미국의 연속적인 케어 정책을 통해서 본 한국의 연속적인 케어 방향에 관한 연구

강지현(Ji Hyoun Kang) 명지대학교 여성가족생활연구소 2002 여성가족생활연구 Vol.7 No.-

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한국 멸종위기 담수어종 열목어(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)의 유전적 다양성과 집단구조: 미래 복원을 위한 보존 의미

장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),백송이 ( Song Yi Baek ),이황구 ( Hwang Goo Lee ),최준길 ( Jun Kil Choi ),최재석 ( Jae Seok Choi ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.1

Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), cold freshwater fish, is endemic to Asia. This species is currently distributed throughout Russia, Mongolia, China and the Korean Peninsula. B. lenok tsinlingensis in South Korea was severely affected by anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off and water pollution, and hence this fish has recently been dramatically decreased in its population sizes and become now critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have been conducted continuously by local governments since 1970s. However, these programs made little effort to clarify populations that may have originated from stocked, translocated or introduced fish. An understanding of genetic characteristics of endangered populations is critical to develop effective conservation and restoration plans especially because genetic diversity ensues their future fate. Therefore, we assessed the “conservation status” of this species by estimating the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among ten geographic populations including restored populations via reinforcement and supplementation. Also, we aimed to trace the genetic origins of the newly translocated population (Chiak) through a restoration practice program. Moreover, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships among Korean lenok populations as well as across the Northeast Asia. Two hundred eighteen individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis were sampled from ten localities (Yanggu, Injae, Seorak, Bangtae and Hongcheon: North Han River basin; Pyeongchang, Chiak and Jeongseon: South Han River basin; Taebaek and Bonghwa: Nakdong River basin in South Korea). Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and eight nuclear microsatellite loci, we found extremely low levels of within-population genetic diversity, which suggests small effective population sizes (Ne) within populations. For mtDNA control region, each population housed one, or at most, two haplotypes that are restricted to the respective localities, meaning that these ‘genetically unique’ lineages will be lost permanently if the local populations undergo extinction. The overall values of haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) for the entire Korean population were 0.703 ± 0.024 and 0.021 ± 0.010, respectively. In the case of microsatellites, average number of alleles across the eight loci for the entire population was 9.1 and allelic richness (AR) per population ranged from 2.375 to 4.144 (mean = 3.104). The values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were similar to each other [HO: 0.400 ~ 0.590 (mean = 0.518); HE: 0.407 ~ 0.608 (mean = 0.504)]. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from 0.048 to 0.279. Consequently, the majority of the populations (except Yanggu and Pyeongchang) were not significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), suggesting random mating at these loci tested. In addition, we found that Korean lenok populations were significantly genetically isolated from each other, with private mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellite alleles, indicating limited gene flow among populations, strong effects of genetic drift due to small Ne, or a combination of both. The Mantel test of microsatellites revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.414, P = 0.04) between genetic and geographic distances for pairwise comparisons among the ten populations, while that of mtDNA showed a lack of correlation. Given the shared identical mtDNA haplotype and similar microsatellite allelic distributions between Chiak and Hongcheon populations, we suggest that the restored (introduced) Chiak population would be inferred to be genetically originated from Hongcheon population. Phylogenetic relationships among Northeast Asian populations showed that South Korean lineages have more recently diverged from China (Yellow River), than between North Korea and Russia. Although the phylogenetic relationship would be expected to be associated with geography, South-North Korea and China populations with a similar latitude was more phylogenetically closely related. These findings may suggest a possible scenario for the historical movements of B. lenok tsinlingensis in Northeast Asia during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It would be supported by the line of evidence that most lenok populations migrated to southward from Northern Asia such as Russia and Mongolia during LGM because the Korean Peninsula was landlocked as inland epoch and functioned as a southern shelter with Yellow River. For this reason, the Korean Peninsula is suggested to be an important geographical region for better understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of B. lenok tsinlingensis across the Northeast Asia. Despite large efforts made to develop several restoration programs in South Korea for B. lenok tsinlingensis, it is still unknown whether these past restoration efforts were successful or fruitless, mainly because of little attention paid to post-restoration monitoring research. Hence, there was a lack of their published official records. In the future, conservation and restoration projects of the Korean lenok populations should consider the genetic data for a better understanding of their ecological and evolutionary trajectories. And finally, we hope that our findings here can help inform on the future effective conservation and restoration plans for B. lenok tsinlingensis populatio ns in South Korea.

한국 제주도 및 남해연안에 서식하는 잘피 거머리말의 집단유전학 구조

김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),최선경 ( Sun Kyeong Choi ),김상일 ( Sang Il Kim ),장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),박상률 ( Sang Rul Park ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.1

Seagrasses, sea flowering plants, comprise approximately 60 species globally and are often called ‘ecosystem engineers’ because they create their own habitats by modifying the surrounding environments, which provide coastal zones with a number of crucial ecosystem services. Zostera marina (the common name ‘eelgrass’) is one of the seagrass beds-forming species distributed widely in northern hemisphere including the Korean coast, which plays a pivotal role in ecosystem as a primary producer and a nursery habitat or refuge for other marine organisms. However, due to global climate change and anthropogenic activities such as reclamation and dredging, there has recently been a drastic decline in population sizes of Z. marina in Korea. In order to develop effective conservation and restoration management programs of Z. marina populations, it would be helpful to consider all biological aspects of this species such as genetic characteristics as well as ecological and physiological features. This study first provides information on genetic diversity and genetic structure of Jeju Island and Namhae populations of Z. marina, which will contribute to the establishment of appropriate conservation and restoration management plans for future persistence of this species. Using six microsatellite markers, we investigated the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among 10 geographic populations of Z. marina inhabiting Jeju Island (Hamdeok, Tokki-seom, Sungsan, Woljeong, Ojo) and Namhae (Gamak bay, Jindong bay, Nampo, Anggang bay, Geoje) on the southern coast of Korea. The level of genetic diversity within Jeju populations (mean allelic richness [AR]: 1.57 ~ 3.09) was found to be significantly lower than Namhae populations (AR: 3.09 ~ 4.29) (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that effective population sizes (Ne) of Jeju populations are generally smaller than those of Namehae populations. Within Jeju Island, Hamdeok population had the smallest population size (coverage: 138 m2) and the lowest genetic diversity (AR: 1.57), while Ojo population had the largest population size (coverage: 275,736 m2) and the greatest level of genetic diversity (AR: 3.09). Hamdeok population showed evidence of genetic bottleneck. These results again suggest that Ne of Jeju populations is generally low (except Ojo population). Among Jeju populations, all pair-wise comparisons of FST values (i.e., degree of genetic differentiation) were highly significant (FST = 0.0612 ~ 0.7168, P < 0.001) despite Jeju populations that were geographically closely located, indicating that these local populations are genetically divergent, probably due to a lack of gene flow among the populations. The observed strong population structure was substantiated by evidence that five genetic clusters are most likely, based on population assignment test (STRUCTURE). The Mantel test showed a positive relationship between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance (km) across all the populations sampled (R2 = 0.4118, P < 0.05), suggesting that our data follow Isolation By Distance (IBD) model. Woljeong population revealed the highest level of FST values compared to other populations within Jeju Island in IBD. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) further showed that some Woljeong individuals included genotypes of Namhae populations. Population size of Woljeong (coverage: 310m2) was approximately 50 % smaller than that of Sungsan (coverage: 841m2); however, extent of its genetic diversity (AR: 2.39) was even higher than that of Sungsan population (AR: 1.77). We speculated that Woljeong population underwent a transplantation from Namhae populations with relatively higher level of genetic diversity. FST values within Namhae populations were relatively lower (compared to within Jeju Island) despite the populations that were geographically more distant. It means that level of gene flow is higher among Namhae populations than among Jeju populations. Z. marina is known to have different life histories by water depth. In subtidal zone (deep water depth) populations predominantly undertake sexual reproduction through seeds such as annual life history, whereas those of intertidal zone (shallow water depth) undertake both sexual and asexual reproductions through horizontal rhizomes i.e., perennial life history. STRUCTURE analysis showed no clear differences between shallow and deep populations at Namhae, but some FST values were statistically significantly different despite their low values. For Geoje population sampled in 2005, intertidal and subtidal populations were not significantly different (FST = 0.0045, P = 0.033), but these populations sampled in 2015 showed a significant difference (FST = 0.0328, P < 0.001). It means that genetic structure of Geoje has been changed over the 10 year period between shallow and deep populations. Overall, the Jeju and Namehae populations analyzed in the current study have relatively low levels of genetic diversity and distinct genetic compositions, which warns the message that this ecologically important species should be conserved separately in the local populations and with high priority. We propose that future conservation and restoration plans for seagrasses should consider genetic characteristics particularly because a close relationship between genetic diversity and ecological performance in marine species has been well documented.

Case Reports : A Case of Eosinophilic Polymyositis Treated with Immunosuppressants

최정호 ( Jung Ho Choi ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),온리휘 ( Lihui Wen ),이정원 ( Jeong Won Lee ),이경은 ( Kyung Eun Lee ),박동진 ( Dong Jin Park ),박용욱 ( Yong Wook Park ),김태종 ( Tae Jong Kim ),이신석 ( Shin Seok Lee ) 대한류마티스학회 2015 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.22 No.5

저자들은 사지의 부종, 근육통 및 근력저하를 주소로 내원한 환자를 호산구성 다발근염 진단 하에 고용량 글루코코르티코이드 치료를 시행하였으나, 이에 충분한 반응을 보이지 않아 면역억제제를 추가로 사용하여 성공적으로 치료한 호산구성 다발근염 1예를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Eosinophilic polymyositis is a rare form of inflammatory muscle disease associated with peripheral blood and/or tissue eosinophilia. Most patients respond to glucocorticoids, however some show poor prognosis, leading to mortality. A 28-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of myalgia and motor weakness of the upper and lower extremities. Laboratory findings showed significantly elevated levels of muscle enzymes and inflammatory lesions in both thigh muscles were demonstrated on magnetic resonance imaging. A diagnosis of eosinophilic polymyositis was based on histological findings, which showed diffuse eosinophilic infiltration into perivascular spaces in the endomysium and perimysium, and necrosis of myofibers. High-dose methylprednisolone treatment improved the clinical symptoms and muscle enzymes. However, on tapering the glucocorticoid dose, clinical and laboratory findings were exacerbated. After the addition of methotrexate and azathioprine, the symptoms and muscle enzymes recovered without relapse. Here, we report on a case of eosinophilic polymyositis, which responded to immunosuppressants. (J Rheum Dis 2015;22:308-312)

한국 담수어류 두 근연종 한둑중개(Cottus hangiongensis)와 둑중개(Cottus koreanus)의 초기생활사 차이에 따른 개체군 유전적 구조 특성

백송이 ( Song Yi Baek ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),조서희 ( Seo Hee Cho ),장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),왕주현 ( Ju-hyoun Wang ),이황구 ( Hwang-goo Lee ),최준길 ( Jun-kil Choi ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.2

Levels of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure among freshwater fish populations are influenced by life history traits of the species including life history styles (e.g., fluvial, amphidromous). However, whether and how divergent life history styles contribute to shaping population genetic structure of freshwater fish species remain rarely tested comparatively for closely related species. A species pair of freshwater sculpins, Cottus hangiongensis- C. koreanus, which both occur in the Korean Peninsula, shows considerable variation in distribution, life history style and conservation status. Cottus hangiongensis is widely distributed across the eastern Korean Peninsula, northern Japan and Russia, whereas C. koreanus is restricted to the Korean Peninsula. The former species has been protected by the Korean government as a ‘legally protected species II’ since 2012, but the latter was recently released from the red list of endangered species. Although these two species are a sister taxon with morphologically virtually indistinguishable, they differ in life history styles, type of larvae and habitat selection: C. hangiongensis shows “amphidromous” life history with pelagic larvae and occurs from mid-to-downstream of the river, whereas C. koreanus displays “fluvial” life history with benthic larvae and inhabits upstream of the river. In the present study, we examined and compared population genetic structure between two congeneric sister sculpin species from South Korea that show a notable divergence in life history styles using a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite markers. Individuals of C. hangiongensis (N = 200) and C. koreanus (N = 274) were collected using skimming nets from 18 different locations in South Korea (C. hangiongensis: 5 locations - Samcheok, Yangyang, Okgye, Gangneung, Uljin; C. koreanus: 13 locations - Pyeongchang Heongjung-valley, Mitan Myeon, Jeongseon, Wonju Oakvalley, Gangnim Myeon, Mt. Chiaksan National Park from the South Han River; Goseong, Yanggu, Inje, Gapyong, Pocheon from the North Han River; Samcheok, Yangyang from the East flowing rivers). Based on mtDNA control region (465, 467 bp) and seven nuclear microsatellite loci, we found that the overall levels of within-population genetic diversity were substantially greater for C. hangiongensis (mean mtDNA haplotype richness: 2.128 ± 1.470; mean allelic richness: 14.029 ± 1.065) than for C. koreanus (mean mtDNA haplotype richness: 1.084 ± 1.794; mean allelic richness: 5.095 ± 2.861). These results indicate that an amphidromous species C. hangiongensis, which produces many small eggs from which pelagic larvae hatch then spend 1-2 months in the sea before migrating to river mouths, has greater within-population genetic diversity than a fluvial species C. koreanus, which lays a small number of large eggs from which benthic larvae develop directly. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from -0.001 to 0.052 for C. hangiongensis and from -0.294 to 0.059 for C. koreanus, suggesting that rather random mating has been taking place in both species. The degree of genetic differentiation between populations at both mtDNA and microsatellite markers was much greater for the ‘fluvial’ species, C. koreanus with direct-developing benthic larvae than for the ‘amphidromous’ species, C. hangiongensis with pelagic larvae. These findings suggest that all the populations of C. koreanus investigated are genetically strongly isolated and thus divergent one another, most likely due to lack of gene flow among populations because of their limited migratory range by physical isolation and/or behavioral constraint. By comparison, C. hangiongensis showed lack of spatial genetic structure, which is probably due to high on-going gene flow during the free-swimming larval stage of this fish. The Mantel tests of both C. hangiongensis and C. koreanus showed significant correlation between genetic (FST) and geographic distances (km) across all the populations, based on neither mtDNA nor microsatellites. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) of seven microsatellite genotypes detected a single genetic make-up with in C. hangiongensis, but almost each of the local populations comprising its own unique genetic integrity within C. koreanus. These results corroborate the hypothesis that life history divergence strongly affects the spatial population genetic structure of these two species. The greater spatial genetic structure observed for C. koreanus than for C. hangiongensis may have resulted from much lower levels of gene flow, most likely due to its poorer dispersal capacity (and physical isolation among populations) because it lacks the free-swimming larval phase that the latter species has. Overall, we conclude that alternative life histories (fluvial vs. amphidromous) have resulted in strikingly different patterns of population genetic structure between these sister species of freshwater sculpins in South Korea. The observed patterns highlight how divergent life history evolution may influence broader trends of population connectivity in freshwater fish, with significant implications for management and conservation particularly for these endangered fishes. This study sheds intriguing insights into the effects of divergent life history styles on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of South Korean populations of a sister species pair C. hangiongensis-C. koreanus, which will contribute to a better understanding of how these two species have diverged ecologically and speciated in general.

전신홍반루푸스 환자에서 발생한 급성 염증성 탈수초성 다발성 신경병증 1예

이정원 ( Jeong Won Lee ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),홍형주 ( Hyoung Ju Hong ),주선미 ( Sun Mi Ju ),이경은 ( Kyung Eun Lee ),온리휘 ( Lihui Wen ),박동진 ( Dong Jin Park ),김태종 ( Tae Jong Kim ),박용욱 ( Yong Wook Park ),이신석 ( Shi 대한류마티스학회 2014 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.21 No.3

AIDP는 진행하는 양측성의 근력약화 및 심부건 반사의 저하나 소실을 특징으로 하는 질환으로, 루푸스의 신경정신증상의 하나로 발생한다. 진단을 위하여 신경학적 진찰, 뇌척수액 검사, 영상 검사 및 신경전도검사가 필요하고 치료는 일반적인 AIDP와 달리 코르티코스테로이드와 면역 억제제의 사용이 효과적이다. 저자들은 루푸스의 질병활성 없이 경과 관찰하던 환자에서 갑자기 발생한 사지의 근력 악화에 대하여 신경학적 진찰과 신경전도검사를 통해 AIDP로 진단하고 고용량 코르티코스테로이드와 시클로포스타미드를 투여하여 성공적으로 치료한 증례를 국내에서 처음으로 경험하였기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are fairly common, with a prevalence of 37∼95%. Among 19 neuropsychiatric manifestations, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) is quite rare, and is characterized by progressive, symmetric muscle weakness accompanied by absent or depressed deep tendon reflexes. Generally, plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin are the main treatment modalities. Here, we report a case of AIDP in a 29-year-old SLE patient, who was fully recovered with a treatment of high-dose glucocorticoid and immunosuppressive agents. Ours case suggests that AIDP should be treated differently in SLE patients to avoid disastrous results.

계곡산개구리 번식울음의 생물음향학적 특성에 관한 첫 보고

기경석 ( Kyong Seok Ki ),김지연 ( Ji Youn Gim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ),이재윤 ( Jae Yoon Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2015 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2015 No.2

계곡산개구리는 2000년 형태적, 유전형질 분석결과를 토대로 Rana속 유사종과 비교한 결과 별종으로 확인되어 계곡산개구리로 명명되었다. 계곡산개구리는 주로 산간 계곡하천의 돌 밑에서 월동하며, 번식기가 되면 웅덩이로 이동하거나 계곡 물속에 잠겨 있는 바위나 계곡 가장자리에 다수의 끈적끈적한 알덩어리를 붙여 산란한다. 국내 산개구리류는 북방산개구리, 한국산개구리, 계곡산개구리 3종이 있으나 계곡산개구리의 번식울음에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 계곡산개구리 번식울음의 일주기및 시간주기 특성을 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구대상지는 치악산국립공원 구룡계곡 본류의 암반위물울덩이로 하였다. 계곡산개구리 종 동정은 수컷 성체의 외형적 특징, 알의 특징, 올챙이 DNA 유전적 분석 3단계에 걸쳐 확인하였다. 성체의 외형 및 알 특징은 기존 문헌을 참고하여 현장에서 동정하였으며, 올챙이 DNA 유전적 분석은 물웅덩이 내 올챙이를 채집하여 DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen)를 이용하여 genomic DNA를 추출한후, 미토콘드리아 cytochrome oxidate subunit I (COI) 유전자 (641bp)를 증폭하여 nucleotide 데이터베이스(NCBI Genbank)에서 기존에 알려진 Rana속의 COI 염기서열과 함께 DNA 분자계통수 분석 (Neighbor joining method)을 시행하였다. 또한, 번식울음 녹음은 Idam PRO U11 Digital voice recorder를 이용하여 번식울음이 시작하기 전부터 종료시까지 24시간 녹음하였다. 연구기간은 2015년 2월부터3월까지이었다. 계곡산개구리 울음의 음향학적 특성은 울음의 우점주파수를 분석하여 북방산개구리와 차이가 있는지 비교하였다. 계곡산개구리 울음의 일주기 및 시간주기 특성은 Adobe Audition CC (version 6.0)을 이용하여 1시간을 10분 단위로 구분한 후 울음 유무에 따라 점수화한 뒤 기상요인(기상청국가기후자료센터, sts.kma.go.kr)과 상관관계분석을 실시하였다. 이를 위한 통계분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics(Version 23) 프로그램을 이용하였다. 계곡산개구리 종 동정 결과, 생체는 발가락 끝이 둥글지 않으며, 물갈퀴가 매우 발달되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 턱 밑에 울음주머니가 없었고 앞다리 첫 번째 발가락에 포접돌기가 있어 북방산개구리와는 구별되었다. 알은 바위나 계곡 가장자리에 있는 돌 등에 서로 엉겨 붙어 있고, 작고 단단한 것을 특징으로 동정하였다. 올챙이 DNA 유전적 분석 결과 각각의 북방산개구리, 계곡산개구리, 한국산개구리의 명확한 계통 분기(clade)를 확인하였으며, 기존 데이터베이스에서 동정된 종과 DNA 염기서열이 일치함을 확인함으로써 분자유전학적인 방법을 통해 계곡산개구리 종임을 판별하였다. 계곡산개구리와 북방산개구리의 우점주파수 비교분석결과, 계곡산개구리 제1우점주파수는 최소 474Hz에서 최대775Hz였고, 평균 637Hz이었다. 북방산개구리 제 1우점주 파수는 최소 609Hz에서 최대 844Hz였고, 평균 713Hz이었다. 계곡산개구리 제 2우점주파수는 최소 1119Hz에서 최대1543Hz였고, 평균 1273Hz이었다. 북방산개구리 제 2우점주파수는 최소 1219Hz에서 1688Hz였고, 평균 1430Hz이었다. 이러한 결과를 비교해 보면 제1우점주파수, 제2우점주파수 모두 계곡산개구리가 북방산개구리보다 낮게 나타났음을 확인할 수 있었다. 계곡산개구리 번식울음 기간은 3월 20일 오전 10시에 시작해서 4월 5일 오전 7시에 종료되어 총 기간은 17일이었다. 울음기간 중 3월 24일, 3월 26일은 울지 않았고, 3월23일, 3월 25일은 거의 울지 않았다. 가장 활발히 운 기간은 3월 21일, 4월 1일, 4월 3일, 4월 4일이었다. 국내 산개구리류의 기존 연구에 의하면 북방산개구리는 13시에서 14시, 18시에서 23시까지 두 번의 울음 피크를 이룬다고 하였으나, 본 연구결과에 의하면 계곡산개구리 울음은 09시를 기점으로 급격히 상승하였으며 13시부터 16시까지 피크를 이루다가 22시까지 점진적으로 감소하였다. 또한 23시부터 09시까지는 급격히 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 일 울음 누적점수와 기상요인간 상관관계 분석결과, 평균기온, 최고기온과 일최저기온이 번식울음과 고도 양의 상관관계를 나타내었고, 일강수량, 평균습도 및 일조량과는 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 계곡산개구리의 시간대별 누적울음과 기상 요인간 상관관계 분석결과, 기온과 습도와는 양의 상관관계, 일조량과는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈으며 강수량과는 상관관계가 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 내용을 종합해 보면 계곡산개구리는 겨울이 끝나는 이른 봄철에 가장 먼저 번식울음을 시작하는 양서류이면서 17일 정도의 짧은 기간에 폭발적으로 번식하는 Explosive breeder의 유형에 속하였다. 단 짧은 번식기간임에도 불구하고 이른 봄철이기 때문에 영하로 내려가는 시기에는 울음을 멈추어 기온이 번식울음에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.