헤겔 『법철학』에서 도야와 정치적 인간

백송이(Baek, Song-yi) 새한철학회 2016 哲學論叢 Vol.83 No.1

이 논문은 헤겔 『법철학』의 시민사회에 등장하는 제도들로부터 도야의 계기를 이끌어 내고 시민사회 구성원의 자기의식 발전과정을 추적하고자 한다. 이 계기들에 암시된 도야를 통해 정치적 인간을 재구성하는 것이 본 논문의 최종 목적이다. 시민사회의 구성원은 자신을 욕망의 주체로서 자유롭다 생각하지만, 헤겔이 보기에 이 자기규정은 추상적이다. 이때의 자유는 사유 속에서만 가능하지, 현실성이 없기 때문이다. 이러한 추상적 자유와 자기규정으로부터 벗어나는 것이 헤겔에게 도야에 속한다. 하지만 도야는 사유 속에서 저절로 발생하는 자기의식의 변화가 아니다. 그 계기는 이기적 개인들이 특수성을 추구한 결과가 현실적 제도로서 명확히 의식 될 때 생겨난다. 즉 시민사회의 제도는 특수성의 활동 결과이면서 의식 발전의 계기인 것이다. 제도는 특수성의 실현을 위한 필연적 조건으로서 특수성에 의해 도출된 보편자이지만, 이는 아직 특수성과 대립해있다. 개인이 이 전에 의식하지 못했던 이 필연적 조건을 자신의 새로운 본질로 받아들일 때, 그는 도야된다. 따라서 도야된 인간은 자신을 보편적 개인으로 파악하며, 자신의 보편성을 세계 속에서 발견하게 된다. 자신이 속한 현실과 공동체에 대한 이해가 자기이해의 일부가 되면서, 도야된 인간은 자기이해와 세계이해의 연속성 속에 서있는 정치적 인간을 의미한다.

한국 담수어류 두 근연종 한둑중개(Cottus hangiongensis)와 둑중개(Cottus koreanus)의 초기생활사 차이에 따른 개체군 유전적 구조 특성

백송이 ( Song Yi Baek ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),조서희 ( Seo Hee Cho ),장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),왕주현 ( Ju-hyoun Wang ),이황구 ( Hwang-goo Lee ),최준길 ( Jun-kil Choi ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.2

Levels of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure among freshwater fish populations are influenced by life history traits of the species including life history styles (e.g., fluvial, amphidromous). However, whether and how divergent life history styles contribute to shaping population genetic structure of freshwater fish species remain rarely tested comparatively for closely related species. A species pair of freshwater sculpins, Cottus hangiongensis- C. koreanus, which both occur in the Korean Peninsula, shows considerable variation in distribution, life history style and conservation status. Cottus hangiongensis is widely distributed across the eastern Korean Peninsula, northern Japan and Russia, whereas C. koreanus is restricted to the Korean Peninsula. The former species has been protected by the Korean government as a ‘legally protected species II’ since 2012, but the latter was recently released from the red list of endangered species. Although these two species are a sister taxon with morphologically virtually indistinguishable, they differ in life history styles, type of larvae and habitat selection: C. hangiongensis shows “amphidromous” life history with pelagic larvae and occurs from mid-to-downstream of the river, whereas C. koreanus displays “fluvial” life history with benthic larvae and inhabits upstream of the river. In the present study, we examined and compared population genetic structure between two congeneric sister sculpin species from South Korea that show a notable divergence in life history styles using a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite markers. Individuals of C. hangiongensis (N = 200) and C. koreanus (N = 274) were collected using skimming nets from 18 different locations in South Korea (C. hangiongensis: 5 locations - Samcheok, Yangyang, Okgye, Gangneung, Uljin; C. koreanus: 13 locations - Pyeongchang Heongjung-valley, Mitan Myeon, Jeongseon, Wonju Oakvalley, Gangnim Myeon, Mt. Chiaksan National Park from the South Han River; Goseong, Yanggu, Inje, Gapyong, Pocheon from the North Han River; Samcheok, Yangyang from the East flowing rivers). Based on mtDNA control region (465, 467 bp) and seven nuclear microsatellite loci, we found that the overall levels of within-population genetic diversity were substantially greater for C. hangiongensis (mean mtDNA haplotype richness: 2.128 ± 1.470; mean allelic richness: 14.029 ± 1.065) than for C. koreanus (mean mtDNA haplotype richness: 1.084 ± 1.794; mean allelic richness: 5.095 ± 2.861). These results indicate that an amphidromous species C. hangiongensis, which produces many small eggs from which pelagic larvae hatch then spend 1-2 months in the sea before migrating to river mouths, has greater within-population genetic diversity than a fluvial species C. koreanus, which lays a small number of large eggs from which benthic larvae develop directly. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from -0.001 to 0.052 for C. hangiongensis and from -0.294 to 0.059 for C. koreanus, suggesting that rather random mating has been taking place in both species. The degree of genetic differentiation between populations at both mtDNA and microsatellite markers was much greater for the ‘fluvial’ species, C. koreanus with direct-developing benthic larvae than for the ‘amphidromous’ species, C. hangiongensis with pelagic larvae. These findings suggest that all the populations of C. koreanus investigated are genetically strongly isolated and thus divergent one another, most likely due to lack of gene flow among populations because of their limited migratory range by physical isolation and/or behavioral constraint. By comparison, C. hangiongensis showed lack of spatial genetic structure, which is probably due to high on-going gene flow during the free-swimming larval stage of this fish. The Mantel tests of both C. hangiongensis and C. koreanus showed significant correlation between genetic (FST) and geographic distances (km) across all the populations, based on neither mtDNA nor microsatellites. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) of seven microsatellite genotypes detected a single genetic make-up with in C. hangiongensis, but almost each of the local populations comprising its own unique genetic integrity within C. koreanus. These results corroborate the hypothesis that life history divergence strongly affects the spatial population genetic structure of these two species. The greater spatial genetic structure observed for C. koreanus than for C. hangiongensis may have resulted from much lower levels of gene flow, most likely due to its poorer dispersal capacity (and physical isolation among populations) because it lacks the free-swimming larval phase that the latter species has. Overall, we conclude that alternative life histories (fluvial vs. amphidromous) have resulted in strikingly different patterns of population genetic structure between these sister species of freshwater sculpins in South Korea. The observed patterns highlight how divergent life history evolution may influence broader trends of population connectivity in freshwater fish, with significant implications for management and conservation particularly for these endangered fishes. This study sheds intriguing insights into the effects of divergent life history styles on the genetic diversity and genetic structure of South Korean populations of a sister species pair C. hangiongensis-C. koreanus, which will contribute to a better understanding of how these two species have diverged ecologically and speciated in general.

The Effects of Locus of Control in Powerful Others on the Interpersonal Maladjustment and Physiological Stress Response

백송이(Song-yi Baek),김현창(Hyeon Chang Kim),박지혜(Ji Hye Park),이장한(Jang-Han Lee) 한국자료분석학회 2018 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.20 No.1

This study aims to examine the dysfunctional effects of external locus of control (LOC) in powerful others on the social interpretation and levels of physiological stress response. As the LOC in powerful others determines the quality of social interpretation and risk of cardiovascular diseases, this study investigated the LOC in powerful others with the cardiovascular model of perceived discrimination. 294 participants who are aged in 20s reported their psychological and physiological states with self-reported questionnaires, smart phone health care application, and blood pressure device. To evaluate the social interpretation and physiological stress responses, the levels of perceived discrimination and pulse pressure have been measured. The results showed that when the LOC in powerful others was high, the levels of perceived discrimination and blood pressure were also enhanced only in male participants. This study suggests that the individuals’ belief of controllability in their life events determines the physiological stress responses through subjectively perceived discrimination and lead to interpersonal and physiological dysfunction.

한국 멸종위기 담수어종 열목어(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)의 유전적 다양성과 집단구조: 미래 복원을 위한 보존 의미

장지은 ( Ji Eun Jang ),김재환 ( Jae Hwan Kim ),강지현 ( Ji Hyoun Kang ),백송이 ( Song Yi Baek ),이황구 ( Hwang Goo Lee ),최준길 ( Jun Kil Choi ),최재석 ( Jae Seok Choi ),이혁제 ( Hyuk Je Lee ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.1

Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis (family Salmonidae), cold freshwater fish, is endemic to Asia. This species is currently distributed throughout Russia, Mongolia, China and the Korean Peninsula. B. lenok tsinlingensis in South Korea was severely affected by anthropogenic activities such as habitat destruction, agricultural run-off and water pollution, and hence this fish has recently been dramatically decreased in its population sizes and become now critically endangered. To recover the number of individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis, stocking or translocation programs have been conducted continuously by local governments since 1970s. However, these programs made little effort to clarify populations that may have originated from stocked, translocated or introduced fish. An understanding of genetic characteristics of endangered populations is critical to develop effective conservation and restoration plans especially because genetic diversity ensues their future fate. Therefore, we assessed the “conservation status” of this species by estimating the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among ten geographic populations including restored populations via reinforcement and supplementation. Also, we aimed to trace the genetic origins of the newly translocated population (Chiak) through a restoration practice program. Moreover, we inferred the phylogenetic relationships among Korean lenok populations as well as across the Northeast Asia. Two hundred eighteen individuals of B. lenok tsinlingensis were sampled from ten localities (Yanggu, Injae, Seorak, Bangtae and Hongcheon: North Han River basin; Pyeongchang, Chiak and Jeongseon: South Han River basin; Taebaek and Bonghwa: Nakdong River basin in South Korea). Based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and eight nuclear microsatellite loci, we found extremely low levels of within-population genetic diversity, which suggests small effective population sizes (Ne) within populations. For mtDNA control region, each population housed one, or at most, two haplotypes that are restricted to the respective localities, meaning that these ‘genetically unique’ lineages will be lost permanently if the local populations undergo extinction. The overall values of haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) for the entire Korean population were 0.703 ± 0.024 and 0.021 ± 0.010, respectively. In the case of microsatellites, average number of alleles across the eight loci for the entire population was 9.1 and allelic richness (AR) per population ranged from 2.375 to 4.144 (mean = 3.104). The values of observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) were similar to each other [HO: 0.400 ~ 0.590 (mean = 0.518); HE: 0.407 ~ 0.608 (mean = 0.504)]. The inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values were generally low, ranging from 0.048 to 0.279. Consequently, the majority of the populations (except Yanggu and Pyeongchang) were not significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), suggesting random mating at these loci tested. In addition, we found that Korean lenok populations were significantly genetically isolated from each other, with private mtDNA haplotypes and microsatellite alleles, indicating limited gene flow among populations, strong effects of genetic drift due to small Ne, or a combination of both. The Mantel test of microsatellites revealed a significant correlation (r = 0.414, P = 0.04) between genetic and geographic distances for pairwise comparisons among the ten populations, while that of mtDNA showed a lack of correlation. Given the shared identical mtDNA haplotype and similar microsatellite allelic distributions between Chiak and Hongcheon populations, we suggest that the restored (introduced) Chiak population would be inferred to be genetically originated from Hongcheon population. Phylogenetic relationships among Northeast Asian populations showed that South Korean lineages have more recently diverged from China (Yellow River), than between North Korea and Russia. Although the phylogenetic relationship would be expected to be associated with geography, South-North Korea and China populations with a similar latitude was more phylogenetically closely related. These findings may suggest a possible scenario for the historical movements of B. lenok tsinlingensis in Northeast Asia during Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). It would be supported by the line of evidence that most lenok populations migrated to southward from Northern Asia such as Russia and Mongolia during LGM because the Korean Peninsula was landlocked as inland epoch and functioned as a southern shelter with Yellow River. For this reason, the Korean Peninsula is suggested to be an important geographical region for better understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary histories of B. lenok tsinlingensis across the Northeast Asia. Despite large efforts made to develop several restoration programs in South Korea for B. lenok tsinlingensis, it is still unknown whether these past restoration efforts were successful or fruitless, mainly because of little attention paid to post-restoration monitoring research. Hence, there was a lack of their published official records. In the future, conservation and restoration projects of the Korean lenok populations should consider the genetic data for a better understanding of their ecological and evolutionary trajectories. And finally, we hope that our findings here can help inform on the future effective conservation and restoration plans for B. lenok tsinlingensis populatio ns in South Korea.