인문 · 사회과학편 : 19C 영국(英國) Athleticism의 출현과 성장 배경

하남길(NamGilHa),오동섭(GongSoubOh) 한국체육학회 1995 한국체육학회지 Vol.34 No.3

The English public Schools and Oxbridge of the late nineteenth century have been posited a contributing to teaching the world to play organized games, From 1850 onwards, games were purposefully and deliberately assimilated into the formal curriculum of the public schools such as Marlborough. Uppingham: suitable facilities were constructed, with headmasters insisting on pupil involvement. The ideology of the diffusion of an innovation was athleticism that means the worship of the athlete with its attendant deification of success. In this article, I have attempted to trace the origins and growth of athleticism in the 19th century.British games had grown beyond the embryonic stage by 1800 and the games were for the most part disapproved of by masters, although public schools which organized games begin to appear early in the nineteenth century. From 1850, games were assimilated into the formal curriculum of the public schools. By the end of the nineteenth century athleticism was to marshal a coherent set of educational arguments for its existence and become the hallmark of an acceptable public school.Its evolution is analogous with the formation of an river: its sources were minor tributaries: its main force is a broad stream. From the mind-nineteenth century, some public schools - Marlborough, Harrow etc - introduced game into the formal curriculum and Headmasters preached the virtues of games for developing sound character, but the principle motive in introducing games was to be founded in the disciplinary problems that faced them: poaching, trespassing, rebellion and general lawlessness, Early in the nineteenth century public school master faced with the control of their schools. There took place an struggle between masters and boys, in which neither party was able to establish permanent and effective dominance, As a result, there gradually emerged games as a formal educational activity. The origins of athleticism lay in the utilization of games as a form of social control. An ideology relating to them was born, not because of the nobility that supposedly arouse from the action, but because an argument made an action acceptable.The growth and spread of athleticism in educational system in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain was facilitated by two factors: a high degree of structural conduciveness between the public schools and Oxbridge and a circular casuality. During the Second World War public school Old Boys went on to Oxbridge, whereas public school masters were recruited almost exclusively from Oxbridge. In general, sports historians of Korea have overlooked the role of universities in development and diffusion of organized games in the British public schools. The truth of the matter is this; while the public schools were important to the initial development of organized games at Oxbridge until approximately 1860, Oxbridge played an important role in the consolidation of organized games and their underpinning ideology of athleticism in the schools in the years that followed. Old Boys from different schools met at universities. The athletics amongst them no doubt discussed practices and philosophies of games employed at their schools. For instance, Henry Reade discussed the organization of games and acted on these discussions both to aid his university(Oxford) and his school(Tonbridge). The universities provided the philosophy of games and contributed to the organization and codification of games such as football and rowing.

배구 창안의 동기와 사상적 배경

하남길 ( Nam Gil Ha ) 한국체육사학회 2009 체육사학회지 Vol.14 No.2

체육철학 : 영국(英國) Athleticism 의 이념적(理念的) 체계 고찰 : 신사도(紳士道)

河南吉(NamgilHa),吳東燮(DongsoupOh) 한국체육학회 1996 한국체육학회지 Vol.35 No.2

The object of this study is to investigate the objective conception of an educational ideology -Athleticism - in English public schools during the second half of the nineteenth century.Athleticism was not merely a term signifying a liking for healthy outdoor activities : to use Robert Nisbet’s striking phrase, it was "a neologism born of moral passion" operating at the level of an educational ideology. Through it, Team games was indulged in considerably and compulsorily in the belief that it was highly effective means of inculcating valuable instrumental and expressive goals the famous ingredients of "character training" The frame of athleticism as an educational ideology was constructed in three factors : firstly gentlemanship of moral principles ; secondly muscular Christianity of religious principles; lastly imperialistic royalty of political principles, But Gentlemanship is the primary ideal of athleticism.By the end of the nineteenth century a gentleman had to be chivalrous, or at least if he were not he was fully a gentleman, Gentleman was brave, straightforward and honourable, loyal to his monarch, country and his friends, unfailingly true to his word. He was fearless in war and on the hunting field, and excelled at all manly sports. He was an honourable opponent and a good loser; he play the game for the pleasure of playing not win. Certain beliefs were accepted by most mid-Victorian headmasters like Vaughan of Harrow, Cotton of Marlborough and Thring of Uppingham who prompted games at schools.The concept of gentleman and sportsman becomes interchangeable through athleticism and an ideal of athleticism was gentlemanship. Through access to the schools and universities and their organized games, the sons of the aspiring middle classes learned the vocabulary of respectability and behaviour of the ‘gentleman-amateur’. These elements, in conjunction with aspects of a classical education, were necessary for success in upper class society and games were the core of this culture. The pivotal link in the relationship between games and the ideal of the "Gentleman" was Athleticism, an educational ideology which upheld of the efficacy of the games field for the development of certain moral qualities, in particular honesty, straightforwardness, honour, manners, devotion, kindness, courage etc.

체육사 : 한국 서구 스포츠의 발달과 그 이데올로기

하남길(HaNam-Gil),박영호(ParkYoung-Ho) 한국체육학회 2000 한국체육학회지 Vol.39 No.4

본 고(考)는 1876~1945년 사이 서구 스포츠 문화가 한국에 소개되고, 확산되는 과정을 추적하여 그 시대의 정치, 사회적 상황에서 팽배했던 이데올로기가 스포츠의 발달과 확산에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가를 추적하고자 한 것이다. 이것은 스포츠 분야의 역사적 사건을 단순히 시대사적으로 기술하는 경향을 탈피하여 이데올로기를 중심으로 접근함으로써 한국 근대 스포츠 발달사를 사회사적(社會史的)으로 해석하여 보다 통합적으로 설명하려는 시도의 하나이다.본 연구의 결과는 한국 스포츠 역사에서 특정한 시대를 지배했던 이데올로기가 스포츠 확산의 속도를 결정하는 변인으로 작용했음을 명백히 보여준다. 한국의 전통적 유교주의 사상과 1876-1945년 사이에 팽배할 수밖에 없었던 민족주의 사상은 서구 스포츠 문화의 한국 확산에 큰 영향을 미친 이데올로기로 규정된다. 정적인 행동 양식이 형성되는데 결정적인 영향을 미친 유교주의의 전통과 관습은 동적인 스포츠 문화의 확산에 장애가 되었으며, 민족주의는 서구 스포츠 문화의 한국 확산에 촉진제 역할을 한 이데올로기로 규정된다. 그러나 제국주의 라는 이데올로기의 영향을 평가하는데는 매우 역설적인 논의를 동반하게 된다. 제국주의는 한국 스포츠 문화의 확산에 순기능적(順機能的)인 요인도 되고 역기능적(逆機能的)인 요인도 되었기 때문이다. 일본은 한국의 스포츠 문화를 통제하고, 탄압했으므로 제국주의는 유교주의와 함께 한국 스포츠 발달을 저해한 이데올로기로 규정할 수 있으나 일본의 제국주의는 한국의 민족주의 정서를 자극했고 스포츠가 민족적 단결과 저항의 수단으로 이용 됨으로써 오히려 스포츠의 발달을 촉진한 이데올로기로 규정할 수도 있다. 그러므로 제국주의는 한국 스포츠 발달사에서 매우 역설적인 하나의 이데올로기로 규정된다. All races or countries have unique game and sports cultures that they have inherited. Korea is no exception. With the expansion of Western imperialism in the second half of the nineteenth century, the culture of Western sports spread to several continents. This article attempts to trace and explain the process by which the culture of Western sports was introduced into and spread across Korea during the period 1876-1945, and to show what influences the ideologies that grew and spread in the political and social circumstances of this period had on the development and spread of sports. By approaching the history of Korean sports from this perspective of dominating ideologies, this article attempts to explain in a more comprehensive fashion, the process by which Western sports introduced into Korea spread. The results show that Confucianism, which had dominated traditional Korean society, hindered the spread of the culture of Western sports, but that imperialism, by inciting feelings of nationalism, pushed sports culture to grow as part of the rising tide of nationalistic resistance.

인문,사회과학편 : 근대 영미 체육 발달 배경에 관한 비교 연구: 사상적 유사성과 차이

하남길(NamGilHa) 한국체육학회 2006 한국체육학회지 Vol.45 No.5

근대 영미체육 발달의 사상적 배경을 비교 고찰한 결과 그 유사성과 차이는 두가지료 요약된다. 첫째, 영미 학교 체육에서 체조 및 신체단련 시스템의 기초가 된 것은 독일 및 스웨덴 체조로 동질적인 특성을 지니고 있었으나 체육 발달의 사상적 배경은 달랐던 것으로 확인되었다. 영국 체육은 생물(리)학적 사고와 군사적 사고를 토대로 발달되었으나 미국은 주로 생물학적 사고를 토대로 발달되었다. 둘째, 영미 학교체육 체계 속에 스포츠를 수용하는 과정에 결정적인 영향을 미친 것은 애슬레티시즘(Athleticism)과 강건한 기독교주의(Muscular Christianity) 사조로 동질적인 측면이 있었던 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 영국의 강건한 기독교주의 사상은 아마추어리즘이라는 사회 계급적 엘리트주의, 신사도(Gentlemanship)를 중시하는 도덕주의, 제국주의(Imperialism)라는 사회 진화론적 인식, 기독교사회주의(Christian Socialism) 등과 결속되어 있었던 반면 미국의 강건한 기독교주의 사상은 놀이 이론(play theory), 복음주의(Evangelism), 문화국가주의(Americanism), 상업주의(Commercialism) 등과 결속됨으로써 이질적인 측면도 있었던 것으로 밝혀졌다. This study compares and examines the ideological background behind the development processes of physical education in America and Britain. The significant findings are as summarized below. Firstly, The British and American schools display similar characteristics. However, The Britain started as a military drill in high schools and the ideology presented by this was that of military thought, But The United States physical education system was thus developed and the ideological catalyst behind the development was medical and biological thoughts. Secondly, the ideology which had a decisive influence on the road to sport being accepted and encouraged within school curricula was that of Muscular Christianity infused with Athleticism into the society. British Muscular Christianity ideology was bonded with Amateurism, Imperialism, Social Darwinism and Christian Socialism. On the other hand, American muscular Christianity had strong connections with the Play Theory, Evangelism, Americanism and Commercialism.

영미(英美) 스포츠 문화의 종교사적 전통: 잉글리시 선데이와 애슬레틱 선데이

하남길(NamGilHa),김세기(SeGiKim) 한국체육학회 2009 한국체육학회지 Vol.48 No.3

본고는 영미 스포츠 문화의 종교사적 전통 중 하나인 ‘잉글리시 선데이’와 ‘애슬레틱 선데이’의 개념, 형성배경, 실재성 등을 확인한 것으로 결과는 몇 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, ‘잉글리시 선데이’란 영국 청교도들이 일요일이나 성일(聖日)의 스포츠 참여를 금기시하던 전통이였으며, ‘애슬레틱 선데이’란 미국 신교도가 일요일의 스포츠 활동을 수용한 전통이었다. 둘째, 잉글리시 선데이 전통이 강화된 것은 제임스 1세의 ‘합법적인 스포츠에 관한 포고령’이 발효된 이후였다. 셋째, ‘잉글리시 선데이’전통은 17C 미국으로 유입되어 20세기 초반까지 잔존했다. 넷째, ‘애슬레틱 선데이’란 용어는 미국 YMCA를 통해 생겨났으며, 그 배경이 된 것은 YMCA의 강건한 기독교주의 운동이었다. 잉글리시 선데이 전통은 1950년대에 완전히 퇴조했으나 애슬레틱 선데이 전통은 지금까지 유지되고 있다. This research aims to confirm the existence of the English Sunday and Athletic Sunday traditions stemming from Anglo-American sports history. The findings of the research are as follows. First, English Sunday dates back to the English Puritan tradition of recreation, whereby participation in sports activities were forbidden on Sundays. In contrast, the American Protestant tradition of Athletic Sunday encouraged sports to be played on the day of the Sabbath. Secondly, the tradition of English Sunday was strengthened by James I’s Declaration of Lawful Sports. Thirdly, English Sunday was exported to the United States in the 17th Century and adhered to until the beginning of the 20th century. Finally, the phrase Athletic Sunday was introduced by the American YMCA around the 1900s influenced by the ideology of Muscular Christianity. English Sunday and Athletic Sunday were in competition with one another from the 1890s and the 1930s. While the tradition of English Sunday almost completely disappeared by the 1950s but the tradition of Athletic Sunday lives on today.

미국(美國) 스포츠 사회사(社會史): 청교도주의와 스포츠

하남길 ( Nam Gil Ha ) 한국체육사학회 2007 체육사학회지 Vol.19 No.-

미국 MCM의 지지 구조와 교회의 체육활동 수용 배경

하남길(NamGilHa) 한국체육학회 2013 한국체육학회지 Vol.52 No.5

체육활동이 중심이 되었던 미국의 강건한 기독교주의 운동(MCM)은 한국은 물론 세계 체육사에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 차원에서 본고는 미국 MCM의 지지 구조(underpinnings)를 명확히 밝히되 잉글리시 선데이(English Sundays) 전통을 고수해왔던 북미의 교회가 스포츠와 각종 체육활동을 YMCA 프로그램에 수용하게 된 배경을 탐색하고자 한 것이다. 고찰 결과는 크게 세 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 미국 MCM의 문화·제도 간 지지 구조는 ‘교회(YMCA)’, ‘대학(College)’, ‘체육활동(Physical Activities)’의 삼각 연계 구조였다. 둘째, 미국 교회가 청교도적 전통을 깨고 스포츠와 각종 체육활동을 수용하게 된 사상적 배경은 초절주의와 실용주의 철학의 확산이었다. 셋째, 미국 교회(YMCA)가 스포츠 문화를 수용한 것은 복음전략의 전환을 의미했으며, 기독교부흥운동의 잇따른 실패로 인해 격감한 남성 신도의 확보 필요성도 YMCA가 교육 프로그램에 체육활동을 넣은 직접적인 이유 중 하나였다. The American Muscular Christianity Movement (MCM) with physical education activities as its central underpinning has had a huge impact on Korean and world physical education history. Given this background, this article is a historical study with the focus of exploring the background behind the American MCM`s underpinnings and how the American Christian church which insisted on the English Sunday tradition received physical education activities. The findings can be summarised as follows. Firstly, the structure of the American MCM, the inter-institutional and inter-cultural underpinnings had a three-way relationship with the YMCA, college and physical activities. The MCM developed with the YMCA and colleges at its center and physical activity was an instrumental culture. Secondly, the American puritanism traditions of the American church were broken away from and physical education activities were embraced by the American church due to the diffusion of transcendentalism and utilitarianism. Thirdly. the American church positively received physical activity due to the failure of its religious revival movement following the secularization of Christianity and the church required a new evangelism movement. The physical education activities of the church represents a turning point in the evangelism movement strategy of the church following repeated failures of revival movements and the YMCA included physical education activities in order to attract male congregation members.

농구(籠球) 창안(創案)과 확산(擴散)의 사상적(思想的) 배경(背景)

하남길(NamGilHa) 한국체육학회 2008 한국체육학회지 Vol.47 No.6

농구가 미국 YMCA에서 네이스미스에 의해 창안되었다는 사실은 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 “무엇 때문에 기독교 단체인 YMCA가 농구, 배구와 같은 스포츠를 창안하고 보급했을까?”라는 질문에 명쾌한 답을 할 수 있는 문헌을 찾기는 어렵다. 이러한 의문을 해소하기 위하여 미국 농구의 창안과 확산에 영향을 미친 사상을 탐색하였다. 그 결과는 강건한 기독교주의, 복음주의, 진보주의, 아마추어리즘 등으로 확인되었다. 농구가 창안된 것은 단순히 “겨울철 스포츠의 필요성” 때문만은 아니었다. 미국 YMCA는 농구를 창안하기 전부터 강건한 기독교주의 사조를 수용하였으며, 복음주의 운동은 강건한 기독교주의 운동과 연계되어 있었다. 결국 농구의 창안은 체육관을 그리스도의 왕국으로 만들고자하는 종교적 목적이 내재되어 있었으며, 농구의 보급 또한 그러한 의도와 목적으로 YMCA 조직망을 통해 전 세계로 확산시킨 것임을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 중등학교와 대학에서 농구가 확산된 것은 진보주의 교육사상의 확산과 깊은 관계가 있었으며, 사회 애슬레틱 클럽의 농구 확산은 아마추어리즘이 사상적 토대가 되었던 것으로 밝혀졌다. It was well known that basketball was created in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith under instruction from L.H. Gulick, YMCA, Springfield, US, to devise a 'New Game' which could be played in winter conditions. However, the ideological background from which the game of basketball was created and diffused has not been fully explained. This article seeks to explore the creation and diffusion of basketball from an ideological viewpoint. The ideologies behind the creation and diffusion of basketball were; Evangelism, Muscular Christianity, Progressivism and Amateurism. The gymnasium was envisioned as the manifestation of Christ's Kingdom on Earth and consequently ideology of Muscular Christianity was incorporated. The muscular christianity movement can be equated to the evangelism movement. In schools and society, progressivism and Amateurism became the foundation stones of basketball.

體育敎育의 主體的 理念定立을 위한 小考

하남길 公州大學校스포츠科學硏究所 1987 스포츠科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.1

Physical Education in Korea has been undergoing progressive changes under the influence of international situation since the liberation from the Japanese rule. But, There has been so much argument among Physical educatiors on th opaque idea and philosophy of Physical education. The philosophy of physical education introduced from Europe, America and Japan has been so strongly influnced on our conventional philosophy of Physical education. However, as far as Korean identity is concerned Physical education in Korea has been too mach flexible without any subjective idea and fixed goal but has just imitated those of other nations. Thus, it should be strongly suggested that we must establish Korean idea of Physical education. Here, it is intended to establishment of Korean idea of Physical education through illumination of mordern philosophy of education and the Korean conventional philosopy of education. The following is the suggestions of this study. In the light of the Educational philosophy, our Physical Education Should take into account the concepts of "historical self" "democratic freedom, and "healthfull life" in order to establish its aims and objectives.