QLF-D와 OCT를 이용한 초기 인공우식병소의 변화 탐지

구혜민 ( Hye Min Ku ),김보라 ( Bo Ra Kim ),강시묵 ( Si Mook Kang ),정중호 ( Jung Ho Chung ),권호근 ( Ho Keun Kwon ),김백일 ( Baek Il Kim ) 대한구강보건학회 2014 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.38 No.1

Objectives: We aimed to compare the differences in caries lesion changes when measured by QLF-Das fluorescence loss and by SS-OCT as lesion depth with respect to demineralized time, during formation of artificial early caries lesion. We also demonstrated that QLF-D and SS-OCT can be used effectively in monitoring the longitudinal progression of simulated caries lesions. Methods: Ten bovine incisors were sectioned (5×4 mm) and embedded in epoxy resin. An acidresistantnail varnish was applied to a part of the tooth surfaces to protect sound enamel (2×4 mm). To generate lesions, each specimen was immersed in 40 ml of a demineralizing gel for 20 days at 37oC. To measure mineral loss of the demineralized specimens, fluorescence loss (ΔF, %) was measured byQLF-D and lesion depth (μm) was determined by SS-OCT from the captured cross-sectional image. All the specimens were analyzed daily by QLF-D image analysis software and SS-OCT image analysis program for 20 days. The repeated measures analysis of ΔF and lesion depth was used. The pairedt-test was used to assess differences between each day. The correlation between ΔF and lesion depth was determined using the Pearson`s correlation coefficient. Results: On the 5th, 10th, and 15th day, compared to baseline values, ΔF decreased in 12.7%, 25.0%, and 33.6% of the specimens, respectively, and the lesion depth increased in 9.9%, 16.0%, and 22.6%of the specimens, respectively. However, after 15 days, there was no change in the ΔF and lesion depth. High significant correlation was identified between the resultant values of ΔF obtained by QLF-D and those of lesion depth obtained by SS-OCT (r = ―0.811, P<0.0001). Conclusions: The QLF-D and SS-OCT could detect subtle changes in mineral loss and lesion depth with respect to demineralized time. Furthermore, these devices were useful for monitoring changes in mineral amount and lesion depth.

Q-Ray View 활용이 치위생과정을 위한 치아 검사의 신뢰도 향상에 미치는 영향

오혜영 ( Hye Young Oh ),정회인 ( Hoi In Jung ),구혜민 ( Hye Min Ku ),김백일 ( Baek Il Kim ) 한국치위생과학회 2014 치위생과학회지 Vol.14 No.4

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Q-ray view, a novel optical device on reliability of assessing a tooth status by dental hygiene students in the training for dental hygiene process. Twenty patients were enrolled in this study. Oral examinations were conducted by both seventeen third-year dental hygiene students and a trained faculty member. Traditional visual inspection was performed in phase I and then re-examined with Q-ray view in phase II. Restoration codes and lesion codes for each tooth were recorded separately according to the predefined criteria. As a measure of reliability, percent agreement and Cohen.s kappa were determined. Agreements for each intraoral regions and types of lesion and restoration were calculated. Paired t-test and Pearson chi-square test for two proportions were used to compare mean Cohen.s kappa and percent agreement at each phase. For the lesion code, mean kappa values of phase II for intraoral regions were significantly greater than that of phase I (p=0.017). For the both of the lesion code and restoration code, percent agreements of phase II for each types of lesion and restoration were significantly greater than that of phase II (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Especially difference of percent agreements between phase I and II for incipient caries, caries and fracture were significant for the lesion code (p=0.046, p<0.001, and p=0.029, respectively) and for not restored or sealed, tooth-colored restoration were significant for the restoration code (p<0.001 and p=0.011, respectively). The reliability of assessing a tooth status was improved when the Q-ray view used in dental hygiene student with beginner level of expertise. Q-ray view can be a promising device for conducting and educating the dental hygiene process better.

법랑질 병소 회복율 평가를 위한 QLF 기술의 적용

김경민(Gyung-Min Kim),구혜민(Hye-Min Ku),이은송(Eun-Song Lee),강시묵(Si-Mook Kang),Elbert de Josselin de Jong,권호근(Ho-Keun Kwon),김백일(Baek-Il Kim) 대한치과의사협회 2017 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.55 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to assess changes in remineralization by stimulated human saliva over a short period of 48 hours with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology. Materials and Methods: Bovine incisor surfaces were demineralized for 10 days. Two types of stimulated saliva were collected from 7 healthy persons. 24 hours after tooth brushing (Stimulated saliva group) and immediately after tooth brushing with 1,000 ppm NaF dentifrice (Dentifrice saliva group). The specimens were immersed in saliva and fluorescence images were obtained by QLF-digital (QLF-D biluminator<SUP>TM</SUP>‚) at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours fluorescence loss (⊿F%) of the lesions. A paired t-test was performed to assess fluorescence differences between before (⊿Fbaseline) and after (⊿Ftreatment time) the remineralization process. Results: Before the remineralization, the mean ⊿Fbaseline of the initial demineralized specimens was -18.42±0.15 (%). In both groups, the ⊿F values obtained at baseline and after 2 hours were statistically significant (P < 0.001), indicating recovery of the lesions by approximately 40% after 2 hours. After 48 hours, remineralization rates were slightly higher (49%) for the stimulated saliva group than for the dentifrice saliva group (41%), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: With QLF minute degrees of remineralization by saliva can be measured in periods as short as 2 hours. Additionally no significantly higher effects of remineralization were observed in the dentifrice saliva group when compared to the stimulated saliva group.

Q-Ray View를 이용한 치면열구전색재의 유지상태 평가

남상미(Sang-Mi Nam),구혜민(Hye-Min Ku),이은송(Eun-Song Lee),김백일(Baek-Il Kim) 대한치과의사협회 2020 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.58 No.3

Purpose: To evaluate reliability of Q-ray view (Aiobio Inc,. Seoul, Korea) for assessing retention status of pit and fissure sealants. Methods: Pit and fissure sealants of 58 permanent molars from 15 third-grade students were examined. Posterior teeth with ≥1 pit and fissure sealants applied to the occlusal surface for >6 months were examined. The teeth were examined using traditional visual-tactile assessments and combined Q-ray view. Pit and fissure sealants were evaluated by assessing marginal plaque, marginal discoloration, marginal integrity, retention, and presence of caries. Fleiss kappa and Cohen"s kappa values were calculated to compare inter- and intrarater agreements between visual-tactile and combined Q-ray view assessments. Results: Regarding interrater agreement in visual-tactile assessments, K values of Cohen"s kappa for marginal plaque, marginal discoloration, and presence of caries were 0.22–0.57, 0.36–0.57, and 0.43–0.61, respectively, and agreements ranged from slight to moderate. When combined with Q-ray view, the values were 0.81–0.89, 0.69–0.88, and 0.80–0.90, respectively, and agreements ranged from substantial to nearly perfect level, indicating statistical significance. Marginal plaque (0.81–0.83), marginal discoloration (0.57–0.89), and presence of caries (0.69–0.91) showed higher agreements in combined Q-ray view than in visual-tactile assessments, and kappa values of marginal plaques were significantly higher in combined Q-ray view than in visual-tactile assessments. Conclusion: Evaluating retention status of pit and fissure sealants using Q-ray view showed higher reliability than using visual/tactile assessments for marginal plaque, marginal discoloration, and presence of caries. Therefore, Q-ray view may be used to assess the retention status of pit and fissure sealants.

성인의 치면세균막 내 산생성능력과 치아우식경험과의 연관성

김효정(Hyo-Jung Kim),구혜민(Hye-Min Ku),이은송(Eun-Song Lee),권호근(Ho-Keun Kwon),김백일(Baek-Il Kim) 대한치과의사협회 2017 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.55 No.6

Purpose: The aim of this study was to confirm the validity of the Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP>‚ test in adults by assessing correlations between Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP>‚ scores and caries experience using a quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technique. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 111 patients aged 19-64 years who visited a dental clinic in Seoul from 2015 to 2016, and underwent the Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP> test and had their teeth photographed with the Qraycam. Plaque was scraped with sterilized cotton swabs, and then placed in a culture medium and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Finally, the degree of color change was evaluated, and scored on a 0-100 point scale. Caries experience index included not only cavitated lesions but also early caries that were detected on white and fluorescence images. Participants were divided into low, moderate and high caries risk groups according to the Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP> score, and caries experience was compared between risk groups using ANCOVA. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to analyze the associations between Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP> scores and caries indices. Result: The mean age of the participants was 40 years, and the mean Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP> score was 53.6 ± 20.7. The WDMFT and the DMFT indices significantly increased with caries risk, and this increase was significantly different between the low- and high-risk groups. The Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP> test scores were significantly correlated with the WDMFT (r = 0.28, P = 0.003) and DMFT (r = 0.29, P = 0.002) indices. Conclusion: The Cariview<SUP>TM</SUP> test could be a clinically useful and simple method for assessing caries risk in adults.

치면열구전색치아의 미세누출 평가를 위한 Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography의 타당도 평가

남상미(Sang-Mi Nam),구혜민(Hye-Min Ku),이은송(Eun-Song Lee),김백일(Baek-Il Kim) 대한치과의사협회 2018 대한치과의사협회지 Vol.56 No.12

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for detecting sealant microleakage. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 extracted sound human molar, assigned as suitable for sealant application, were chosen and divided into two groups: (1) no microleakage group and (2) microleakage group by applying sealant using the different methods. All specimens were immersed in 1% methylene blue for 24 h and sectioned to confirm the absence or presence of sealant microleakage as a gold standard method. Subsequently, all the sectioned specimens were digitally photographed using a microscope with a magnification of 50. Presence of microleakage was evaluated on a 2-point rating scale. The association of histological method with conventional methods (visual and tactile assessment) and SS-OCT was assessed using a chi-squared test. The intra- and inter-examiner reliability was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa. Results: The SS-OCT showed a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 1.00, while visual and tactile assessment showed a sensitivity of 0.67 and a specificity of 0.86. The inter-examiner reliability of SS-OCT was 0.79, whereas that of the visual and tactile assessment was 0.53. Conclusions: SS-OCT can be used to non-invasively detect sealant microleakage and to monitor pit and fissure sealant in the clinics.

Ten Years of Korea-U.S. FTA: focusing on agri-food trade

Kim Kyung-Phil(김경필),Lee Hyun-Keun(이현근),Kwak Hye-Sun(곽혜선),Myeong Su-Hwan(명수환),Ku Hye-Min(구혜민),Park Seo-Yun(박서윤) 한국농촌경제연구원 2022 한국농촌경제연구원 농정포커스 Vol.- No.207

10 years have passed since the Korea-U.S. FTA came into force on March 15, 2012. Tariffs on 97.9% of agricultural products have since been abolished. • Seoul and Washington had eight negotiations with two additional rounds of talks before the treaty finally went into effect in March 2012. Through their talks, the two sides agreed to open 97.9% of agricultural items (based on the Harmonized System). The bilateral trade volume in agricultural products has increased since the effectuation of the Korea-U.S. FTA. Korea’s trade deficit has widened during the period, while FTA application for goods exported to the U.S. has been relatively low. • The agricultural and livestock products imported from America reached $10.32 billion in the 10<SUP>th</SUP> year (2021) of the treaty, up 73.8% from the average before the treaty went into effect. The average import volume between the 6<SUP>th</SUP> and 10<SUP>th</SUP> year of the treaty amounted to $9.07 billion, up 52.7% before the enforcement. • Korea’s agricultural and livestock exports to the U.S. posted $1.26 billion, 214% up from the average before the treaty. The average export between the 6<SUP>th</SUP> and 10<SUP>th</SUP> year reached $980 million, up 43.6% during the same period. • Korea’s trade deficit rose to $809 million in the 6<SUP>th</SUP>-10<SUP>th</SUP> year, up 46.1% from the average before the treaty. • The average import unit prices for American beef, pork, grape, and kidney beans in the 6<SUP>th</SUP>-10<SUP>th</SUP> year were up from the figures before the treaty. However, the imported volumes and their shares to the total expanded during the same period. • The fill rates of U.S. items subject to tariff rate quotas (TRQs) were around 50% due to changes in import sources and decreased demand for American products. ASG measures were triggered for five items. • FTA application for items imported from the U.S. amounted to 71.6% on average in the 10<SUP>th</SUP> year of the treaty. However, the application for items exported to the U.S. slightly rose from 42.9% in 2012 to 49.5% in 2021, with the livestock category at 70.7%, the highest of all. The Korean government has signed free trade agreements with various nations. While doing so, it should also pursue self-sufficiency by expanding the domestic output of high-quality agricultural and livestock products. At the same time, it must focus on education to increase FTA application to Korean products exported to America. • Korea should use digitalized, smart farming to expand high-quality product output. The government has to educate stakeholders to raise FTA applications for Korean agricultural and livestock products exported to the U.S.

한 · 미 FTA 10년, 농식품 교역 변화

김경필(Kim Kyung-Phil),이현근(Lee Hyun-Keun),곽혜선(Kwak Hye-Sun),명수환(Myeong Su-Hwan),구혜민(Ku Hye-Min),박서윤(Park Seo-Yun) 한국농촌경제연구원 2022 한국농촌경제연구원 농정포커스 Vol.- No.207

한·미 FTA는 2012년 3월 15일 발효 이후 이행 10년차가 되었으며, 농업 부문 관세 철폐율은 97.9% 수준임. • 한·미 FTA는 여덟 차례의 협상, 두 차례의 추가 협의와 추가 협상을 거쳐 2012년 3월에 발효되었으며, 농업 부문에서는 전체 품목 수의 97.9%(HS 코드 수 기준)를 개방하기로 함. 한·미 간 농축산물 교역액이 FTA 발효 이후 증가하는 추세를 보이면서 무역수지 적자는 커지고, FTA 수출 협정관세 활용률은 비교적 낮은 수준에 머물러 있음. • FTA 이행 10년차(2021년) 미국산 농축산물 수입액은 103.2억 달러로 FTA 발효 전 평균 대비 73.8% 증가했으며, FTA 이행 6~10년차 평균 수입액은 FTA 발효 전 평균 대비 52.7% 증가한 90.7억 달러임. • FTA 이행 10년차(2021년) 對미국 농축산물 수출액은 12.6억 달러로 FTA 발효 전 평균 대비 214.7% 증가했고, FTA 이행 6~10년차 평균 수출액은 FTA 발효 전 평균 대비 143.6% 증가한 9.8억 달러임. • 한·미 FTA 이행 6~10년차 농축산물 무역수지 적자는 80.9억 달러 적자로 FTA 발효 전 평균보다 46.1% 커짐. • FTA 이행 6~10년차 미국산 쇠고기, 돼지고기, 포도와 강낭콩의 평균 수입단가가 FTA 발효 전 평균 대비 상승했음에도 불구하고, 수입량과 미국산 비율이 같은 기간 동안 증가한 것으로 나타남. • 미국산 농축산물에서 TRQ 적용 대상 품목의 TRQ 소진율은 수입선 전환과 미국산 수요 감소로 인해 50% 수준이고, ASG 적용 대상 품목에서 ASG가 발동된 품목은 5개 품목임. • FTA 이행 10년차(2021년) 미국산 농축산물 수입 FTA 협정관세 활용률은 평균 71.6%로 높은 수준을 유지함. 우리나라의 對미국 농축산물 수출 FTA 협정관세 활용률은 2012년 42.9%에서 2021년 49.5%로 소폭 상승했으며, 부류별로 보면 축산물이 70.7%로 가장 높은 활용률을 보임. FTA 체결국이 다양해지는 가운데 국내산 고품질 농축산물 생산 확대로 국산 자급률을 높임과 동시에 국산 농축산물 수출 FTA 협정관세 활용 확대를 위한 교육과 홍보가 필요함. • 최근 화두가 되는 디지털 · 스마트 농업을 적극적으로 활용해 소비자가 선호하는 고품질 농축산물을 생산(출하)하는 것이 필요하고, 농축산물 수출 FTA 협정관세 활용률 제고를 위해 이해당사자를 대상으로 교육과 홍보를 강화하는 것이 필요함.