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The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Rhododendron caucasicum (Ericaceae)
곽명해,Rainer W. BUSSMANN 한국식물분류학회 2023 식물 분류학회지 Vol.53 No.3
Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. is a shrub distributed in the mountainous areas of the Caucasus from northeastern Türkiye towards the Caspian Sea. This study reports the first complete chloroplast genome sequence of R. caucasicum. The plastome is 199,487 base pairs (bp) long and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure comprising a large single-copy region of 107,645 bp, a small single-copy region of 2,598 bp, and a pair of identical inverted repeat regions of 44,622 bp each. It contains 143 genes, comprising 93 protein-coding genes, 42 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The large chloroplast genome size is likely due to the expansion of inverted repeats. A phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes with other Rhododendron species supports previously recognized infrageneric relationship.
곽명 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2022 외국학연구 Vol.- No.61
This article shows the appearance of prostitutes in China's Ming and Qing Dynasties through Liu Rushi's life and literary works. First of all, brothel contains a special literary group and music membership system in China, and the main body of brothel literature is prostitutes. In fact, prostitutes are an indispensable part of Chinese society. They are attached to male scholars, but they are independent individuals. This article analyzes the characteristics and personalities of prostitutes in Ming and Qing Dynasties through Liu Rushi's literary works. At the same time, the "anti-feudal consciousness" was questioned. As a representative figure of prostitutes, Liu Rushi had close communication and contact with the scholar-officials. In the early stage, Liu Rushi expressed her emotions through feminine images such as "willow", but in the middle and later stages, through her contacts with Chen Zilong and Qian Qianyi, she gradually changed the style and rhetoric of her works. We can say that the scholar-officials had an influence on brothel literature, but on the other hand, the reason why Liu Rushi had changed had something to do with her independent personality. Especially after the breakup of her relationship, Liu Rushi's style changed thoroughly, which was different from that of ordinary Chinese women. It was also one of the characteristics of prostitutes in Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, Liu Ruzhi's "patriotic awareness" in the later period was also particularly prominent, which came from her attachment to the Jiangnan area. The prostitutes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties yearned for the free life in the Jiangnan area. Through the changes of Liu Ruzhi's works, the article sees the changes in the thinking of prostitutes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The development of prostitutes in the Ming and Qing dynasties is part of the historical development of Chinese women, but unlike housewives, prostitutes in the Ming and Qing dynasties linked the bottom society and the upper class, and did not intend to break the stereotype, but enjoyed it.
곽명 한국중문학회 2023 中國文學硏究 Vol.- No.92
This paper reveals the difficulties of the lower class prostitute and the “hypocrisy” of the government of the Republic of China with the analysis on the image of the prostitute in Lao She’s Crescent. China gradually accepted the idea of “gender equality” after the implantation of Western democratic ideas through the baptism of the May 4th Movement and the New Culture Movement. In response, there were campaigns to abolish and ban prostitution, but leading rampant prostitution among the lower classes. The government of the Republic of China introduced Western ideas without considering the livelihood of prostitutes. Prostitutes who earn a small income through their bodies lose their source of income and have to marry poor men to continue living in poverty. After losing her father and failing to remarry, the mother in Crescent becomes a prostitute and uses her body to earn a meager income to support “me” for study. At first I despise my mother’s behavior, but when I meet the headmaster’s nephew and fall in love, I discover that I am still a man’s plaything and degenerate into a prostitute. The novel shows women’s dependence on men in the Republic of China through the “lack of men” feature. Both “me” and my mother are destined to become prostitutes the moment they lose their male dependence. The author portrays a mother trying to live a life, but the miserable end drives me frantically into prostitution, which also sets off the tragedy. However, “I”, as an educated woman, did not think of changing fate through knowledge, but also reluctantly sold my body, indicating the weakness of female consciousness and social injustice to women in the Republic of China. The “penitentiary” is another way of selling women to lower-class men, without substantially changing the lives of prostitutes. There are few studies on Lao She in South Korea. The author shows the deficiency and hypocrisy of the prostitute system in the Republic of China through the analysis of the Crescent, which also supports relevant research on Lao She in South Korea through this study.