우리나라 一部 不姙症 女性의 原因에 關한 疫學的 硏究

金應翊(Eung Ik Kim) 서울대학교 보건환경연구소 1984 보건학논집 Vol.21 No.2

음성인식 어플리케이션을 활용한 사물함 개폐관리 시스템

이충의(Chung-Ui Lee),김응익(Eung-Ik Kim),박준호(Jun-Ho Park),허동민(Dong-Min Heo),송영준(Young-Joon Song) 한국정보기술학회 2016 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2016 No.6

한국의 출생성비의 시계열적 추이에 관한 연구

박상화(Sang-Hwa Park),김응익(Eung-Ik Kim) 한국인구학회 1996 한국인구학 Vol.19 No.2

출생성비는 재생산 양상, 자연도태 및 변이 양상과 인구구조의 변동과 매우 밀접한 관련이 있다. 최근 한국 및 동아시아에서 출생성비의 불균형과 관련한 문제가 대두되고 있고 향후 파급효과에 대한 사항도 지적된 바 있다. 본 연구는 한국의 출생성비의 증가추세를 시계열적으로 분석하고 향후 성비추이를 분석해 봄으로써 인구정책에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 시도하였다. 연구자료는 인구동태 통계(1980~1994)를 기초자료로 활용하였다. 출생신고 전에 사망한 출생아의 사망은 한국 현실을 감안해 볼 때 거의 누락되기 때문에 본 연구에서는 이 부분은 제외하고 출생성비를 분석하였다. 출생성비는 1980년 103.9에서 1994년 115.4로 증가추세를 나타낸다. 월별 출생성비는 1월이 가장 높았고 3월이 가장 낮았다. 각 연도 평균성비를 기준으로 한 월별 출생성비의 변동폭은 최근에 올수록 월별 출생변동폭이 점차 감소하는 추세였고 변동폭이 가장 큰 시점은 1989년 12월(-16.7), 1990년 1월(+20.61)이었다. 출생성비의 회귀식은 Y(성비) = 103.39 + 0.064(시간) + 4.808(1월) + …… + 0790(11월)였다(R² = 0.615, P<0.001) 출생성비는 1995년 116.9,2000년에는 120.86으로 추정되었다. 이러한 출생성비의 증가요인으로서 성감별에 따른 선택적 인공임신중절이 가장 중요한 영향인자로 대두되고 있으나, 다른 요인도 고려되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 예를 들어서 태아사망, 주산기 및 신생아 사망률의 저하에 따른 성별 사망력의 차이 요인, 출생아의 출생순위별 분포의 변화, 결혼 후 첫 출산 간격의 단축, 이상자녀수의 감소로 인한 합계출산율의 저하 및 남아 1자녀 출산 후 단산을 원하는 비율의 변화 등이다. 따라서 출생성비 증가요인의 체계적 분석을 위해서는 성비에 영향을 주는 인자를 고려한 포괄적 접근방법이 요구된다. The objective of this study was to analyze the trend of sex ratio at birth from the vital statistics of National Statistical Offices during 15 years(1980~1994). The total of registered birth during the period were 10, 770, 756 cases. The trend of sex ratio at birth increased from 103.9 in 1980 to 115.4 in 1994. Seasonality of sex ratio was higher in January and lower in March. The variation between yearly mean sex ratio and calendar month sex ratio showed a slight decline from 1980 to 1994. The regression analysis showed a statistically significant linear trend : Sex ratio = 103.39+0.064(time)+4.808(January)+……+0.790(November) ; (R²= 0.615, P < 0.001). The sex ratio was estimated to be 116.9 in 1995 and 120.86 in 2000, according to the equation. In Korea in recent years, male live births bave exceeded those of females by amounts far greater than those that occur naturally in human population. This imbalance of sex ratio may plausibly be attributed to sex selective abortion and other factors; decreasing early mortality rate, higher proportion of first birth order in total births, shorther period between marriage and first birth, and lower total fertility rate.

한국인(韓國人)의 주요사인(主要死因) 제거정도(除去程度)와 평균수명(平均壽命)에 관한 연구(硏究)

지기태 ( Kee Tea Chi ),김응익 ( Eung Ik Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1984 保健社會硏究 Vol.4 No.2

This study was conducted to examine potential gains in life expectancies when the three leading causes of death were partially or totally eliminated, based on the mortality situation during 1978-79 in Korea. It sought to ascertain what potential gains in longevity might be reasonably achieved through efforts to reduce mortality due to accidents and adverse effects, diseases of circulatory system and malignant neoplasms. In addition to the study seeks to determine how much of these potential gains can be expected during the total life span. The impressive gains theoretically achieved by total elimination do not hold up under the more realistic assumption of partial elimination or reduction. 1. Elimination of selected risks of death The potential gains in life expectancy at birth by the complete elimination are 4.27 years in male population and 4.34 years in female population. If it were possible to eliminate accidents and adverse effects as a cause of death the average length of life at birth would be increased by 2.16 years in male population and 1.40 years in female population according to mortality condition during 1978-79. The human life wasted by malignant neoplasms is estimated to be 1.89 years at ago 0 in male population and 1.72 years in female population. 2. Reduction in selected risk of death The life expectancy of a new-born child by 30 percent reduction in selected risks of death in male and female population respectively would be increased 1.09 years and 1.14 years in diseases of circulatory system, 0.63 years and 0.42 years for accidents and adverse effects, and 0.53 years and 0.50 years for malignant neoplasms. When the mortality rate for the causes of death being eliminated is relatively small, the increase in expectation of life is approximately a linear function of the proportion eliminated. In spite of the known limitation of multiple-decrement life table analysis the findings from this study have implications for practical decision making in setting up health goals, allocating resources and evaluating health programs.

在美 韓國 有配偶 婦人의 再生産週期(初經─閉經)에 關한 硏究

朴祥華(Sang - Hwa Park),金應翊(Eung - Ik Kim),崔明姬(Mia - Myonghee Choe),徐敬萬(Kyung - Man Seo) 한국인구학회 1991 한국인구학 Vol.14 No.1

The objective of the study is to figure out the status of reproductive health and general characteristics related to maternal health for Korean-Americans living in Los Angeles. We collected data from the married women who wanted no more additional child birth and were attending the Family Planning Clinic of Koryo Health Foundation in Los Angeles during 1988. There were 494 women met the eligiblity requirement for this study. The results are summarized below. 1. In the age distribution of the women who desired no more additional child birth, women 30-34 age group constituted the largest proportion at 36.6 percent ; the mean age of women was 35.19±5.55. The mean number of child birth was 1.77, and the proportion of the women by number of child birth were 35.2 percent for one children, 50.1 percent for two children 10.5 percent for three children, and 2.6 percent for four children. All of the women experienced pregnancy at least once, and mean number of pregnancy was 3.42. The mean number of total experience of induced abortion was 1.56, and 76.7 percent of these women had experience with induced abortions. To prevent further pregnancies, 90.1 percent of the women were utilizing the contraceptive methods, and the highest proportion by the contraceptive methods was condoms(53.7%), 9.3 percent in spermicides, 8.7 percent in IUDs, 8.7 percent in rhythm method, and 6.9 percent in oral pills. 2. The mean age of women at each stage of reproductive life cycle were 14.74 years at time of menarche, 24.55 years at time of marriage, 26.60 years at time of the first child birth, and 28.75 years at time of the last child birth. In age distribution of the women by birth cohort (Group Ⅰ : birth cohort 1940-1954, Group Ⅱ : birth cohort 1955-1970), the mean menar-cheal age of the women was 14.96 years in group Ⅰ, and 14.53 years in group Ⅱ. Mean age at time of marriage was 25.01 years in group Ⅰ and 24.08 years in group Ⅱ. Mean child birth age of the women by birth cohort was 27.19 years in group Ⅰ and 26.01 years in Group Ⅱ for the first child birth and 30.07 years in group Ⅰ and 27.45 years in group Ⅱ for the last child birth. The total length of reproductive life cycle from menarche to menopause (presumed to be at 49 of age years) was 34.26 years. The len-gth of phase Ⅰ (from menarche to marriage) was 9.81 years, while phase Ⅱ (marriage to first birth) was 2.05 years, and phase Ⅲ (first birth to last birth) was 2.15 years, and the last phase of reproductive life cycle, phase Ⅳ (last birth to menopause) was 20.25 years. The proportion of each phase to total length of reproductive life cycle was 28.6 percent, 6.0 percent, 6.3 percent, and 59.1 percent respectively. In the tendency of each phase in reproductive life cycle by birth cohort (group Ⅰ, Ⅱ), the length of phase Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ of birth cohort group Ⅱ was diminished in comparison with those of birth cohort group Ⅰ, but the length of phase Ⅳ was extended by 2.38 years. 3. Among the women, the mean number of total pregnancy by birth cohort group was 2.01 in group Ⅰ and 1.10 in Group Ⅱ, and mean number of child birth was 1.97 in group Ⅰ and 1.58 in group Ⅱ. In terms of pregnancy was-tage rate by birth cohort group, among the total pregnacy of birth cohort group Ⅰ, 51.8 percent of the cases resulted in induced abortions or spontaneous abortions whils 48.2 percent resulted in live births, and 42.2 percent or total pregnancy in group Ⅱ resulted in pregnancy wastage and 57.8 percent of the cases resulted in live births.

在美 韓國 老人의 健康 및 生活 實態에 關한 硏究

金應翊,朴祥華,韓允愚,徐敬萬 대한보건협회 1992 대한보건연구 Vol.18 No.1

This study was perfomed to figure out the health status and life style of aged population in Korean-Americans living in Los Angeles in the United States. The number of subjects in this study were 283 persons aged 65 and over (male 141. female 142) drawn from Los Angeles Country in U.S.A. The data were collected by trained interviewers from July to August. 1991. The questionaire consisted of 1) general characteristics, 2) health status and medical health services, 3) 24 questions of CMI, and 4) the level of adaptations and difficulties to immigrant society. The results of this study are as followings: 1. In age distribution, 33.2 percent of total subjects was 65-69 age group, and 33.1 percent was 70-75 age group. The average duration of immigration were 7.89 years in male and 10.18 years in female, and percent distribution by duration of migration were 33.3 percent in 1-4 years, 30.5 percent in 5-9 years, 23.7 percent in 10-14 years, and 13.5 percent in 15 years and over. Of total subjects. 84.7 percent had permanent residence and only 13.8 percent had citizenship. In the reason of immigration of the elderly, 76.4 percent of them responded as reason for helping and joining to family, and only 8.5 percent of subjects were economic reason. The educational level of the subjects were generally high. Only 9.0 percent of the subjects recevied no or little education in the modern day education system. Primary graduates were 35.7 percent, middle and high school graduates were 37.8 percent and university(college) and over graduates constituted 16.6 percent. The educational level of the male were generally higher than that of female. A large proportion of the subjects(94.3 percent) responded as having religion, and 67.8 percent were protestant, 16.7 percent were catholic and 7.4 percent were buddhist. In the family structure. 75.6 percent of the elderly lived alone and with their spouses and 22.1 percent live in a family with 2 generation living together. The marital status of male showed that 80.7 percent of them lived with their spouses, 14.3 percent of men were widowed, and only 26.3 percent of female lived with their spouses and 71.5 percent of female were widowed. 2. One out ten of the elderly was presently smoking. Of the smokers, there were 4 times as many male smokers as female smokers. In response to a question about their drinking habits, 82.0 percent of the aged replied that they did not consume alcohol. Those who consumed alcohol 'daily' constituted 3.6 percent, 'frequently' were 4.3 percent 'sometimes' were 7.9 percent and 'scarcely' constituted 2.2 percent. Among the exercises and sports which the elderly were doing for the fitness and preservation of health. A walking was the most popular at 32.1 percent of the population. More rigorous sports such as hiking, jogging, physical cardiovascular exercises and ball games were being enjoyed by only a very few. 37.2 percent of the elderly replied that they did not exercise regularly. In the major pastime of daily life activities. 40.9 percent of the subjects responded 'none', 14.7 percent of them were domestic duty for family, about 10 percent of them were hobby, religion activities, social work and participating in social education program respectively. In the problems and difficulties of immigration, 78.1 percent of them responded 'yes' in the early times of immigration and 30.4 percent in the present time of immigration. Six major problems were identified by respondent. They were, in the rank order of their language; homesickness: transportation; income and economic and custom. 3. Most of the respondents considered themselves healthy. The proportion of the question to their health at the time of study, 36.2 percent in male and 23.2 percent in female replied that they seemed to be 'excellent healthy', 34.7 percent in male and 32.4 percent in female be 'good', and 4.3 percent in male and 2.1 percent in female be 'Very poor'. In considering specific parts of their body as having problems, many of the ederly pointed out the disease of circulatory system(17.7 percent in male and 23.2 percent in female). Comparatively few of the elderly thought that they had something wrong with their musculoskeletal system(5.7 percent in male and 16.1 percent in female), digestive system(9.2 percent in male and 5.6 percent in female) and endocrine and metabolic disease(6.4 percent in made and 9.9 percent in female). Of those elderly who perceived of some problems with their circulatory and musculoskeletal systems, there were more elderly women compared to elderly men. The largest percentage of the elderly(20.7 percent in male and 26.5 percent in female) indicated palsy as the disease they fear most. Thereafter, the order of diseases feared by the elderly was diabets. hypertension, neuralgia, cancer, and dotage. A majority of the elderly, 54.6 percent of men and 44.4 percent of women, replied that they did not visit a medical institution or a pharmacy to treat their diseases during the one month prior to the survey. Of the total survey subjects who did visit a medical facilities, those complaining of circulatory system disease constituted 13.5 percent in male and 14.8 percent in female, and digestive system diseases were 7.8 percent in male and 8.5 percent in female. For the endocrine and metablic disease, disease of nervous and sens organs and musculoskeletal system were all each less than 7 percent of all the study subjects. Of the total elderly, 49.0 percent utilized medical facilities such as hospitals, herbal clincics, pharmacies and others to treat illness within one month prior to the time of survey; the utilization of clinicl and hospital were 86.0 percent, herb clinic were 8.4 percent and pharmacy were 4.2 percent. 34.8 percent of men and 11.3 percent of female did not take a medicine for treatment and promoting nutrition at the time of the survey. 55.4 percent of total elderly used the drug for treatment of diseases, and 16.6 percent for promoting nutrition. 4. Except for group of questions concerning urinary system more women than men generally complained of problems and discomforts in each groups. More elderly suffered from problems associated with musculoskeletal system than any others, and the decreasing order of the groups of problems with which most complaints were indicated are the problems associated with mental condition, urinary system, circulatory system, nervous system, visual and auditory organs, respiratory system and digestive system.

우리나라 家族生活週期(FLC)의 保健學的 接近에 關한 硏究

金應翊 서울大學校 保健大學院 1989 보건학논집 Vol.26 No.1

계절변동과 초경발현에 관한 연구

김응익,박상화 한국보건통계학회 1992 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.17 No.1

The objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between seasonal variation and menarcheal occurrence. The total number of 1,026 girls was drawn from 15 classes of a high school (2nd grade) in Seoul. The distribution of birth year in total subject were 2.5 percent in 1974, 76.6 percent in 1975 and 20.9 percent in 1976. 1. The highest proportion in the distribution of menarche month was August (16.0 percent), and 14.2 percent in December, 12.0 percent in October. On the otherhand the incidence of menarche from February to July was low level at 3 to 6 percent. The first order of the menarche month during 12 birth months was August (mean order : 1.75), and 2nd in December (2.83), 2nd in October, 4th in July and 5th in January. The last rank of menarche month was February and April. 2. In the incidence rate of menarcheal month by the born month, there was not significance statistically in girls born in April, May, June and September, and was significance statistically in girls born in the other months. In the seasonal patterns of menarche occurrence, girls born in spring, summer and winter had the highest incidence rate of menarche in summer, and girls born in autumn had a tendency to occur more frequently in autumn. Season of birth was no significance associated with season of menarche(x²=15.90360 P value=0.0689). 3. The mean age of menarche in total subject was 13.44, and the mean menarcheal age by the season of birth was 13.35 in winter, 13.37 in autumn, 13.47 in summer and 13.56 in autumn, Girls born in March reached their menarche about 6 months later than those born in December. There were no significance between the menarcheal age and season or month of birth. 4. Under the assumption that the menarcheal age occur later from 1 month to 11 months than real menarcheal age, the peak distribution of menarche occurrence by the season change with a cyclic pattern.

一部 保健要員의 地域別 適正配置方案에 關한 硏究 : 家族計劃事業을 中心으로 Based on family Planning Program

金應翊 대한보건협회 1980 대한보건연구 Vol.6 No.2

It is quite ture that a qustion on how to attain the primary objective of the proper placement of the existing health service personnel within an organized health network will be one of main questions to be considered as an integral part of the general health service program under the assumption that the highest degree of effectiveness and efficiency of the program can be made at the time when the health service personnel are evenly and properly placed under the full consideration of their job descriptions, workloads, and individual capacity and characteristics. We also believe that the proper placement of health service personnel within the limited availability of the current manpower, especially, that of family planning workers will certainly dedicate not only to the balanced development and efficiency of the National Family Planning Program, but also to the establishment of an evaluative guideline to ask better management and utilization of family planning workers. Therefore, the followings are the summarized contents of findings from a study on a scheme for better placement of family planning workers to be applied in future National Family Planning Program. 1) Even if we admit not the general plan and scheme of the health service personnel placement and that of family planning workers would be, in some extent, different from one to another caused by the changing program contents and goals, we have strong conviction that we could attain the primary goal of the program by the systematic and efficient operation of the program through innovative revitalization of the program network as well as the proper placement of the Family Planning workers based on even assignment of their workloads. 2) We think that the formula expected to be applied in a scheme for the health service personnel placement especially in family planning workers placement permits many different variables. The primary basis is to be consisted of the dependent variables which are keenly associated with the workers' activities such as the sized of the target group for contraception, the rate/frequency of contacting potential acceptors per worker, and the total number of contraceptive achievements per worker. In the mean time the accumulated sterilization achievements unter the consideration of different surroundings and conditions by area, the rate of self-supporting contraception and its level of development will be the independent variables. Eventually, we think we can induce the following formula through good combinations of different variables established in the above: Adjustant between the extremely needed number of workers and optimum number of workers by area: It is to be applied by area after figuring out an adjusted number on the base of the established formula; r=Tw/∑Twi

일부 종합병원에 내원한 자궁내장치 피시술자에 관한 사회의학적 비교연구

김응익,고경실 한국보건통계학회 1986 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.11 No.1

A socio-medical study was performed to assess contraceptive effectiveness in the subjects 201 first users which were observed from May 1984 to August 1985. 91 clients who inserted Lippes loop were included to Non-active group and the other 110 clients, 52 users wearing TCu220c, 30 using MLCU250 and 28 with Gravigard were included to Active group. In the view point of continuous probability, dis-continuous probability and side effects which were occurred after they inserted IUD, it was compared with the effectiveness of Non-active group and that of Active group. The results are as follows; 1. General characteristics of both Non-active group and Active group such as age distribution, educational level, pregnancy frequency, living child, living son and induced abortion respectively were classfied. But there was no significant difference between these two groups (P>0.05) 2. According to the observation as of the and of August 1985 the number of continuous users of Active group appeared by far more than Non-active group with significant difference. As a result, there was a great of correlation between the types of IUD and continuous users of IUD (P<0.01, Odds Ratio=2.7). 3. The continuous Probability of the two groups was much greater in Active group than in Non-active group when was observed at the end of 3, 6, 9, 12 month (P<0.01). 4. The reasons for dis-continuous users were removal either by medical or non-medical reason, unexpected pregnancy and expulsion. But the greatest of the reason for discontinuous users showed the removal owing to medical reason not only Non-active group but Active group. 5. The medical reasons were bleeding, PID, pain, leucorrhea, tail in uterus and perforation. Bleeding was the first rank as 38.8% in Non-active group and 36.6% in Active group. But the next was PID (27.3%) in Non-active group and pain (27.3%) in Active group. 6. The users experienced side effects were 67% in Non-active group and 35% in Active group respectively (P<0.05, Odds Ratio=3.70). 7. Analysing the side effect, spotting, bleeding, low abdomen, leucorrhea, PID, perforation and tial in uterus were observed. PID was the first in Non-active group. (37.6%) and bleeding was the first in Active group (20.3%). Observing the time of incidence of side effect, 57.3% (53 cases) of total side effects in Non-active group and 61.1% (39cases)in Active group occurred in the period of between one month and three months. Though incidence rate of side effect of Active group was higher than that of Non-active group during this period (3 months), but after this period Non-active group was higher than Active group. There was correlation occurrence of side effect with risk pregnancy group in Non-active group (P<0.05, Odds Ratio=10.3). And there was correlation occurrence of side effect with risk age group (P<0.05, Odds Ratio=2.07).