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한삼인 ( Han Sam-in ),김상헌 ( Kim Sang-hun ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2013 외법논집 Vol.37 No.1
As the contemporary society is going under rapid transition in line with the development of science technology, legal issues are becoming more diverse and complex, indicating that the current legal application will not be sufficient to bring about resolution apt to the current world. Assessment on a legal issue not only requires existing legal principles but also new principles that are based on the understanding and insight about the fundamental issues bearing on social phenomenons. Based on such rational standard for resolutions, changes in laws and precedents in regard to changing one’s gender after sex change, keeping a child’s family name upon his or her parent’s remarriage and organ transplants from brain-dead patients. Such changes indicates the need from discussions about jus sanguinis and other basic principles, requiring various theories thereto. There is no denying that a principle that could aptly solve issues in line with the changes in the society is required. However, as for the issue of hired-surrogates, such an issue is at odds with the good customs and other social orders under the pretext of providing new legal principles. In particular, taking into account the possibility the surrogates themselves might refuse to hand over the new-born child due to the emotional attachment formed in the course of pregnancy, the review on whether such an issue can be handled from legal contract point of view is also required. Hired-surrogates using artificial fertilization have the advantage of adjusting women’s birth decisions and period and thus contributed to improving opportunities for women themselves to commit themselves into working. However, hired surrogates under the capitalism also wreaked threats to dignity of motherhood and it is still undecided who should divide the welfare of new-born children. In particular, all of the surrounding phenomenons are against the good customs and other social orders and thus there are limits to applying the discussions on the surrogates in the western world. A good example would be the fact that Japan, also a nation of Asian Culture, has not yet created legal provisions which recognizes hired-surrogates. Therefore, in principle such hired-surrogates should be deemed invalid, however, from a legal policy point of view, a relevant provisions must be established that recognizes hired-surrogates as adoption not as a consequence of parental decision from a limited legal point of view, as long as those contracts are not of commercial and are for only those parents who can not have child. As foreign nations recognizes unilateral cancellation of the contract upon surrogate’s decision to not deliver one’s new born infant as a prerequisite of the contract, such similar conditions must be set forth. In conclusion, based on the principle of family law which is in support of birth-orientation, deeming surrogates as mothers complies with the women’s right and in order to recognize the cancellation of the contract, the contract should take the form of adoptions and the welfare of the child can be protected by separating legal bindings with his or her original parents.
한삼인(Han, Sam-In) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2014 法學硏究 Vol.25 No.1
이혼에 따른 재산분할청구권을 규정하고 있는 민법 제839조의2는 추상적인 규정이다. 왜냐하면, 그 분할에 관한 당사자 쌍방의 협의가 이뤄지지 않는 경우에 가정법원의 심판으로 재산분할의 액수와 방법이 정해진다고 하고 있을 뿐 재산분할의 구체적인 내용과 방법을 규정하고 있지 않기 때문이다. 궁극적으로 재산분할의 구체적인 내용과 방법은 법관의 재량에 의존돼 있다. 종래 대법원은 공동재산의 형성에 수반하여 부담한 채무인 경우에는 청산대상이 된다고 하면서도, 부부 일방이 청산의 대상이 되는 채무를 부담하고 있어 총재산가액에서 위 채무액을 공제하면 남는 금액이 없는 경우, 상대방의 재산분할 청구는 받아들여질 수 없다는 견해를 취해 왔다. 이 글은, 부부가 이혼할 때 쌍방의 소극재산 총액이 적극재산 총액을 초과하여 재산분할을 한 결과가 결국 채무의 분담을 정하는 것이 되는 경우에도 재산분할 청구를 받아들일 수 있다는 대법원 2013. 6. 20. 선고 2010므4071, 4088 전원합의체 판결(다수의견)의 정당성 여부와 그 의미 등을 검토해 본 것이다. 재산분할청구권 제도의 입법취지와 법적 성질 등에 비춰볼 때, 아내가 남편을 뒷바라지 하다 생긴 빚을 이혼할 때 서로 분담해야 한다는 취지의 대상판결(다수의견)의 태도는 정당하다. 대상판결은 재산보다 빚이 더 많은 부부도 이혼에 따른 재산분할청구의 일환으로 그 채무를 분담시킬 수 있다는 선례적 판례로서 이혼부부의 양성평등의 실현과 공평한 재산분할에 일조할 수 있어 이혼의 자유의 진정한 보호라는 긍정적 의미를 갖는다 할 것이다. 그러나, 재산분할로 인한 채무분담은 당사자의 경제적 활동능력 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 구체적 사건에 따라 신중하게 결정하여야 한다고 함으로써 재산분할의 기준·재산분할 청구인의 권리실현 방법 등을 구체적으로 제시하지 못하고 있는 한계가 있다 할 것인데, 이는 앞으로의 판례가 해결해야 할 과제라고 생각한다. 839-2 of Civil Code, which defines the property division claiming right at the time of divorce, is an abstract article. The reason is that it only says that the amount and method of property division will be decided by the ruling of Family Court when there is no agreement between the two parties on the property division; while it does not state concrete content and method of property division. Ultimately, the concrete content and method of property division depends on the discretion of a judge. The Supreme Court has been keeping an opinion that the debt occurred during the forming of common property would become the object of settlement; however, the property division claim cannot be accepted when a party has debt which should be settled and there is no amount left when the debt amount would be deducted from total property amount. This article examined the justification and significance of the Supreme Court panel-of-all-judges" ruling (majority opinion) 2010meu4071, 4088 dated June 20th, 2013, which ruled that the property division claim right can be accepted when the total amount of negative property of both parties at the time of divorce would exceed the total amount of positive property of both parties and the result of property division would be the determination of debt sharing. In consideration of the legislation purpose and legal nature of property division claim right system, the object ruling (majority opinion), which rules that the debt of a wife, which occurred while the wife was supporting her husband, should be shared when the couple would divorce from each other, is just. The object ruling is a precedent ruling to have a debt shared by the two parties of a couple with more debt amount than property amount as a part of property division claim when they would divorce. The ruling has positive significance in realizing the gender equality of divorcing wife and husband, supporting fair division of property and protecting the freedom to divorce. However, the ruling has the limitation of not suggesting a concrete standard of property division and right realization method of property division claiming person by saying that the sharing of debt by property division should be decided carefully on each specific case by comprehensively considering the capability of economic activity held by the parties. It is believed that this matter should be resolved by a ruling in the future.
한삼인(Sam-In Han) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2014 法學硏究 Vol.25 No.2
이 글은 통행방해 행위의 제거·예방청구에 관한 대상판결의 적법성 여부를 살핀 것이다. 손해배상의 방법에 관한 민법 제394조는 금전배상의 원칙을 취한다. 다만, 당사자 사이의 합의나 법률에 특별한 규정이 있는 경우에는 원상회복의 방법이 인정된다. 그렇다면 그 합의나 법률의 규정이 없는 경우에는 어떤가? 다툼이 있으나, 원상회복의 방법이 가능하고 그 집행에 어려움이 없을 뿐 아니라 배상의무자에게 가혹한 결과를 초래하지 않는다는 등의 전제 아래 원상회복을 인정하는 것이 바람직하다. 이러한 해석론은 손해의 모습에 따른 다양한 구제의 실현에 이바지할 뿐 아니라 제394조가 임의규정이라는 점에서도 그 합리성을 찾을 수 있다. 그런데 불법행위로 인한 손해배상의 방법으로서 인정되는 원상회복의 내용 속에 금지청구권의 기능이 당연히 포함되는지 여부에 관하여는 다툼이 있다. 이를 긍정하는 견해가 있으나. 배타성을 본질로 하는 물권의 경우(제214조는 이를 인정한다)와는 그 이론구성이 다를 수밖에 없다는 점에서 일반적으로 불법행위로 인한 손해에 관한 원상회복이 금지청구권의 기능을 갖는 것으로 보기는 어렵다. 다만, 배타성이 있고 절대권의 성질을 갖는 인격권 침해를 이유로 한 불법행위의 경우에는 배상권리자에게 원상회복의 일환으로 금지청구권의 행사를 인정해야 한다고 생각한다. 왜냐하면 인격권 침해의 경우에는 금전배상이나 명예회복에 적당한 처분과 같은 사후적 구제수단만으로는 야기된 손해의 완전한 회복이 곤란하고 손해 전보의 실효성을 기대하기가 어렵기 때문이다. 따라서 인격권 침해의 경우에는 사전적 구제수단으로서 방해행위의 제거와 같은 금지청구권을 인정할 필요가 있다. 이 글은 위와 같은 인식의 바탕 위에서 대상판결의 정당성 여부를 검토한 바 그 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통행의 자유의 침해가 불법행위를 구성한다고 판단한 대상판결은 판례의 주류적 태도인 행위불법론에 따른 것으로서 오류가 없다. 둘째, 대상판결은, 인격권에서 파생된 통행의 자유권 침해를 이유로 한 불법행위에 대한 원상회복을 통행방해제거 내지 방해예방과 같은 금지청구권의 형태로 인정한 것으로서, 이는 정당하다 할 것이다. This study paper is on the legitimacy of above object judgment related to the removal and prevention claim on access interference act. Article 394 of Civil Code on damage compensation takes the principle of monetary compensation. However, if there is an agreement between the parties or if there is a specific legal provision, a means of original state recovery is also acknowledged. Then, what if there is no agreement or a specific legal provision? It is desirable to acknowledge a means of original state recovery on the premise that a means of original state recovery is possible on the dispute, there is no difficulty in the execution of the means and the means does not cause a severe result on the person who has the compensation obligation. This interpretation theory is suggested because it contributes to the realization of various relief means dependent on the form of damages and the Article 394 is a non-mandatory provision. Meanwhile, there is a dispute that whether the function of injunction in naturally included or not in the content of original state recovery, which is acknowledged as a means of damage compensation on an tort. There is an opinion which supports this; however, it is generally difficult to see that an original state recovery on a damage caused by an tort includes the function of injunction; because it has different theorization from the case of a real right, which takes exclusivity as its essence (Article 214 acknowledges this). However, it is believed that the execution of injunction should be acknowledged to the person who has the right to claim compensation as a part of original state recovery, if the tort has been caused by personality right infringement which has exclusivity and the property of absolute right. The reason is that it is difficult to completely recover the caused damage and expect the effectiveness of loss make up by after-relief means such as monetary compensation or a proper disposal to regain the impaired reputation if the case involves an infringement on personality right. Therefore, it is necessary to acknowledge a injunction such as the removal of interference act as a pre-relief means, if the case involves personality right infringement. The legitimacy of the object judgment studied in this paper is as following based on above reasoning. First, the object judgment, which judged that the access right infringement is an tort, does not have an error; because it followed the tort theory, which is the main stream attitude of existing precedents Second, the object judgment is rightful; because it acknowledged the original state recovery on an tort, which is based on access right infringement caused by personality right, as a form of injunction such as removal of access interference or interference prevention.
한삼인(Han Sam-In),강홍균(Kang Hong-Kyoon) 한국법학회 2006 법학연구 Vol.24 No.-
2005년 1월 경남 양산시 천성산 일대에 분포하는 생물인 도롱뇽을 신청인으로 표시한 공사착공금지가처분신청이 대법원에 제기되었다. 이른바 '자연의 권리'소송으로 각종 언론에 보도되어 지대한 사회적 관심을 불러일으킨 '도롱뇽 소송' 사건에 대해 대법원의 최종적인 법률적 견해를 묻는 재항고가 제기된 것이다. 대법원은 예상했던 대로 2006년 6월 2일 도롱뇽의 당사자능력을 부정하는 결정을 내렸다. 현행 소송법체계 아래서는, 자연물인 도롱뇽 또는 그를 포함한 자연 그 자체에 대하여 당사자능력을 인정하고 있는 법률이 없고 이를 인정하는 관습법도 존재하지 아니하다는 원심 및 항고심의 판단이유를 뒤집을 만한 특별한 이유가 없다는 이유였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 '말 못하는 자연의 권리를 인정해 달라'는 도롱뇽소송의 의미는 크다. 소송과정에서 환경소송과 관련된 법제도의 결함이 들추어진다면 제도개선을 앞당기는 획기적 제도개혁소송으로 평가받게 된다. 자연의 권리 소송은 주민의 생명ㆍ신체나 재산 보호를 위한 전형적 소송유형과는 달리 자연 그 자체를 소송당사자로 하여 그 보호를 추구하는 새로운 소송유형이다. 1970년대 미국에서 산림, 강, 동물 등의 보호를 위해 제기된 일련의 소송을 시작으로 독일, 일본 등으로 확산되고 있다. 자연의 권리 소송을 허용해야 한다는 주장은 크리스토퍼 스톤 교수의 '나무도 당사자적격을 가져야 하는가(Should Trees Have Standing, 1972)'논문이 시초다. 그러나 독일, 일본은 물론이고 자연의 권리 소송론이 가장 먼저 태동된 미국에서도 그 전망이 밝지는 않다고 여겨진다. 미국에서도 자연물이나 생물종만을 원고로 하여 제기된 소송은 원고적격 또는 당사자능력의 결여를 이유로 각하될 가능성이 여전히 높다고 판단된다. 우리나라 역시 자연보호를 목적으로 하는 환경소송은 자연이나 자연물을 원고로 하여 다투는 소송은 말할 것도 없고 민사소송이든, 행정소송이든 모두 법 기술적 측면에서 여전히 미흡하다. 재판과정을 통해 현행 법률상 자연의 권리가 인정되는 것은 곤란한 점이 있는 것이 사실이다. 이러한 현실은 역설적으로 현행 법률에 기초한 기존 제도나 법 이론만으로는 지금과 같은 대규모 자연환경 훼손에 대처하기에 역부족이라는 사실을 입증해주고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 자연의 권리 소송이라는 새로운 유형의 환경소송의 창조가 필요한 것이다. 환경법과 같은 공공성이 강한 영역에서는 개인적 이익의 보호, 구제 역할에 만족하고 있는 기존 민법이나 행정법의 역할에서 벗어나 순전히 자연 그 자체의 보호를 목적으로 하는 법이념과 체계의 정립이 요구된다 할 것이다. Salamander Case, which has provoked social concerns about Natural right lawsuit, was dismissed at the Supreme Court on June 2nd, 2006. The eligibility of Salamander for the party concerned was ruled to be denied at the Court as at the lower courts, In the process of the Case, however, a debate was triggered over Natural right lawsuit, where Nature itself or natural objets may file a lawsuit in the name of each of them. Natural right lawsuit has been on the debate in Germany and Japan as well as in the US, after being presented in the thesis 'Should Trees Have Standing' written by Professor Christopher Stone. In the US, some judgments can even be found, in which certain plants and animals are documented as petitioners. As for Korea, the realization of Natural right lawsuit wouldn't be possible without recognition of the public nature of environmental lawsuits and legalization for acceptance of the eligibility of natural objets for the party concerned. The writer, accordingly, have a thought, in conjunction with national suit system being discussed recently, that discussion should be needed over the introduction of national suit system for environmental protection in the form of lawsuit filed by particular natural objects such as endangered species as plaintiffs and environmentalist groups or scientist groups as guardians. Certain sizable environmental disruptions cannot be stopped with the present laws and rules. Therefore, the creation of a new type of environmental lawsuit as Natural right lawsuit should be essential.
한삼인(Sam-In Han),정두진(Doo-Jin Jung) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2011 法學硏究 Vol.22 No.1
민법 제756조 제1항 본문에는 사용자책임을 규정하고 있지만, 이 규정만으로는 사용자에게 피용자의 가해행위에 대한 책임을 부담시키는 근거는 무엇인지 또, 피용자의 불법행위에 대한 사용자책임이 대위책임인지 자기책임인지 분명하지 않다. 또한, 이러한 사용자책임의 근거와 법적 성질과 밀접한 관련이 있는 것이 동조 제1항 단서에 규정되어 있는 면책사유의 법적 의미인데 동조 제1항 단서에서는 사용자는 피용자의 선임과 사무감독에 상당한 주의를 다하였다는 것, 또는 상당한 주의를 하여도 손해가 있었을 것이라는 두 가지 면책사유 중 어느 하나를 입증하면 책임을 면할 수 있다고 하고 있다. 이는 사용자에게 과실이 없음을 이유로 사용자의 면책을 인정하고 있는 것으로 과실책임주의와 관련하여 면책규정의 법적 의미를 어떻게 보느냐가 문제 된다. 따라서 이글에서는 우선 사용자책임을 인정하는 이론적인 근거와 법적 성질에 대해서는 사용자책임을 일률적으로 설정하기보다는 사용관계를 가사적인 사용관계와 기업적인 사용관계로 이원화하는 입법을 통하여 전자(일반규정)에 대하여는 이를 보상책임과 과실책임으로 보고 후자(특별규정)에 대하여는 기업책임과 무과실 책임으로 해석함이 타당하다고 보았다. 또한, 이와 관련된 제756조 제1항 단서 면책규정의 의미와 그 법적 성질에 대해서는 사용자책임을 과실책임으로 이해하고 다만, 입증책임만을 사용자에게로 전환하는 입증책임의 전환규정으로 이해한다고 하였다. 한편, 사용자책임의 책임주체에 대한 변화를 위한 시도로서 ‘분산적 면책입증’이론과 ‘기관에 대한 법인의 책임으로 구성’이론도 있었지만, 우리 판례에서 이들 이론은 거론되지 있지 않고 있다. 오히려 판례는 사용자의 면책을 거의 인정하지 않음을 통하여 사용자책임을 거의 무과실책임에 가깝게 운영함으로써 더욱 보상책임의 원리실현에 충실하고 하고 있다고 본다. 그러나 이러한 학설과 판례의 태도는 보상책임의 원리와 피해자의 구제에는 충실할 수 있지만 보다 근본적으로는 현행 사용자책임규정의 법 개정을 통하여 실현되어야 할 것으로 보았다. In the main text of Article 756 (1) of the Civil Act, the employer responsibility is defined, but this provision alone is not clear what is the basis for employer to impose responsibility on the offense of employee, and also, whether the employer responsibility is subrogated responsibility of self responsibility on the illegal act of employee. In addition, one that has close relationship with the basis of such employer responsibility and legal property is the legal implication of the cause of immunity defined under the proviso of Paragraph 1 of the same Article, and this proviso of Paragraph 1 of the same Article states that the responsibility can be exempted by proving any one of the two causes of immunity in having the employer to fulfill its reasonable care in hiring and supervision of employee or the damage is likely even with the reasonable care. This is to acknowledge the employer immunity with the reason that employer has no negligence that the issue is how to look at the legal implication of the immunity provision in relation to the principle of responsibility with fault. Therefore, under this Article, with respect to the theoretical basis to acknowledge the employer responsibility, the employment relationship is divided by domestic one and corporate one with the former to be considered as the compensation responsibility and the later to be considered as the corporate responsibility, and the legal property of the employer responsibility is the self-responsibility of employer and the intrinsic nature is to be considered as the responsibility of negligence, and along with such provision, the employer responsibility is understood as the responsibility of negligence on the legal property and implication of immunity provision of proviso for Article 756 (1), however, it is understood as the conversion provision of responsibility of proof into the responsibility of proof on employer. In the meantime, there is a theory to attempt for changes on the responsibility subject for employer responsibility, but this theory has not been mentioned in our precedented cases. Rather, the precedented cases almost not recognize the employer immunity to operate the employer responsibility closer to the non-negligent responsibility to be more substantiated to realizing the principle of compensation responsibility. However, this academic principle and attitude of cases may substantiate in relief of victims and principle of compensation responsibility but it is considered to be realized through the fundamental provision of law on the current employer responsibility provision.
한삼인(Han, Sam In),김상명(Kim, Sang Myeong) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2009 성균관법학 Vol.21 No.2
The farmland means a land which is used as to grow perennial plants or cultivate the crops actually although legal rice paddy, field or orchard etc. is spotted under the Act. And, it includes land site of its improved system and of system for agricultural production. Also, farmland such as general farmland transaction should be valid the sales contract according to their thought between contract parties but requires to get validity of farmland transaction at the public office for the public interest as a land-to-the-tillers principle admitted on the constitutional law and the farmland Act. However, in the case of concluding the sales contract of farmland without getting a certificate of qualification for the farmland-acquisition, only the main precedent and theory for the judicial effect will prove qualifying for the farmland-acquisition to people acquiring farmland, but they are not requirements make the force of juristic act. Also, even if plaintiff doesn't get a certificate of qualification for the farmland-acquisition by the last trial date on a suit of performing registration to transfer of farmland ownership, by taking plaintiff farmland ownership and getting a qualifying certificate of the farmland-acquisition after finishing contract in Civil Proceedings, the plaintiff keeps invalidity of obligation contract regardless of getting a certificate of qualification for the farmland-acquisition. In a view of these precedents and theories, regulation of ownership for farmland relaxes and of using it needs to strengthen, and it needs not demanding a certificate of qualification for the farmland-acquisition for sale of farmland-acquisition but for acquisition itself. So then, the sales contract of farmland should be able to acquire farmland effectively regardless of getting certificate of qualification for the farmland-acquisition. So, the farmland-acquisition should be relaxed as a way of the minimum stable security to balance development of the national territory and to produce food from farmland, and the farmland Act revision needs to strengthen regulation after using it in the direction of not being damaged a land-to-the-tillers principle. Therefore, demanding certificate of qualification for the farmland-acquisition on farmland transaction under 1 of Art. 8 of the farmland Act should be abolished.
한삼인 ( Sam In Han ),김상명 ( Sang Myeong Kim ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2014 홍익법학 Vol.15 No.2
China does not have a single civil code, but rather has several civil acts. Contract Law of the People`s Republic of China of 1999(Contract Law of China) is one of the several civil acts which was drafted by legal scholar, first in the history of legislation, and enacted in reference to foreign legal systems. Contract law of China accepted the advanced principles, being enacted in reference to foreign legal system and international convention, such as United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods, PICC and German Civil Law. Among this Contract Law of 23 chapters, chapter 7 is the title Liability for Breach of Contract, which has 16 articles. Liability for breach of contract is an important issue in Contract Law of China. Under the Law, it is strict liability in principle but also includes the concept of warranty liability. The basic remedies for the breach are specific performance, damages, termination of the contract, cure for non-conforming performance and price reduction. The scope of damages is limited to the damage that the debtor foresaw or should have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract and termination of the contract does not require fault of the contracting party.