19세기 영국 음향학의 특성 탐구: 음악과의 상호작용을 중심으로

구자현,Ku, Ja-Hyon 한국음향학회 2006 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

19세기 영국 음향학은 현대 음향학의 기초로서 음향학사에서 중요한 위치를 점한다. 당시의 음향학이 추구된 목적과 의도는 현대와는 매우 달랐으며, 그 중에서도 음악적 동기가 매우 두드러졌다. 이 연구는 관련된 출판 및 미출판 사료들을 검토함으로써 19세기 영국에서 음악과 음향학의 상호작용을 다양한 측면에서 밝히고자 하였다. 당시 음악은 음향학에 도구, 주제, 인력을 제공했고, 음향학은 음계를 개선하고 개발하며 절대 피치의 측정의 정밀성을 향상시키는 데 음악 과학으로서 기여하였다. 음악은 19세기 내내 유럽, 특히 영국의 음향학이 현대적인 과학 전문 분야로 발전하는 데 핵심적 역할을 했다. British acoustics in the nineteenth century is important as a foundation for modern acoustics in the history of acoustics. The Purpose and objective of acoustics was different from those in modern age. and musical motivation was distinguished among them. This study intends to clarify various aspects of interaction between music and acoustics in nineteenth-century Britain by examining related materials in both published and unpublished forms. Then music Provided acoustics with instruments, subjects, and personnel, and acoustics did much as musical science in helping to improve and develop musical scales and enhancing the exactness of measurement of absolute pitches. Music played an essential role in developing acoustics to a modern discipline in Europe, especially in Britain. all through the nineteenth century.

소리의 그늘, 반사, 간섭, 회절의 검출을 위한 레일리의 선구적 실험에 대한 연구

구자현,Ku, Ja-Hyon 한국음향학회 2007 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

그늘, 반사, 간섭, 회절은 파동의 일종인 소리가 나타내는 고유한 현상이다. 19세기 말 경에 유사한 광학적 현상들은 이미 검출되어 있었으나 소리에 관련된 이러한 현상들은 제대로 검출되지 못했다. 독창적인 실험 기구와 명민한 실험 설계로 이러한 현상들을 이견을 제시할 여지 없이 검출하는 데 성공한 인물은 레일리였다. 그는 건물의 모퉁이를 사용하여 소리 그늘을 검출할 수 있었고 반사판을 이용하여 그늘이 사라지는 것을 보일 수 있었다. 또한 그는 광학에서 유명한 영의 간섭 실험 장치와 유사한 장치를 만들어서 소리의 간섭을 검출했다. 더 나아가 그는 널리 알려진 광학적 현상이었던 '푸아송의 디스크'를 음향학적으로 재현하는 데 최초로 성공했고 구형 장애물에 의한 소리의 회절 효과를 조사하여 그것이 자신의 이론과 일치하는 것을 확인했다. The shadow, reflection, interference, and diffraction are proper phenomena concerning sound that is a kind of wave. By the late nineteenth century, similar optical phenomena had been detected already but these phenomena concerning sound had not been convincingly detected. It was Rayleigh who succeeded in detecting those phenomena without any reasonable doubt by the virtue of his original instruments and smart experimental settings. Rayleigh could detect the sound shadow by using the corner of a building and erase the shadow by some reflectors. And he constructed some apparatus similar to Young's interference apparatus famous in optics to detect the sonic interference. Furthermore, he first succeeded in illustrating the acoustical effectiveness of Poisson's disk by which optical diffraction had already been well known, and tested the effect of diffraction by spherical obstacles to ascertain that the result coincided with his theory.

Between Invention and Discovery: A. G. Bell's Photophone and Photoacoustic Research

구자현,Ku, Ja-Hyon The Acoustical Society of Korea 2012 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

The photophone, Alexander Graham Bell's device for transmitting sound through light was patented in 1880. It included the transmitter modulating and reflecting strong light like sunlight to a distant receiver which produced sound. In this working of the photophone, the discovery of the sound-emitting effect under illumination was very essential. Longing for being famous in the scientific community, Bell focused on presenting various methods for producing sounds and for maximizing the loudness by performing intensive research on the photoacoustic effect. Bell's scientific research on photoacoustics was successful in establishing himself as a scientist and laid a foundation of photoacoustic analysis. And his invention became a basis for other researchers' subsequent technologies like fiber-optic communication.

미국 음향학자 앨프레드 메이어의 음향학 연구

구자현,Ku, Ja-Hyon 한국음향학회 2009 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.28 No.1

19세기 내내 미국 음향학이 유럽에 뒤쳐져 있었을 때, 미국의 음향학자인 앨프레드 메이어는 미국의 실험 음향학을 유럽의 수준으로 끌어올리는 데 크게 기여했다. 그는 파리에 머물면서 악기 제작자인 쾨니히와의 협동 연구를 통해 실험 기술을 전수 받았고 영국을 방문하여 레일리를 비롯한 앞선 연구자들의 연구 능력을 배우는 기회를 갖기도 했다. 이러한 노력의 결과로 메이어는 온도에 따른 음속 변화를 이용한 음향 고온계의 개발, 선택적 공명에 의한 모기 청각의 발견, 소리의 잔류 감각 지속의 공식화, 소리의 방향을 찾아내는 토포폰의 개발, 음의 진동수를 가시화 하는 장치 등 독창적인 성과를 통해 유럽에서 명성을 얻었다. 그는 유럽의 음향학에 독창적인 연구 성과를 더했을 뿐 아니라 음향학을 물리 교육에도 활용함으로써 차세대 미국 음향학자들의 배출에 기여했다. While American acoustics had been lagged behind European one in the nineteenth century, Alfred Mayer greatly contributed to enhance American experimental acoustics. He inherited experimental skills in collaboration with Koenig in Paris, and got chances to obtain research ability from leading researchers such as Rayleigh during his visit to England. His accomplishments, which brought him fame in Europe, included the creation of the acoustic pyrometer which measured the high temperature by means of the thermal change of the sound velocity, the discovery of mosquito's hearing by selective resonance, the formalization of the duration of the residual sensation of sound, the invention of the topophone which searched for the direction of the sound source, the construction of the apparatus for visualizing the frequency of sound and so on. He not only added new research results to Europe's acoustics but applied acoustics to physical education to help produce the next generation of American acousticians.

라이스의 전화기 발명과 통화 음질의 문제

구자현,Ku, Ja-Hyon 한국음향학회 2010 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.29 No.6

리어스는 그레이나 벨 등보다 훨씬 앞서서 도선을 통해 목소리를 전달하는 데 성공했기 때문에 전화기의 발명자라고 불리는 것이 마땅하지만 살아 있는 동안 그의 위대한 발명품으로 영예를 누리지 못했다. 그는 과학자 집단에 속해 있었으므로 그의 연구를 특허를 낼 수 있는 발명품이 아니라 과학적 발견으로 제시하였다. 또한 그는 유럽 음향학의 실험 전통에 따라 단속적 전기를 사용하였기에 그의 전화기는 통화음질에 치명적 결점을 갖게 되었다. 반면에 전기와 음향학에 초보자였던 벨은 소리 신호를 전송하기 위해 가변 전류를 사용하였고 그것은 라이스의 전화기보다 더 나은 통화 음질을 보장하였다. Since Philipp Reis succeeded in sending human voices through electric wires well ahead of Elisha Gray and A. G. Bell etc., he deserves to be acknowledged as the inventor of the telephone. Nevertheless, he did not enjoy any honor for his great invention while he was alive. Since he was working in a scientific community, his work was presented not as a patentable invention but as a scientific discovery. In addition, he used the intermittent electricity in accordance with the experimental tradition in European acoustics, occasioning the speech quality of his telephone to have a fatal shortcoming. On the contrary, Bell, who was a novice in electricity and acoustics, employed variable currents to transmit the sound signals, which guaranteed better speech qualities than Reis's.

Rayleigh's Public Lectures with Acoustical Experiments

구자현,Ku, Ja-Hyon The Acoustical Society of Korea 2011 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.30 No.7

From 1860s to 1910s, Rayleigh's efforts to reveal the nature and various features of sound continued to achieve good success in theory and experiment. Although his concern with acoustics primarily originated from intellectual curiosity, he did not ignore its practicality. His efforts were made to develop public lectures with demonstration experiments during his professorship at the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Acoustics covered the second-most frequent subject in his public lectures and his acoustical experiments were designed for satisfying the needs of the audience by employing ingenious strategies.

과학 교재의 수사학적 스펙트럼 -벅(Percy Buck)의 『음악가를 위한 음향학』(Acoustics for Musicians)의 수사 비평-

구자현 ( Ku Ja Hyon ) 성균관대학교 인문학연구원(성균관대학교 인문과학연구소) 2017 人文科學 Vol.0 No.65

과학 저술의 수사학적 분석은 다양한 방법으로 이루어질 수 있다. 이 논문은 벅이 음악 음향학을 음악 전공 학생들에게 가르치기 위해 쓴 과 학 교재 『음악가를 위한 음향학』의 분석을 시도한다. 이 분석에는 그 동안 수사학 분야에서 만들어져 널리 사용되어 온 다양한 방법, 즉 비처의 수사학적 상황, 아리스토텔레스의 수사학적 기술, 고전 수사학의 다섯 규범, 은유 분석, 서사 분석의 방법이 사용된다. 이를 통해 벅의 교재가 갖는 다양한 특색들이 드러난다. 저자는 기존의 음향학 교재가 수학과 물리학을 잘 모르는 학생들에게 수학적 내용을 제대로 전달하지 않아 음파에 대하여 오해하거나 졸업생이 정률을 다룰 수 없는 문제 등을 해결해야 할 수사학적 상황으로 간주하고 이를 해소하기 위하여 새로운 교재에서는 오로지 수학만을 다루는 장들을 `배열`하여 독자를 배려함으로써 독자가 이해를 바탕으로 한 논리적 접근을 가능하게 하여 `로고스`를 확보하는 동시에 독자에게 안도감과 편안함의 `파토스`를 유발한다. 이 책은 독자들이 개념의 이해를 돕기 위하여 은유를 활용하였고 음악 음향학에서 수학의 중요성을 은유로 제시하였다. 서사적 합리성을 평가해 보면 관련된 수학에 대한 논리적 이해를 통해 물리적 개념들을 이해하도록 돕는 것은 서사적 개연성을 확보하지만 몇 가지 과학적, 역사적 오류 때문에 서사적 충실성에 미흡함을 드러낸다. It is possible that a rhetorical analysis of a scientific writing may be carried out by a variety of methods. The paper tries to analyze Acoustics for Musicians, a scientific textbook which Percy Buck wrote in order to teach musical students musical acoustics. This analysis employs a variety of methods which have been used in rhetoric: Bitzer`s rhetorical situation, Aristotle`s three artistic proofs, five canons of the classical rhetoric, the metaphor analysis, and the narrative analysis. Through the analysis, various features of Buck`s textbook are revealed. The author regards the rhetorical situation as an exigence in which the established textbooks of acoustics cannot transmit such mathematical knowledge to students unfamiliar with mathematics and physics that they may misunderstand the sound waves and may be unable to treat temperaments. As for logos, the textbook provides a logical approach by means of arranging chapters dealing with mathematics, and as for pathos, it bestows the senses of safety and easiness through guiding students kindly. The textbook arranges the chapters dealing only with mathematics, and uses metaphors in order to teach the concepts of sound waves and the sensical nature of sound, and to emphasize the importance of mathematics. As for the evaluation of the narrative rationality of the textbook, its probability of narrative is secured by helping understand physical concepts but its fidelity of narrative is suspected by a few scientific and historical errors.

음악과 과학의 만남

구자현(Ku, Ja Hyon) 한국수사학회 2015 수사학 Vol.0 No.23

The rhetorical analysis of John Broadhouse"s Musical Acoustics, first published in the late 19th century, shows what strategies lead to success for a textbook of acoustics for musical students. In addition, it reveals strategies for effective communication between idiosyncratic fields. This rhetorical criticism also finds persuasive features of an informative textbook, which makes potential readers purchase it and surreptitiously supports a specific theory among competing theories. Thus, it reveals there are double-layered discourses in a textbook. In this analysis, Aristotles" rhetorical notions and Lloyd Bitzer"s three elements of the rhetorical situation are effectively utilized to find the appropriate strategies for both apparent and immersed discourses.

과학 교재의 은유 분석

구자현(Ku, Ja Hyon) 한국수사학회 2017 수사학 Vol.0 No.28

The expressive values of metaphors for rhetorical purposes which have been esteemed for ages in rhetoric and literature have been rejected as inappropriate in science in that metaphors cause ambiguity. The cognitive theory of metaphor, which suggests that metaphors dominate the human life of language by forming conceptual systems on the empirical foundation, directs us to the fact that metaphors play essential roles in science, requesting to rethink the process and intellectual status of science. In science, the conceptual metaphor which involves common experience of nature plays sort of unrecognized premises that implies perspectives widely accepted in specific hours and places but is not mentioned explicitly. Analyzing Jeans’s Science and Music, a textbook of musical acoustics reveals many of roles of metaphors. A metaphor determines the book"s main characteristics, directions of discourse, and even the tone of writing. And metaphors easily introduce basic terms, concepts as well as scientific principles for helping teach science. Thus, major achievements in acoustics which are involved in the textbook show that metaphors are a major tool for productive scientific teaching and research.

양자역학 교재의 은유 분석

구자현(Ku, Ja Hyon) 한국수사학회 2017 수사학 Vol.0 No.29

Metaphors, which were utilized for expressional effects from antiquity, have been regarded as obstacles to smooth communication in the areas such as science which require exact thinking since the modern times. However, the cognitive metaphor theory shows that metaphors play the essential role in shaping concepts in the human thinking process. And the mental space theory details the formative process of metaphors by creating the blending space through the mapping between the input spaces. Therefore, it is suggestible that in science, which actively adopts new concepts, conceptual metaphors are widely employed. The paper analyzes Griffiths’ Introduction to Quantum Mechanics in order to find the roles of metaphors in the textbooks of science. In the textbook for college students, the author frequently employs the expressional metaphors for adopting new concepts as well as for clearly communicating his intention. The expressional metaphors have merits in having novel concepts understandable, but are in danger of creating misconceptions. As for the conceptual metaphors, the physicist creates a blending space of quantum mechanics through the mapping from an input space of linear algebra to another input space of the subatomic world. The novelty of some concepts in quantum mechanics is reduced to comprehensibility by the blending by means of the projection from mathematics.