村落景觀의 比較硏究 試論

崔基燁 誠信女子大學校 韓國地理硏究所 1996 應用地理 Vol.- No.19

The difference between Korean and European rural landscapes might had been resulted from the differences between the two society's agro-eclogial chains of climate-landform-soil-agricultural systems primarily, but more conclusive contrasts of the two rural landscapes had directly come fromthe differences of their social organization to earry out such farming systems. European agro-ecological chains had developed the mixed farming and the elaborate rotation system of the landuse, and on the basis of such practice, the settlement domain had been divided into orderly parts of 'Ackerland'(common field), 'Wurt'(kitchen garden), 'Hofstatt'(farmhouse), 'Allmende'(common pasture)and 'Wald'(wood). The unique organization of the use of aialle land and the division of the domain had motivated the constitution of the German village community (Dorfgemeiude) to execute 'flurzqang' (field constraiw). This German system of land organization had led to the formation of European rural landscapes. With the European systems, the Korean agroecological chains had encouraged paddy culture. Since paddy culture expected to produce enough yield only by the management of irrigation work. It's system had not contributed to promote the formation of comprehensive village community and the communal regulations for the shake of land use but only had induced lafour community planting, weeding and harvesting. Consequently, the units of arafle land had been properly small and irregular in Paddy culture. Since irc. 16~17 century, as paddy field has been expanded over the flood plains, and as the fomation of the kinship community has been activated, villages, especially clan villages with irregular form have been increased steadily throughout the nation. Another contrast between two societies is the varieties of types of the settlement forms is very confined. The majority of settlement types is the compact irregular villages. Isolated farms and the planned reclamation settlements had been developed only a little in some hilly regious and west-south coast respectively by the invasion of imperial Japanese land capital since 1900s. Finally, in Korea rural society, row settlements along the stream have scarecely been developed on account of the preparation for the paddy field on the danger of flood. Rather, row and agglomerated settlements along the mountain food or on the valley inlet have been developed extensively.

近代地理學 이후의 反實證主義的 認識과 方法

崔基燁 誠信女子大學校 韓國地理硏究所 1983 應用地理 Vol.- No.6

This study attempts to reasses the positivist methodologies in present geography by reappraising the geographical thoughts and methodologies of the two founders of modern geography: Alexander von Humboldt and Vidal de la Blache and provide the alternative epistemological foundations to modem geography in line with both phenomenology and structural linguistics. Also this study aims at clarifying the influence of philosophical and paradigmatic viewpoints on geographical thought. Positivism gained its main strength since nineteenth century by promising a sure means of process for western civilization in the use of knowledge for the control of nature, and its success was linked the rise of industrial capitalism. But positivist approach has come under increasing criticism for its conceptual poverty and ineffectuality in dealing with comtemporary problems recently. In the light of current anti-positivist movement it seems time for a fresh look at the two founders' effort to provide an alternative to the narrow empiricism or positivism of their days. Under the influence of his day's idealism and romanticism, Humboldt saw the contribution of geography, in studying complex functional relationships and providing a holistic world view, as an integral part of scientific inquiry. In the process of scientific inquiry he intended to draw attention to the importance of concepts in the mind. On the other hand, Vidal's approach to regional study lay in its existentially grounded character, at the interface between milieu and civilisation was carved a living landscape recording how particular groups, in their experience, had interpreted, valued, and utilized their environments. And his concept of genre de vie was understood to be a result of main initiative and creative adaption to his environment. Contrary to the positivist, Vidal avoided systematic deduction and a narrow idea of a strict and mechanical determinism. Thus two founders advocated the importance of subjectivity and the holistic view in geography study. Because the present logical positivist geographers can not accept the subjective understanding of geographical reality, we can make it possible by introducing both the phenomenological and the hermeneutical epistemologies into the geographical research. Phenomenology makes us possible to examine the everyday experience of our lived-world and with it we can approach the meanings of place. With structural linguistics we can afford to take landscapes as text. And the interpretation of the meanings of landscape symbols necessitates semantics.

우리나라 村落環境의 綜合的 診斷硏究

權容友,張載勳,林漢洙,崔基燁 誠信女子大學校 韓國地理硏究所 1992 應用地理 Vol.- No.15

The goal of this study is collective understanding of integrated village enviroment in Korea. As an attempt toward this, we analyze the formation, spatial structure, and natural and socio-economic environment of viliages, and clarify the formation and construction of the places where inhabitants get their expriences of environment. In particular, we study four villages in the central districts:Three of them are teaditional clan -villages, which are currently disorganizing, while one is the new clearing-village which has been formed cince 1930's, in the process of the forest clearing by Japanese colonization company. We investigate the producton and living environment, with emphasis on the formation process and spatial composition of the villages. In order to have personal experience, we attach importance to participant observation, and use interviews, questionnaires, investigation of literatures and clan registers, and statistical analysis. The results of this study can be cummarized as follows: 1. According to the village ledger of Unified Shilla, natural villages in Korea appear to have formed in the 8th century, in the beginning of the medieval age. villages in the ancient age were presumabiy the lowest unit in the regional organization, which was intrinsically of administrative unit. Since the 16th century, most villages seem to have developed as clan-villages, which appeared after the standards of ancestral rites were established. 2. It is also revealed that the three clan-villages studied here formed after the 15th century. In general, a mother clan village originallh formed by a long distance family migration derived several branch clan villages from it in the myeon (township) area. In this case, the number of clan villages is nerly epual to that of generations of a clan after settlement in that area. Consequentiy, a village should be regarded as a social (kin) unit as well as an enological living unit. On the other hand, forest clearing by Japanese colonization company induced the formation of dispersed settlements as social landscape in coastal eroded regions Such a land clearing-village has undergone the migration of nearby villagers and refugees from North Korea in Korean War, and constructed a social space. 3. A typical village in Koreais located in a dissected walley:There are a stream and a mountain in front and at the back, respectively. The dissected valley possissing a first to third order tributary is utilized as farmland while settlements are distributed in the small eroded aea located on the mountain foot. Such location is detremined in consideration of the use of farmland and water, drainage, heat insulation, and shltering. 4. In Korea the average area of farmland is Known to be 1.2 ha per household household (1989) with the paddy-fleld ration 63.3:36.4. The dominance of paddies over fields is also manifested in this study. The farming area per housghold, of the other hand, exhibits much difference:It is about fibe times larger than the average in Jangsong-ri (長松里) located in inland (6.9 ha) and in Sinsang-ri (新上里) a new clearing-village (4.9 ha), while it is only half the average (0.6 ha) in Jangji-ri(長芝里), which is affected by urbanization and industrialization. Finally, the farming area in Hongbeop-ri(弘法里), located in the hill near the west coast, is slightly smaller than the average. Division and fragmintation of farmland appear to be ubiquitous in all viliages:The number of parcels of farmland per household reaches even 8.3(in Hongbeop-ri), and in some cases they are dispersed as far as 2 ㎞. Such agricltural environmental factors as pettiness of lots, and severe division and fragemintation of farmland, which hinder economical efficiency of agriculture in Korea, are conspicuous. 5. In the sex composition of population, two villages have larger male population, and out-migration of male is in progress. in the case of Jangsong-ri, which has cot been developed, the population composition shows the inwerse-pyramid structure. In contrast, Jangji-ri, located cear urbanized and industrialized regions, displays spindle-shaped-pyramid population composition, characteristic of urban population composition. In the other two villages noticeable out migration of middle age can be observed. All villages but Jangji-ri undergo out-migration than in-migration. Living evironmentw are genecally of poor quality:More than half of the houses are 20 or more old, and almost 20 are even 50 or more years old. Waterworks and sewage are still poor both in quality and in quantity. In contrast with poor living environment, durable consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV's, and telephones are popular. 6. Avillage organized into "ri" or "dong", which is an administrative unit, usually consists of two of three natural settlements. The latter is in turn composed of dums(뜸), which are the smallest condensations of houses. The natural settlemint constitutes the basic unit of environmental experience and community life. Thus the natural settliments can be regarded as fundamintal regions. They result from the social custom of separating living areas via geographical boundaries, forming branch villages from the mother village. Hence the formation of villages in Korea is closely related to the social division of ingabitants represented and signified in space and environment. In conclusion, this study reveals that formation and spatial structure of a village and characteristics of landscape manifest local experience, which in turn reflects collectively the material life and environmental experience, the social organization, and the value system.

散村景觀의 形成過程 : 瑞山周邊의 散村地域硏究

崔基燁 誠信女子大學校 韓國地理硏究所 1985 應用地理 Vol.- No.8

Generally, dispersed settlements develop on the eastern and north-eastern mountainous regions in Korea. If dispersed settlements develop on the low land regions, it is conceived that special social processes are involved in the formation of such settlement landscapes. In parts of mid-west coast, especially in Gobug Myeon, Seosan Gun of Chungcheongnam Do, there develop dispersed settlements on the low relief erosional plane. This study intend to discuss social pattern and processes of these settlement developments. This low flat plane which is at altitude of 10-40m, without any surface water, confront with sea. Some dissected valleys develop around this low table-like erosional plane. This flat land was covered with forests until recent years. From about 1930s, land clearance began. Now remained dotted woodlands break the monotonus sight. All these natural factors halted the progress of the plough and colonization. In 18th century, small clustered villages were distributed around this erosional flat, especially near the outlets of the dissected valleys or at the foots of the eastern mountain of this region. Until that time, the erosional flat was not exploited and empty of settlements. The first land clearance was conducted by Japanese colonialist land cooperation from early 1930s. The first small scale immigrants from surrounding regions settled at“Nong-jangchon.”( 농 장 촌 ) There they individually cleared the forests and built houses on their ownings. The dispersed pattern settlement were developed. The land clearance had been continued very slowly during the Japanese rule, Second phase of exploitation which began after 1950 conducted by refugees from Hwanghae Do, North Korea during the Korean War. They settled at “Pinanminbang.” ( 피 난 민 방 ) and “Saeteo”( 새 터 ) west of “Nong-jangchon”( 농 장 촌 ) They grouped together in hamlet type of settlement pattern. The third phase of processes of settlement formation was resulted with the construction of the water reservoir on the upper Haemi stream and the associated irrigation system on the erosional flat. In this stage, immigrants came from far southern provinces, Gyeongsang Do and Jeonla Do. They settled at "Seong tuk”( 성 뚝 ) farther west of the former groups. All these three social groups consist of former landless farmers. After settled here, they became owner occupier. We can set up three social space correspond with social groups in this region.

사회적 재현으로서의 촌락 경관과 장소성 - 화성 남양 홍씨 등의 종족촌과 해미 인근의 개간지 민촌을 사례로 -

최기엽 애산학회 2005 애산학보 Vol.31 No.-

統一新羅期 村落의 地域的 性格

崔基燁 誠信女子大學校 韓國地理硏究所 1986 應用地理 Vol.- No.9

This study discusses the geographical features of the rural settlements in Unified Shilla Dynasty in about 8th century. Details discussed are the village territory, pattern and size of the settlements in elation to the socio-economic background of that period. Analysis is based on Shilla Village Ledger (or Shilla Civil Administration Ledger) which was the partial village register of four villages around Suh-won Kyung (西原京 : Western capital: now, Cheung-ju, the provincial seat of Choong-Cheung Buk-Do) of Unified Shilla in about 8th century. The results of this study are summarized as follows. In the period of the Unified Shilla, villages as the agricultural units were found. The village is considered as a clan community in the size of 8-15 households. In view of paddy rate ammounting to 50%, villages in this period were small and had clustered pattern. Each village had its own vast territory which was recorded by the scale of Bo ( 步 : pace, 1 Bo is equal to 1.8m ) in fractions. The existence of the village territory, vast for its population size, indicates the fact that the powerful administrative control was enforced over the peasant in pursuit of collecting the taxes in produce or labor. These territories of villages should be distingushed from the self-sustaining territories of primitive societies. Regional units for political control were not the natural villages but the administrative villages. The latter might be composed of about 4-5 natural villages. In this way, the dual structure of spatial organization of the villages had maintained until the early Chosun period.

場所의 理解와 象徵的 空間의 解讀

崔基燁 서울大學校 社會科學大學 地理學科 1983 地理學論叢 Vol.10 No.-

韓國 傳統灌漑施設의 類型과 立地特性

金賢熙,崔基燁 誠信女子大學校 韓國地理硏究所 1990 應用地理 Vol.- No.13

Being located in te rice cultivation region of monsoon Asia, Korea has relied heavily upon irrigation for farming. The pratice of irrigation traces back to ancient times, and relatively large embanked reservoir was constructed as early as in the fourth century. This paper intends to investigate the regional implication of the traditional irrigation devices in Korea. For this purpose, we first examine temporal changes of the number of devices and study their types, construction structures, and irrigation methods. Then we describe their distribution patterns at several time cross sections, paying particular attention to the locational characteristics. Traditionally, there have been two main types of irrigation devices in Korea:the earthen embanked reservoir (je-eon, 提 堰 ) built on the upper valley of a mountain foot and the barrage (po, 洑) consturcted in the midst of an upper tributary stream. The former type is found concentrated on the upper valleys of the Nak-dong and the Han as well as on the hill lands of south-west plains while the latter can be seen in the regions of upper tributary streams throughout the whole country. The je-eons may be calssified into two sub-types according to their locational conditions and regional distributions: the mountain-valley type mainly found in the south-east region and the plains type largely distributed in the south-west region. In particular, except in areas with modern irrigation facilities, there exist a large number of small-scale plains-type je-eons all over the south-west plain region, where no river with large quantity of water has developed. Such small-scale plains-type je-eons are relatively easy to contruct compared with mountainvalley-type ones and believed to have been used before the appearance of large-scale je-eons in a history. The po not linked to a je-eon is in general useful on a small river with relatively large quantity of water. It appears almost impossible even until the Chosun dynasty to construct dams and banks in large rivers due to technical difficulty. In contrast, small-scale pos are easy to construct on the upper tributary streams and perhaps have been used since early years of the Chosun dynasty. They were usually made of pebbles and/or wood, with emphasis on the banks along the rivers rather than the dams. Finally, it is concluded that cultivation of paddy fields on riversides has prevailed since the 15-16th century when the river irrigation became popular. Embankments built alongside of the streams are indispensable not only for controlling the flood and cultivating fields but also for irrigating cultivated fields. Hence embankment and po irrigation should be considered to constitute a single irrigation system, which is manifested by the fact that irrigation by a dam alone (po in a narrow sense) is rather uncommon.

朝鮮時代 村落의 地域的 性格

崔基燁 서울大學校 社會科學大學 地理學科 1987 地理學論叢 Vol.14 No.-

[書評] 종족 집단의 경관과 장소 - 전종한, 2005, 논형, 서울, 327pp. -

최기엽 대한지리학회 2005 대한지리학회지 Vol.40 No.6