Subacute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Freeze-Dried Powder of Locusta migratoria

곽규원(Kyu-Won Kwak),김선영(Sun Young Kim),안규섭(Kyu Sup An),김용순(Yong-Soon Kim),박관호(Kwanho Park),김은선(Eunsun Kim),황재삼(Jae Sam Hwang),김미애(Mi-Ae Kim),류현열(Hyeon Yeol Ryu),윤형주(Hyung Joo Yoon) 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.5

Novel food sources have enormous potential as nutritional supplements. For instance, edible insects are considered as an alternative food source due to their higher protein content; moreover, they are economically efficient reproducers and have high in nutritional value. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of the freeze-dried powder of Locusta migratoria (fdLM), known to contain rich proteins as well as fatty acids. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the subacute toxicity of fdLM in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The SD rats were divided into four groups based on the dosage of fdLM administered: dosage of 0 (vehicle control), 750, 1,500, and 3,000 mg/kg/day were administered for 28 days. Toxicological assessments including observations on food consumption, body and organ weights, clinical signs, mortality, ophthalmologic tests, urinalyses, hematologic tests, clinical chemistry tests, gross findings, and histopathology tests were performed. Clinical signs, urinalyses, hematology, serum biochemistry tests, and organ weight examinations revealed no fdLM-related toxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for fdLM was higher than 3,000 mg/kg/day in rats of both sexes; therefore, fdLM, in conclusion, can be considered safe as an edible alternative human and animal food source material.

새로운 식품원료인 아메리카왕거저리 유충 탈지분말의 In Vivo 독성시험

김선영(Sun Young Kim),곽규원(Kyu-Won Kwak),강건(Gun Kang),오윤식(Yun-Shik Oh),윤형주(Hyung Joo Yoon),김용순(Yong-Soon Kim),박관호(Kwanho Park),김은선(Eunsun Kim),김선돈(Sun-Don Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2021 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.50 No.5

딱정벌레목 거저리과 곤충으로 국내외에서 식용 또는 동물사료용으로 이용되고 있는 슈퍼 밀웜(super mealworm) 탈지분말에 대한 설치류 및 비설치류를 이용한 경구독성시험에서 시험물질 frpfdZAL에 의한 독성학적 변화를 관찰하지 못했다. 특히, Hartley계 기니피그를 이용한 피부감작성 시험에서 피부를 통한 생체 내 흡수에 따른 면역기계의 이상을 확인하지 못했다. 따라서 아메리카왕거저리 유충 탈지분말은 동물을 이용한 비임상시험에서 독성학적 변화가 없는 안전한 시험물질로 판단되며 본 연구 결과는 다른 식품원료 등에 적용 및 응용 가능한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the giant mealworm beetle, has been recognized as an edible insect with a high protein content for new human food source and animal feed. On the other hand, the potential toxicity and food safety of Z. atratus is not well understood. Therefore, this study evaluated the toxicity of freeze-dried skimmed powder of Z. atratus larvae (frpfdZAL), known as the super mealworm, using different model approaches, including acute oral toxicity studies in SD rats and Beagle dogs and skin sensitization in Hartley guinea pigs (Buehler’s method) in accordance with the OECD guidelines and the principles of Good Laboratory Practice. No toxicological changes were observed in the clinical signs, body weights, and gross findings in acute single-dose administration in SD rats and Beagle dogs. In addition, skin sensitization rate was 0%, and its sensitization potential was classified as grade I (very weak) using Buehler’s method. In conclusion, frpfdZAL is safe with no adverse effects and can be applied as an edible ingredient for animal feed or used for other biological purposes.

인공사료와 밀기울로 사육한 아메리카왕거저리 유충의 영양성분 비교분석

김선영(Sun Young Kim),곽규원(Kyu-Won Kwak),이경용(Kyeong Yong Lee),고현진(Hyeon-Jin Ko),김용순(Yong-Soon Kim),김은선(Eunsun Kim),박관호(Kwanho Park),윤형주(Hyung Joo Yoon) 한국생명과학회 2020 생명과학회지 Vol.30 No.12

아메리카왕거저리 유충 인공사료의 영양학적 우수성과 안전성을 검증하고자 인공사료와 밀기울로 사육한 아메리카왕거저리 유충의 영양성분과 유해물질을 비교분석하였다. 건조중량 기준 조단백질 함량은 인공사료로 사육한 아메리카왕거저리 유충(AD)에서 62.4%로 밀기울로 사육한 아메리카왕거저리 유충(WB) 45.2%보다 1.4배 더 많았다. 조지방은 AD에서 20.5%로 WB 46.3%보다 2.3배 더 적었다. 필수아미노산 중 로이신 함량이 가장 많았으며, AD에서 4.2%로 WB (3.0%)보다 1.4배 더 많았다. 비필수아미노산 또한 글루탐산 함량이 AD (7.0%)에서 WB(5.3%)보다 1.3배 더 많았다. 불포화지방산 중 올레산 함량은 WB (37.0%)에서 AD (26.7%)보다 1.4배 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 다량무기질 중 가장 많은 함량을 나타낸 칼륨은 AD (975.9 mg/100 g)에서 WB (872.9 mg/100 g)보다 1.1배 더 많았다. 미량무기질 중 아연은 WB (6.5 mg/100 g)와 AD (6.3 mg/100 g)에서 비슷한 함량을 나타냈다. WB와 AD의 유해물질 분석 결과, 중금속 중 납, 카드뮴은 식용곤충의 중금속 기준에 적합한 수준이었고, 병원성 미생물인 대장균, 대장균군, 살모넬라균은 WB와 AD 모두에서 불검출되었다. 위의 영양성분 및 유해물질 분석결과로 볼 때, 인공사료로 사육한 아메리카왕거저리 유충은 다양한 영양성분을 함유하고 있으며, 안전성이 입증되었으므로 식용 및 사료용으로 활용하기에 유용할 것으로 판단된다. In order to verify whether Zophobas atratus is an edible insect, the nutrients and harmful substances of Z. atratus larvae reared with an artificial diet (AD) and wheat bran (WB) were compared and analyzed. Based on dry weight, the crude protein content of Z. atratus larvae reared with an AD was 62.4%, 1.4 times higher than that of those reared with WB (45.2%). The crude fat content was 20.5% in the AD group, 2.3 times less than in the WB group (46.3%). The leucine content was 1.4 times higher in the AD group (4.2%) than in the WB group (3.0%). The glutamic acid content of nonessential amino acids was 1.3 times higher in the AD group (7.0%) than in the WB group (5.3%). The oleic acid content was 1.4 times higher in the WB group (37.0%) than in the AD group (26.7%). The potassium content was 1.1 times higher in the AD group (975.9 mg/100 g) than in the WB group (872.9mg/100 g). According to the results of the toxic substances analysis, the lead and cadmium levels of the WB and AD groups were standard for edible insects. Pathogenic microorganisms, such as E. coli and salmonella, were not detected in either group. According to the results of the present analysis of nutrition and harmful substances, Z. atratus larvae raised on an AD are safe and contain various nutrients. Therefore, such larvae could be useful sources of food and feed.

기주식물별 풀무치의 영양성분 및 유해물질 비교분석

김선영 ( Sun Young Kim ),곽규원 ( Kyu-won Kwak ),김은선 ( Eunsun Kim ),박관호 ( Kwanho Park ),김낭희 ( Nang Hee Kim ),송명하 ( Myung-ha Song ),김용순 ( Yong-soon Kim ),윤형주 ( Hyung Joo Yoon ) 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회지 Vol.39 No.3

BACKGROUND: It has been reported that the nutritional composition of Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) changes nutrients depending on the host plants. In this study, to confirm whether Locusta migratoria is an edible insect, the nutrients and harmful substances such as heavy metals and pathogens were analyzed and compared according to corn (LC) or wheat (LW) as host plants. METHODS AND RESULTS: All experimental methods mainly referred to AOAC (2004). The content of crude protein per dry weight was 77.3% in (LW), 1.1 times higher than 69.8% in LC. Crude fat was 6.5% in LW, 2.2 times less than LC 14.3%. Alpha-linolenic acid, which has the highest content among unsaturated fatty acids, was 1.2 times higher in LC (39.9%) than LW (32.5%). As a result of analysis of harmful substances by LC and LW, lead and cadmium among heavy metals were at levels suitable for heavy metal standards of edible insects, and arsenic was not detected in both groups. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were not detected in both groups. CONCLUSION: When comparing the overall nutrients composition of LW and LC, it was confirmed nutrients are different depending on the host plants, and the safety was proved.

동애등에 유충 에탄올 추출물의 지방세포 분화 억제 효과

박지영(Ji Yeong Park),곽규원(Kyu-Won Kwak),최지연(Ji-Yeon Choi),이시은(Si-Eun Lee),김용순(Yong-Soon Kim),구본우(Bonwoo Koo),김은선(Eunsun Kim),박관호(Kwanho Park),김선영(Sun Young Kim) 한국생명과학회 2021 생명과학회지 Vol.31 No.12

동애등에(Hermetia illucens)에 대한 몇 가지 약리적 효능이 보고된 바 있으나, 이 추출물의 항비만 및 작용기전에 대한 보고는 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 지방전구세포를 지방세포로 분화시키는 과정에 동애등에 유충 에탄올 추출물을 첨가하여 분화 억제를 통한 항비만 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 지방세포 분화에서 나타나는 중성지방의 양을 Oil red O 염색을 통하여 지방 축적 정도를 측정하였고, 지방세포의 분화와 지방 합성에 관련된 인자들의 발현량을 western blot을 통해 확인하였다. 동애등에 추출물에 의해 지방세포의 지방구 형성은 유의한 수준으로 억제되었다. 또한, 지방세포의 분화에 관여하는 전사인자인 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)와 CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα)의 단백질 발현은 400 μg/ml 동애등에 추출물에 의해 현저하게 감소되었다. 이에 본 연구결과를 토대로 동애등에 추출물은 지방세포 분화 및 지방 축적 억제를 통한 항비만 소재로 활용하기에 적합할 것으로 판단된다. Hermetia illucens (Black soldier fly) is attracting attention as an environmental purification insect because it can supply a wide range of by-products of the agricultural food industry. Also, it has a potential feed for fish, birds, and pets due to a short life cycle and excellent nutritional components. Several pharmacological effects, including antimicrobial, of H. illucens have been reported. However, no study has focused on antiobesity effects of ethanol extract of H. illucens. In this study, we aimed to assess the anti-obesity effects of ethanol extract of H. illucens larvae (HIE) through inhibition of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. The amount of lipid accumulated in adipocytes was measured by oil red-O staining, and the inhibitory effect on adipogenesis was confirmed. The expression levels of factors related to adipocyte differentiation and fat synthesis were determined using Western blot analysis. Lipid droplet formation in adipocytes was remarkably inhibited by HIE. In addition, treatment with 400 μg/ml of HIE significantly reduced the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α-transcription factors involved in adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that HIE is a potential anti-obesity agent because it inhibits adipocyte differentiation.

아메리카동애등에(Hermetia illucens) 추출물의 항산화 활성

박관호 ( Kwan Ho Park ),최지영 ( Ji Young Choi ),남성희 ( Sung Hee Nam ),김성현 ( Sung Hyun Kim ),곽규원 ( Kyu Won Kwak ),이석현 ( Seok Hyun Lee ),노시갑 ( Sikab Nho ) 한국잠사학회 2014 한국잠사곤충학회지 Vol.52 No.2

The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a animal feedstuff. Insect resources have been widely recognized that it exhibits its own biological activity by whole body or its metabolic intermediates. To accomplish this, its general and biological activities were measured. The present study was conducted to compare antioxidant activity of black soldier fly larva, pupa and grasshopper by examining radical scavenging activity using DPPH (2,2 diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl). DPPH radical scavenging activity was conducted on the EtOH, MeOH, H2O fractions of black soldier fly larvae. Results showed that black soldier fly pupa on the H2O fraction contained the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among the samples. FRAP assay are more suitable methods to evaluate antioxidant activity of black soldier fly extracts. Among the samples, the FRAP value showed higher antioxidant activity in the extracts from black soldier fly pupa extract on H2O fraction. These results suggest that black soldier fly larva and pupa extract has antioxidant activity and its fractions can be utilized to develop functional feedstuff.