수,Jung Hwi Roh 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2018 언어연구 Vol.35 No.1

This paper aims to explore multimodality within a framework of cognitive semantics by conducting a case study of political cartoons <stay out of my hair> with special focus on the optimal manifestations of conceptual metaphors (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) and blends (Fauconnier 1997) in them. It looks into the cartoons which have been published from January to August in 2017 to illustrate escalating tensions over the issue of developing nuclear weapons in North Korea between North Korea and the United States after Donald Trump was elected president of the United States. Total 26 relevant cartoons were collected from multiple public webpages, which use the original hairstyles of the political figures to satirize their political actions or to show conflicts and their unpleasant emotions. This study provides a qualitative analysis of five selected cartoons that represent the sub-types to clarify how hair constitutes the overall construal of the cartoon within a framework of cognitive semantics. It supports the claim that cognitive mechanisms such as conceptual metaphor and blending are not confined to verbal artefacts, but they are pervasive in multimodal manifestations since multimodal data as well as linguistic data are outcomes of human cognition (Dancygier and Vandelanotte 2017).

Mental Spaces in the Korean Reportive/Quotative Evidentiality Marker -Ay

권익수 담화·인지언어학회 2011 담화와 인지 Vol.18 No.2

Kwon, Iksoo. 2011. Mental spaces in the Korean reportive/quotative evidentiality marker -ay. Discourse and Cognition 18:2, 23-50. This paper explores functional properties and distributions of Korean reportive and quotative evidentiality marker –ay. I argue that the attempt to explain -ay only in terms of a syntactic constraint fails, because the marker’s function is a matter of (inter)subjective semantics that arises from complex interactions among the multiple viewpoints that are involved. In this vein, within the framework of Mental Spaces Theory (Fauconnier 1994, 1997), this study shows that we can explain examples that are beyond syntactic constraints as well as canonical examples of the construction in a unified way. To provide cognitively motivated accounts, I argued that the Evidentiality construction requires another way of space building because of the presuppositional characteristic of information that the construction accommodates. I called it Presuppositional Space Accommodation and explored how it works for the Korean Evidentiality construction. (University of California, Berkeley)

HVDC 슬립 온형 기중 종단접속함에 대한 열 영향 반영 DC 전계 특성 평가

권익수,황재상,구재홍,사카모토 쿠니아키,이방욱,Kwon, Ik-Soo,Hwang, Jae-Sang,Koo, Jae-Hong,Sakamoto, Kuniaki,Lee, Bang-Wook 한국전력공사 2015 KEPCO Journal on electric power and energy Vol.1 No.1

기중종단 접속함은 지중케이블과 가공송전선을 연결하기 위한 접속함으로써 옥외 변전소 등의 대기 중에 설치된다. 이는 21세기 핵심기술로 여겨지고 있는 대륙 간, 국가 간, 육지-섬을 잇는 HVDC 송전선로의 DC 그리드 송전망 형성을 위해 반드시 개발되어야 하는 전력기기이다. 그러나 AC용 접속함의 개발 사례는 다수 존재하는 반면, DC용 접속함의 개발 사례 및 기술은 일본과 중국 등에 일부 존재할 뿐 국내 기술은 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기존 AC용 슬립 온형 기중 종단접속함을 초기모델로 선정하여 HVDC 전력기기로의 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 먼저 실제 운전 시 기중종단 접속함 내 도체에서 발생하는 열에 의한 내 외부의 온도편차를 고려한 DC 전계해석을 수행하였으며, AC 전계분포 및 열 해석이 반영되지 않은 DC 전계분포와 비교하였다. 또한 DC 전계는 정상상태 뿐만 아니라 과도 구간도 포함하기 때문에 이를 고려한 전계해석을 수행할 필요가 있기 때문에 정상상태와 더불어 극성반전 후 전계분포 역시 비교, 분석하였다. 마지막으로, 기존 AC용 슬립 온형 기중 종단접속함 초기모델을 DC에 적용하기 위해 다양한 형상 변환을 통한 요소 설계를 수행하였다. 기중종단 접속함 구조 내 전계가 가장 집중될 것으로 사료되는 부분을 선정하여 그 지점들의 최대 전계강도 $E_{n.max}$와 $E_{t.max}$를 측정하였다. 해석 결과, 정상상태시 개선모델의 삼중점 최대 전계강도는 기준모델 대비 2.01% 개선되었으며, 연면 최대 전계강도는 기준모델 대비 36.68% 개선되었다. AC 전계해석 결과인 연면 전계강도 1.11 kV/mm보다는 33.3% 감소하였지만 삼중점 최대 전계강도 8.23 kV/mm보다는 아직 43.6% 크다는 점에서 부분적인 형상 변환이 아닌 DC 환경에 적합한 전혀 다른 근본적인 설계 개념의 변화가 반드시 필요할 것으로 사료된다. A outdoor termination installed at the outdoor substation is required to connect undergroud cables and overhead transmission lines. The joint box for AC transmission system is already developed and widely used to interconnect overhead and undergroud systems. But the development of the joint box for DC transmission system was only introduced from China and Japan, but theire developemnt staus and core technologies were not fully reported. In order to implement HVDC systems connecting ovehead transmission lines and undergroud cables, a outdoor termination should be developed, but the detailed specifications and information of this device were not reported. It is estimated that the development of the joint box for DC environment has some technical obstacles including insulating materials, electric field mitigation, thermal temperature rise, and space charge accumuations. Among this, the most important one is the DC elctrical insualtion design. Therefore, in order to investigate the DC elctrical insualton design of outdoor termination, the design of AC slip-on type outdoor termination is reffered, and DC electric field analysis performed to verify the possiblity of application of AC joint box into DC joint box. Especially for DC electric field analysis, temperature rise of insualting materials of a joint box was considered, because the conductivity of materials could be changed due to temperature rise. Furthermore, DC electric field analysis considering transinet state, and polarity reversal state were also investigated to verify which state is the most severe condition for the DC joint box. From the simualtion resulsts, it was shown that the value and the position of maximum electric field was obtained comparing AC state, DC state without temperaure rise, and DC state with temperaure rise. And it was confimred that severe DC electric field was observed considing temperaure rise. Finally, in order to reduce DC eletric field intensifation, different configuration of the joint box was applied and it was not possible to obtain satisfactory results. It means that the slight change of configuration of AC joint box was not the suitable soluton for DC joint box. It is essential to establish novel DC insulaton design skills and method for DC joint box to commercialze this product in the near future.

Multilayered meaning constructions, viewpoint, and mental-spaces: Some case studies

권익수 사단법인 한국언어학회 2020 한국언어학회 학술대회지 Vol.2020 No.8

Construing Korean Proverb ‘Arms Bend Inward’ through Property Selection Processes

권익수 한국언어학회 2012 언어 Vol.37 No.3

Proverbs assert their veracity about social and moral matters by linking features of generic social situations to mundane and individual human affairs. This paper focuses on the generic-to-specific mapping in the construal, exploring how a generic statement such as a proverb is used and understood in a relevant specific context. Particularly, this paper aims to revisit Lakoff and Turner’s (1989) model, GENERIC IS SPECIFIC metaphor and to show that the model itself does not fully explicate which properties of the source domain are picked and mapped onto their counterparts in the target domain. Rather, it merely provides a pool of relevant inferences and entailments for the generic statement. This paper argues that property selection process (Ibarretxe-Antuñano 1997) enables us to transparently explain the processes of construing a proverb; if we are able to characterize the domain of experience that constitutes the source domain in terms of selection processes, it will constrain the semantic extensions that occur in the corresponding target domain. This paper analyzes the Korean proverb phalun anulo kwupnunta ‘arms bend inward,’ roughly equivalent to saying in English, charity begins at home, as a case study and shows that the selection process helps to provide motivated accounts of how proverbs are construed.

Arbitrary assimilation of /nl/ in Korean

권익수 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2014 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.64

This squib aims to explore the directionality of assimilation in /nl/ sequences in Korean and its realization patterns, and to report results of a pilot study conducted to figure out the underlying factors that motivate the patterns. Contrary to the assumption shared in the previous approaches that there was a very clear-cut and solid tendency over the nasal-lateral assimilation pattern in Korean, this squib argues that three possible patterns for this particular sequence of phonemes—regressive, progressive, and variable—exist over a nasal-lateral sequence and that their realization patterns are influenced by various factors: size effects, morphological structure, and hypercorrection. The goal of this squib is to figure out which factors are vital for more accurate and intuitive study for the assimilation pattern. The potential factors are to be tested by recording Korean native speakers based on a factor-controlled questionnaire. The result shows the followings: the size of words seems to definitely affect the directionality, i.e. subjects prefer progressive to regressive; morpheme boundary is a crucial factor as expected, but it also has more than a few exceptions; hypercorrection tendency can be another candidate, but was not found at all in this experiment.

How do Koreans break and cut things?: A cognitive-semantics approach to BREAK predicates and CUT predicates in Korean

권익수 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2016 언어연구 Vol.33 No.1

The aim of this paper is to explore the semantic properties and distributions of the various predicates involving cutting and breaking in Korean. I show that both CUT and BREAK predicates are sensitive to the characteristics of the theme entity. CUT predicates are sensitive to the theme’s texture and shape, to the prototypical zone of separation, and to its semantic domain. The BREAK predicates are sensitive to the theme’s texture and shape and to whether it is a functional artifact. In terms of morphosyntax, the CUT and BREAK predicates in Korean are lexically transitive; it is possible to express intransitive and/or inchoative semantics by using a passive marker or the anticausative marker. In the agent-focused constructions, i.e., actives, the BREAK verbs may be used with or without the causative morpheme -ttuli- (The CUT verbs are not normally marked for causativity). In the theme-focused constructions, i.e., passives and middles, either the anticausative morpheme -eci- or one of the passive morphemes must be used; the passive markers may only be used with CUT verbs, while the anticausative marker may be used with either. Some of the breaking predicates contain the completive auxiliary nay-, which overtly encodes that an action has been completed – in this case, that complete separation has occurred. Some of the other predicates entail that some particular result state, i.e. some particular type of separation, has occurred.

Inferential evidentiality, distance, and embodiment

권익수,김지현 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2016 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.73

This paper aims to show that the use of grammatical forms is cognitively motivated by our ability to simulate actions (Barsalou 2009), by exploring the inferential evidentiality -napo- construction in Korean. Two simulation experiments manipulating evidential framing showed that the distancing effect (Dancygier and Sweetser 2005) is cognitively real. When participants were asked to give estimate ratings predicting the visible results of a depicted event, more salient results of an event were predicted when encoded in an evidentially neutral framing, compared to stimuli with the -napo- construction. In a follow-up experiment participants were asked to predict the distance between the speaker and the stimulus in sentences describing sensory perception differing in evidentiality Participants rated the distance between the speaker and the stimulus significantly higher for the stimuli with -napo-. These results support our claim that the priming of conceptual distance in construing linguistic evidentiality marking affects people’s simulation of measuring physical distance.

정신공간 이론의 회고와 전망

권익수 담화·인지언어학회 2019 담화와 인지 Vol.26 No.4

This paper aims to overview major issues of Mental-Spaces Theory and to introduce a theory of Discourse Viewpoint Space which takes seriously cognizers’ viewpoints and their dynamic interaction in the construal. The overview briefs retrospectively on how the theoretical framework has evolved to account for backstage cognition and emergently constructed meaning in various linguistic phenomena such as referential opacity, tense, compound blends, conditionals, causality, and irony. This paper shows that the evolution of the approach intends to answer the demand that viewpoint interactions be transparently accounted for. As an example of the directionality of the evolution, Discourse Viewpoint Space is introduced with outstanding examples from multimodal data (image + text) as well as from linguistic data.

2011 엔지니어링산업 진흥정책 방향

권익수,Gwon, Ik-Su 한국건설관리학회 2011 한국건설관리학회 논문집 Vol.12 No.3