자연과학편 : 건강한 성인(成人)의 체력 평가기준

김기학(KiHackKim),박정화(JungHwaPark),최종호(JongHoChoi),강영수(YoungSooKang),박희명(HiMyungPark),김유문(YuMoonKim),김종석(JongSukKim) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of adult physical fitness and the establishment of evaluation criterion for healthy adults. Healthy 845 male and 645 female subjects, who participated in general physical fitness test and physical examination in the Sports Science Institute of Taegu Yu-Sung Sports plaza, were assigned to one of four groups: 1) men under 40 years old(MU); 2) men over 40 years old(MO); 3) women under 40 years old(WU); or 4) Women over 40 years old (WO). Height and body weight were measured and ten test items for the physical fitness were determined. The correlation matrix was made from 10 variables for physical fitness. The principal component analysis was applied to the correlation matrix to yield the unrotated factor pattern matrix. The rotation of factor axis through Normal Varimax Criterion was executed in order to yield the simple structure of factors. Consequently, the orthogonal multi-factor solution was yielded and the factors were identified. therefore, the regression equation and the test battery were made from factor analysis and the evaluation criterion for test battery was developed.The results of this study were summarized as follows ;1. MO body weight and WO trunk flexion were slightly reduced in comparison to MU body weight and WU trunk flexion, respectively, but the difference were not statistically significant at 0.05 level. Expect these items, the results of the other physical fitness test were significantly lower in MO and WO groups than in MU and WU groups.2. The results of trunk extension and reaction time were not significantly different between male and female groups, but the results of trunk flexion in female groups were significantly greater than those in male groups. Expect these items, the results of the others were significantly greater in male groups than in female groups.3. The physical fitness of healthy adults consists of the five factors: 1) cardiovascular endurance, 2) agility(balance-agility in MO), 3) flexibility, 4) balance(power in WL;), and 5) strength (power-static strength in MO).4. In order to measure the extracted and identified factors, the regression equation of each factors was yielded. It was complicate to understand this regression equation which consisted of the standard score, therefore, the mean and standard deviation produced from the raw score were applied to the equation in order to represent the variable score.5. The test battery consists of maximal oxygen consumption, reaction time, trunk flexion, closed eye balance, and back strength. Because the relationships between these test items were very poor, the each variable score was strongly reliable for the representative of each physical fitness area.6. Physical fitness was diagnosed from the test battery for each group. The score criterion by C-scale was established and the evaluation scale for total score consists of the 5 levels.

자연과학편 : 아동의 비만 실태와 그에 관련된 환경조건 분석 및 비만판정기준 작성

김기학(KiHackKim),김헌경(HunKyungKim),이동수(DongSooLee),박정화(JungHwaPark) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.2

The purpose of this study were: (1) to investigate children`s obesity, (2) to suggest a method to measure the proportion of obesity in simple way, and(3) to determine environmental factors that influencing children`s body composition. Elementary school students(male=1244, female=1144) whose ages ranged from 8 to 14 years served as subjects. Measurement items(dependent variables) were standing height, weight, blood pressure, waist and hip girth, pluse, and bioelectrical impedance. Seventy-three items in 7 areas including family circumstance were investigated to measure subject`s living environment. Body density and percent body fat(%fat) were measured using Kim et al. and Lohman`s method. Determining the criterion of obesity is that if a male(female) who has over 20(25) %fat. Lean is that if male(female) has below 12(15) %fat.Based on the findings, the following conclusions are made.1. Male students(17.8%) showed higher rate of obesity than those of female students(16.3%) in general. It was appeared that both male(21.5%) and female(18.1%) in a big city tended to produce greater proportion of obesity than both male(13.9%) and female(14.4%) in a small city. A peak period of obesity appearance is: for male(10 years old, 32.5%), female(9 years old, 25.4%) in the big city, and for male(9 years old, 25.4%) and female(11 years old, 18.0%) in the small city.2. The results of this study revealed that Rohrer Index(RI) was superior to Body Mass Index while measuring children`s obesity. It is suggested that obesity could be determined with the following categories: (1) over 146 of RI, and (2) skinfold thickness for male(over 33㎜) and female (over 38㎜).3. Utilizing skinfold thickness and physique index as independent variables and %fat as a dependent variable, an estimation formula for obesity was established based on a multiple regression equation.4. The present findings reported that the correlation between %fat and environmental factor was for male(r=0.409) and female(r=0.419) respectively. The results also indicated that in a case of male, family income and heredity, and for female heredity, habit of snack, and degree of exercise tended to influence the %fat.

자연과학편 : 제주지역 고령자의 신체형태와 활동체력 특성

김기학(KiHackKim),김범희(BumHeeKim),오만원(ManWonOh),정도상(DoSangJeong) 한국체육학회 2008 한국체육학회지 Vol.47 No.4

본 연구는 제주지역 거주 고령자 207명( 남자 99명, 여자 108명)을 대상으로 이들의 신체형태와 활동체력의 연령증가에 따른 변화와 남녀간의 차이를 검토하기 위해서 수행되었다. 신장, 좌고, 하퇴위, 골단폭 및 체중은 남자가 더 크고 무거웠으며, 둔위, 피하지방후 및 체지방률은 여자가 더 크고 두텁고 높은 경향이다. 신장과 체중 및 주육은 남녀 모두 나이가 들수록 줄어들고, 체지방률은 더 증가 하였으며. 허리둘레가 크고, 체지방률이 높은 복부형 비만으로 남자는 C형 체형, 여자는 B형 체형이었다. 활동체력도 성차와 연령차가 있어 근력, 근지구력, 이동능력은 남자가 더 좋고, 연령의 영향을 받으며, 유연성은 여자가 더 우수하지만 연령증가에 따른 변화는 없다. This study aims to investigate the effects of age and gender on 207 elderly people (99 men, 108 women) in the region of Jeju Island for the following categories: physique, body form, body composition, somatotype, and physical working strength. Males measured larger than females in the following categories: height, sitting height, lower limb girth, bone width and weight. In constrast, females measured larger in the following categories: hip girth, skinfold thickness and percent body fat. As getting older, the height, weight, and body girth of the males and females decrease whether the percent body fat increase. People from Jeju Island have a higher abdominal fat deposit: males are mesomorph-endomorphed; females are meso-endomorphed. The physical working strength of the sample subjects vary with their age and gender. The muscular strength, the muscular endurance, and the mobility of the males tested are better than those of the females tested. These abilities are also influenced by age. Female flexibility is better than that of the males, but there is no difference in flexibility between ages.

자연과학편 : 청소년의 생활환경조건과 운동능력 발달과의 관계

이동수(DongSooLee),김기학(KiHackKim) 한국체육학회 1994 한국체육학회지 Vol.33 No.1

The living conditions relating to the motor ability of 880 Juveniles of 12∼14 age(447 of urban area, 433 of rural area) are investigated. The relation between the development of motor ability and living conditions is analysed separtely in urban and rural areas. The result of the analysis is as follows :1. The motor ability is gradually developed with growing age of Juveniles in both areas. However, figure 8 duck in urban area and trunk flexion in rural area show no significant difference with regard to the age of Juveniles. The Juveniles of rural area are superior to the Juveniles of urban area in the motor ability of endurance and balance items. But there is no difference in strength, agility and flexibility items between the two areas.2. In both areas, the motor ability shows higher relation with health-maturity and exercise state than with other living conditions. The agility item(100m dash) and endurance item(1,000m run) also have higher relations with play and learning state in addition to the above-mentioned living conditions.3. The period of voice change had a high degree of contribution to all items, except in figure 8 duck in urban area. Exercise favor, unbalanced diet and quentity of meals items also have higher contribution than other living condition items.

스포츠교육학 / 체육과 실기평가 기본점수제에 대한 체육교사의 의식 조사

박준용(JunYongPark),김기학(KiHackKim),정도상(DoSangJung) 한국체육학회 1999 한국체육학회지 Vol.38 No.4

본 연구는 제 6차 교육과정에 도입된 무단 결과 없이 성실하게 수업에 참여한 학생에게는 기본점수를 실기평가 배점의 70% 이상을 부여하는 제도인 체육 실기평가 기본점수제가 체육 교육에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 기본점수제의 전환을 가져올 수 있는 근거를 모색해보는 데에 그 목적이 있다.본 연구에서는 대구광역시 체육 교사 275명을 대상으로 실기평가 기본점수제에 대하여 설문지를 이용하여 조사하였다. 자료 처리는 교육 경력 11년 미만과 11년 이상으로 구분하여 χ²검정을 하였으며, 통계적 유의수준은 5%로 하였다. 이에 대한 결과는 다음과 같다.기본점수제는 내신 성적의 입학 전형 자료화에 따른 학부모들의 성적에 대한 불만을 줄이기 위하여 실시하게 되었다는 것이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 기본점수제는 학습 태도 향상, 운동 기능 습득 및 학습동기 유발에 긍정적으로 작용하지 못하였고, 개인차 구별, 평가기준치 선정, 척도 간 점수 차 및 평가척도 선정에 어려움을 준 것으로 나타났다.기본점수제는 타당하지 않다는 의견이 86.2%로 압도적으로 높게 나타났으며, 타당하지 않다는 의견을 가진 교사들은 기본점수제가 폐지되거나 하향 조정되기를 희망하고 있었으며, 기본점수제의 변화는 학생들의 개인차를 잘 구별해 줄 것으로 기대하고 있었다.기본점수제가 없을 경우의 평가 방법에 있어서 가장 높게 나타난 항목은 평가 종목 수가 4종목, 평가 척도가 5단계, 평가 척도간 점수 차가 3점이었으며, 이들 3개 항목과 평가 비중 70%로 실기평가를 실시하면 실기평가 배점의 약 30% 정도가 기본점수로 주어지는 것이 된다. 따라서 실기평가 배점의 30%를 기본점수로 부여하는 것은 앞으로의 기본점수제의 적정 수준으로 고려해 볼 수도 있다고 생각되어진다. The purpose of this study was to offer a basis that can convert the basic point system by investigating the influence on the basic point system in the physical education.This study shows some results by inquiring into 275 physical education teachers` views about the basic point system using a questionnaire. The opinion of physical education teachers` about the basic point system used the chi-square based on data from greater than 11 years` education career versus less than 11 years` ; the results are as follows.The main reason why the basic point system was introduced in the physical education evaluation was to reduce parents` complaints of their children`s scores. The basic point system didn`t have positive influences on learning attitude, exercise skill, learning motivation. The respondents found it difficult in deciding on evaluation standards, and in discriminating differences between individuals.86.2% of those surveyed reported that basic point system was not valid. The respondents hoped the basic point system should be abolished or lowered, and expected to discriminate effectively differences between individuals by amending the basic point system.Without the basic point system in the physical education evaluation, the type of 4-events, 5-levels, 3-points gap between levels is chosen most. Evaluating with 4-events, 5-levels and 3-points gap between levels gives students the basic point around 30%. The basic point around 30% would be the most desirable way in the physical education evaluation.

인문,사회과학편 : 중학생의 체육학습 의욕 척도개발 및 타당화

손정욱(JeongWookSon),김기학(KiHackKim),이진훈(JinHunLee) 한국체육학회 2006 한국체육학회지 Vol.45 No.2

이 연구는 중학생의 체육 학습의욕 척도를 개발하기 위해 대구광역시 소재 7개 중학교 123학년에 재학 중인 1,214명의 중학생을 대상으로 체육학습의욕척도를 개발하기 위한 것이다. 선행연구와 전문가의 조언을 통해 얻은 72개의 문항으로 작성된 검사지로부터 얻은 자료에 대해 학습의욕의 각 요인별 신뢰도와 타당도 검정을 실시하였다. 그 결과 다시 선별된 50개 문항으로 체육학습의욕의 요인구조를 알아보기 위해 반복적인 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하고, 학습의욕척도의 구조적 타당도를 검정하기 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 문항에 대한 신뢰도 추정 및 문항분석을 통해 문항에 대한 신뢰도가 높다는 결론을 얻었다. 50개 문항으로 시작된 탐색적 요인분석 결과 체육학습의욕척도는 6개요인 36문항이 선정되었다. 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 선정된 36개의 문항에 대한 확인적 요인분석 결과, 체육학습의욕척도는 6개요인(학습태도 및 방법 8문항, 실패불안 6문항, 유능감 6문항, 노력 4문항, 긴장 3문항, 학습가치 3문항) 30개 문항으로 개발되었으며, 체육 학습의욕 척도의 전반적 적합지수와 세부적 지수들을 검토한 결과, 척도의 구조적 타당도는 양호하였다. This study attempted to develope learning motivation scale in Physical Education for junior high school students. One thousand and two hundred fourteen junior high school students in Daegu took reliability and validation test. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to search the factor solutions of learning motivation in Physical Education and confirmatory factor analysis was to verify the conceptual validation. The results were as follows. Item analysis consisted of reliability about each factor. Exploratory factor analysis selected 6 factors and 36 items about Learning Motivation Scale. The results of confirmatory factor analysis With the 36 item chosen for exploratory factor analysis and Learning Motivation Scale consisted of 6 factors and 30 items(Learning attitude and method factor, Failure anxiety, Competence of motor ability, Effort, Value of learning, Strain). The results of confirmatory factor and index values of good of fit were rated as good.

체육측정평가 : 남성 고령자의 활동체력연령 추정 및 교차타당성 검토

정도상(DoSangJeong),김기학(KiHackKim) 한국체육학회 1998 한국체육학회지 Vol.37 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 고령자가 자립하여 활력 있는 일상생활을 살아가는데 필요한 활동체력의 수준을 연령척도로 전환하여 남성 고령자의 노화도를 평가하기 위한 활동체력연령 추정식을 작성하고, 교차 타당성 검토를 통하여 그 추정식의 유용성을 검토하는데 있다. 대상자는 대구, 진주, 거창, 진영 지역에서 65∼85세의 건강한 남성 고령자 160명과 교차타당성집단 21명으로 하였다. 일상생활과 관련된 19개 활동체력 항목을 측정하여 19개 항목간의 상관행렬에 주성분 분석을 적용해서 고유치가 1.0보다 큰 회전전 제1주성분을 추출하였다. 회전전 제1주성분 득점을 종속변수, 회전후의 각 인자를 대표하는 6개의 활동체력 측정항목을 독립변수로 중회귀분석을 실시하여 기초활동체력 점수(FAFS)를 구하였다. 다시 기초활동체력 점수를 역연령과 비교할 수 있는 척도(활동체력 연령)로 나타내기 위하여 T-score의 개념을 도입하였다. 즉, 어느 개인의 역연령 표준득점이 기초활동체력점수(FAFS)와 동일하다는 것으로부터 이 역연령을 활동체력연령으로 정의하고, 활동체력연령 추정식 AFAc=4.764FAFS+72.925+Z를 작성하였다. 여기서 Z=0.470Age-34.275, FAFS=-1.9083-0.0530X₁+0.0190X₂+0.0096X₃+0.0233X₄+0.0312X_5+0.0169X_6(X₁=8자보행, X₂=팔들어올리기, X₃=눈뜨고한발서기, X₄=앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기, X_5=상완근지구력, X_6=foot tapping)이다. 또한 이렇게 하여 구한 추정식을 일반화하기 위하여 교차타당성 검토를 실시한 결과 타당성 집단과 교차 타당성 집단간의 활동체력연령과 역연령에서 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 활동체력 연령과 역연령과의 상관 r=.772로 높게 나타나 추정식의 타당성이 인정되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 작성한 활동체력연령 추정식은 일반 남성 고령자의 노화도를 나타내는데 유효한 지표로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study was to assess activity fitness age in elderly men. The subjects were 160 Korean elderly men, aged 65 to 85 in the area including Daegue, Chingu, Geochang and Chin-young. Nineteen performance tests related to common activities of daily living were selected. Correlations between the variables were computed, and principal component analysis was applied to the 19×19 correlation matrix. The 1st principal component was interpreted as fundamental activity fitness of daily living because of significantly heavy loading with all variables and the 1st principal component score decreased significantly with advancing age(r=-.600). Multiple regression analysis was performed with the 1st principal component score as the dependent measure and the 6 items as the independent variables. However, the fundamental activity fitness score(FAFS) from this equation is expressed as a Z-score, so estimated FAFS was transformed to years(activity fitness age) using the T-score idea. The equation developed to determine the activity fitness age(AFAc) was AFAc=4.764FAFS+72.925+Z, Z=0.470Age-34.275, FAFS=1.9083-0.0530X₁+0.0190X₂+0.0096X₃+0.0233X₄+0.0312X_5+0.0169X_6; where X₁=walking around two chairs in a figure 8, X₂=raising the arms while holding a bar, X₃=balancing on one leg with eyes open, X₄=sit and reach, X_5=arm curls, X_6=foot tapping. In the cross-validation sample(n=27), no significant difference existed between AFAc and chronological ages. The equation for estimating AFAc was considered useful evaluating activity fitness of daily living in the elderly men.

체육측정평가 : 비만 청소년의 체력 특성의 성차

金憲經(HunKyungKIM),金基學(KiHackKIM) 한국체육학회 1996 한국체육학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Gender differences in physical fitness have been reported in many studies. However, little information is available on physical fitness in obese boys and girls. The purpose of this, study was to investigate the differences in physical fitness between obese boys and girls. The subjects were 51 obese boys and 64 obese girls aged 12.0-14.9 years. Eighteen physical fitness items were tested and skinfold thickness was measured at six sites. Bioelectrical impedance(Z) was measured using a tetrapolar impedance plethysmograph(Selco SIF-891). Body density was calculated from impedance index and triceps skinfold thickness, and it was converted to percent body fat using the formula of Brozek et al. The results of the comparative study clearly indicated that the obese boys were significantly superior in handball throw, back strength, grip strength and many other variables, but were inferior in trunk extension, leg balance and trunk flexion. The relative values of obese girls to obese boys in selected physical fitness elements were 67.50% for handball throw, 73.23% for back strength, 136.45% for leg balance, and 332.50% for trunk flexion. Regression analysis was used to develop the equation for predicting performance score from FFM or %fat. The Precision of regression equation was evaluated by the R and SEE. R ranged from 0.846 to 0.404 in the obese boys and from 0.528 to 0.404 in the obese girls. To analyze the factorial structure for these boys and girls, principal factor analysis was applied to the correlation matrix which was calculated with 18 variables, and then six factors in obese boys and five factors in obese girls were extracted. From these results, it was confirmed that the gender differences in physacal fitnss of the obese boys and girls seem to be rather complicated. A great deal of data should be accumulated for more detailed analysis on gender differences in middle school obese boys and girls.

자연과학편 : 아동의 연령 증가에 따른 신체 형태지수의 변화

김충현(ChungHyunKim),김기학(KiHackKim) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 아동의 연령 증가에 따른 신체 형태지수의 변화를 분석하여 상대적인 발육 경향을 알아보기 위한 것으로써, 연구의 대상은 대구광역시 소재 초등학교 6-11세까지의 아동을 대상으로 신체형태 7개 부분을 측정하여 형태지수로 산출하였다. 이 자료로 이원분산분석, 일원분산분석, t-test를 실시하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 좌고에 대한 하지장의 비는 약 80-90% 정도이고 연령 증가에 따라 지수값이 증가하며, 7세에서 여아가 남아보다 더 큰 경향을 보였다. 복위에 대한 흉위의 비는 약 104-112% 정도이고, 8, 10, 11에서 여아가 남아보다 더 큰 경향을 보였다. 하지장에 대한 하퇴위의 비는 43-47% 정도이고 연령 증가에 따라 비슷하며, 남아가 여아보다 더 큰 경향을 보였다. 상지장에 대한 상완위의 비는 32-36% 정도이고, 10, 11세에서 남아가 여아보다 더 큰 경향을 보였다. The purpose of this study was comparison and analysis of remarkable differences between male and female according to the aging in order to understand the tendency of relative growth in the Korean students using the formula of somatic index. The objects of this study were from six to eleven years old children in Dae-gu. The physique of the children was inspected in the seven items and yielded the somatic index. The results which were analyzed from two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and t-test using these data were following. The skelic index showed about 80-90% and increased according to aging. It had a significant tendency that the index of girls was bigger than that of boys in the seven years. The trunk girth index showed about 104-112%. It had a significant tendency that the index of girls was bigger than that of boys in the eight, ten and eleven years. The lower limb index showed about 43-47% and continued the similarly although the aging. It had a significant tendency that the index of boys was bigger than that of girls. The upper limb index showed about 32-36% and had a significant tendency that the index of boys was bigger than that of girls in the ten and eleven years.

자연과학편 : 국민학교(國民學校) 6학년(學年) 남학생(男學生) 운동능력(運動能力)의 인자구조분석(因子構造分析)

양금산(KumSanYang),김기학(KiHackKim) 한국체육학회 1994 한국체육학회지 Vol.33 No.1

It operated factor structure analysis motor ability to elementary school sixth grade boys, subjects are total 96.Test item selected 26, hypothesis is hypothesised 15 subdomains that selected in 7 domains Factor solution method used principal component solution among the multiple factor models. This method is to search coefficient matrix with raw data, apply to principal component solution, and search unrotated factor pattern matrix. Then orthogonal rotation conducted by Normal Varimax criterion, search rotated pattern matrix, extract factor, and interpret with it.The results are following.factor 1. explosive power factor 2. physique factor 3. agility factor 4. flexibility factor 5. coordination factor 6. static strength factor 7. balance.