後百濟 甄萱과 海洋勢力 : 王建과의 海洋爭覇를 중심으로

姜鳳龍(Kang Bong-Ryong) 역사교육연구회 2002 역사교육 Vol.83 No.-

This study is on the relationship between maritime powers in the Post Three Kingdoms era of Korean history and the conflict between the two most powerful military leaders of the time, Gyeon Hwon of the Post Baekje dynasty and Wang Geon, the founder of the Goryeo dynasty. Firstly, I shall discuss the political trend surrounding the maritime powers in the Suncheon(順天) area led by Park Yeong-Gyu(朴英規) and Kim Chong(金摠). In 889, Gyeon Hwon was sent by the Unified Silla court as the leader of government forces to defend the kingdoms southwestern area. On arriving in Jinju(晋州), however, he declared independence for his forces from Silla and successfully won over the local maritime powers led by Park and Kim that were based on the Suncheon area at the time. The alliance between the leaders provided Gyeon Hwon a valuable opportunity for maritime experience, which would become a major contribution to the growth and expansion of the Gyeon Hwon government. At this stage, Gyeong Hwon didn"t move to the southwestern area, but rather turned to the north, to the inland area of Muju(武州, todays Jeonnam Province). During the journey he continued to rally local militias until he finally seized Gwangju(光州) in 892. In Gwangju, which he used as the base of his forces, he initiated military campaigns for 9 years against the maritime powers in the southwestern area without any significant success. He founded the Post Baekje kingdom in 900 with Jeonju(全州) as the capital of his newly born kingdom. His campaigns against the southwestern area kept on, but the results were just the strengthening antipathy of the area and a sense of impending crisis among its people. Meanwhile, Wang Geon was able to successfully advance to the southwestern area in 903 under the strong support of the local sea-coastal militia led by Oh Da-Ryeon(吳多憐) who was, like many others in the area, nursing ill feeling against Gyeon Hwon. Then, Wang himself had to face resistance from island-based militia groups in the area, such as the one led by Neung Chang(能昌), as well as counteractions by Gyeong Hwon. It was in 914 at the latest that Wang Geon was able to overcome the hostility of his military rivals, thus securing the southwestern area as a safe power base for him. Among a number of local maritime militias wielding influence in Jinju(where Gyeong Hwon first declared his independence) during the period between 924 and 927, was one by Wang Bong-Gyu(王逢規). His was a powerful political faction that maintained an independent diplomatic channel with the Post Tang dynasty based in the Shang Dong peninsula, China. His militia seems to be one of the major maritime powers in the area, along with those led by Park Yeong-Gyu and Kim Chong that could maintain political influence under the approval and even protection of Gyeon Hwon. He was last referenced by history books in April 927, after which he disappeared from recorded history. A possibility is that he was eliminated during the military conflicts in April 927, surrounding Dolsando(突山島) and Namhaedo(南海島) Islands at the sea of Jinju. The military conflict between Gyeon Hwon and Wang Geon over the maritime hegemony continued to seesaw until the tide was in Wangs favor in 935. Gyeon Hwon finally surrendered to Wang Geon in June after he was ousted from power by his son, Sin Geom. Silla surrendered in October same year. The last maritime power in the area, led by Park Yeong-Gyu, also surrendered in February of the following year. Now the political picture of the maritime hegemony during the Post Three Kingdoms era was left to Wang Geon to draw.

珍島 碧波津의 고ㆍ중세 ‘해양도시’ 적 면모

강봉룡(Kang Bong Ryong) 역사문화학회 2005 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.8 No.1

Byeokpajin, a town situated at the northeast of Jindo. was a maritime town that enjoyed prosperity during the period from the ancient times to Koryo ages. Situated adjacent to Goseongri and Yongjangri at the northeast of Jindo where governing office of Jindo was established, Byeokpajin thrived as the gateway to Jindo and a sea port of strategic importance during the period. In ancient times, Byeokpajin seems to have had control over Byeokpa bay that had penetrated deep into Hangaedeul at the times as well as current salt fields. Rocky hilltop at the back of Byeokpa village called Manggeumsan or Manggeumbawi appears to have taken the part of watchtower over the sea off Byeokpajin. And the current site of dangjip seems to have been the place where an arbor was built in the third year of Koryo King Huijong′s reign. A large stone called Mangbawi at Seongtenangol, the central peak, is considered to have taken the part of the communication center with head quarters in Yongjang-ri as well as the watchtower over the sea. The legend that an ancient tomb looking like a side-entrance stone chamber tomb of Baekje period was found here suggests that Byeokpaman had been used as an important port by the central governments since Baekje period. Byeokpajin also used to be the gateway to Yongjang hill-fort that started from the mountain at the back of Yongjangri to extend as long as 12.85㎞ covering an area of 2.58 million pyeong. It seems the hill-fort had been built over a long period to defend the waters around Jindo as well as the country. The maritime force of Jindo appears to have constructed an overseas port and defense fortress in Samjiwon, Hainan. This indicates that they had control of the sea route connecting Byeokpajang - Samjiwon - Weonmunman - Geumhoman -Dangpo - Bigeumdo - Uido - Heuksando. The neighborhood of Byeokpajin, Jindo is a place to be recorded in the oceanic history of Korea. In A.D. 912. Wanggeon took this place as the bridgehead to have command of the southwestern sea. and at the latter part of Koryo period. Sambyeolcho made this place as their headquarters. It was here that Admiral Yi Sunshin fought the Battle of Myeongryang in 1597 to take back the command of the sea from Japanese naval forces. Historical facts like this should be considered in the development of Byeokpajin as a historic site. To achieve the purpose. historic relics. such as Yongjangsanseong, Mangbawi and Manggeumbawi, should be stood out in bold relief and particular importance should be attached to Byeokpajeong as a symbol of cultural heritage testifying to the prosperity of ancient Byeokpajin. In addition, Byeokpajeong and dangjip should be restored at a place to make a contrast between the period of prosperity and the period of decay, and the culture of ruling class and the culture of the masses.

한국의 해양영웅 張保皐와 李舜臣의 비교 연구

강봉룡(Kang Bong-Ryong) 역사문화학회 2002 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.5 No.1

The ocean is a window and passage for opening. Through the ocean, one nation's culture is known to the world, and foreign cultures make a rush for one nation. When the door of the ocean is opened up, these various cultures are harmonized with each other, so highly vivid culture becomes in full bloom. As cultures of the world are harmonized with each other, a peace and progressiveness spirit is full of life. The East Asia in the 8th century, where cultural exchanges through the ocean rapidly had grew, entered upon the golden age in economy and culture, while there were also circumstances that a country could not control maritime forces. At this time, people around a man, Jang Bo-go restored the ocean order in the East Asia in the 9th century producing a peace and progressiveness atmosphere. The Goryo dynasty succeeded to this and promoted ocean policies contained both autonomy and control, so it could surface as a great ocean power. On the other hand, however, the opening of the ocean sometimes shake a country's governance to its people and ruling system since maritime forces have a strong tendency of statelessness or multinationality, autonomy and originality. And statesmen in the country are apt to be tempted to control and block the ocean. It is known as a famous historical example that the Ming dynasty took measures of removal of an embargo and Chosun dynasty took measures of empting islands as well as removal of an embargo. The blockage of the ocean raises an efficiency of the country's administration, but it also courts isolation from the outside world, promoting cultural self-esteem and uniformity and stiffening a social atmosphere. The maritime forces enjoying prosperity and wealth through the ocean exchange until then experience a severe pain, so they do not hesitate to resist and provoke to break the situation. Then the national power copes with it by a wholesale oppression, and stands against the provocation (invasion) of the external maritime forces by military power.

고려시대의 해양문화와 국사교과서 서술

강봉룡(Kang Bong-ryong) 고려사학회 2004 한국사학보 Vol.- No.16

三國時期의 律令과 ‘民’의 存在形態

姜鳳龍(Kang Bong-Ryong) 한국사연구회 1992 한국사연구 Vol.78 No.-

초등학교 향토사교육의 실제와 지향점

姜鳳龍(Kang Bong-Ryong) 역사교육연구회 2003 역사교육 Vol.87 No.-

Local history at the elementary school level is classified as part of social studies. Social studies consist largely of three disciplines, geography, history, and sociology, and local history is classified as an elementary level of history. In other words, local history at the elementary school level is dismissed as a temporary instrument to history education as it is taught only during the first sememter of the third or the fourth grade when one"s historical consciousness is about to begin to grow. However, it is important to bear in mind that local history is not only part of national history but it also carries meanings as important as world history and national history. It is even more important as the importance of local history gets fresh attention in the "new historical studies" that have come to the fore recently. Local history can be said to supplement existing historical research that tends to uniformly approach to Korean history focusing on central history. Viewed in this light, local history education is beyond an temporary instrument to history education and can be treated as a meaningful step toward regional history education that realizes new historical study in practical ways. The vitalization of local history education at the elementary school level can be achieved through diversified efforts. Above all, there should be various ways to systematically provide elementary school teachers with sources related to local history. Also, there should be an interest in local history education at the level of the local community. One way to do so is to offer regular lectures on local history education for local residents, on the one hand, and open various local history study programs for children and their parents, on the other, under the sponsorship of the museums or the history departments of local universities.

3~5세기 영산강유역 ‘甕棺古墳社會’와 그 성격

姜鳳龍(Kang Bong-Ryong) 역사교육연구회 1999 역사교육 Vol.69 No.-

조선시대 호남지역 포구의 사례 조사ㆍ연구

강봉룡(Bong-Ryong Kang),변남주(Nam-Ju Byun) 목포대학교 도서문화연구소 2006 島嶼文化 Vol.28 No.-

무안반도 포구 총 41개소를 조사ㆍ연구하였다. 먼저 조선시대 문헌에 나타난 포구와 나타나지 않는 포구로 나누었고, 각각을 강상포구와 해상포구로 나누어 정리하되, 수군진과 고고학 자료를 통해서 확인한 포구도 별도의 항목으로 설정하였다. 이번 연구ㆍ조사에서 우리나라 역시 포구의 나라였음을 새삼 확인하였고, 그런 의미에서 ‘津津浦浦’란 관용어가 우리에게도 적용될 수 있지 않을까 하는 생각을 해 보았다. 이번 조사에 나타난 몇 가지 특징적인 점을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 무안반도는 물길과 포구가 특히 발달한 모습을 보여주고 있다는 점이다. 이번 조사에서 확인한 무안반도의 포구는 총 41개소에 달했다. 이는 앞에서도 지적했듯이 무안반도가 한반도 축소판의 형상을 띠고 있고 사면이 바다와 강으로 둘러싸인 ‘물안’의 형세를 띠고 있기 때문일 것이다. 둘째, 강상포구가 해상포구보다 오히려 많다는 점이다. 총 41개 포구 중에서 강상포구가 29개소에 달하고 있어 해상포구보다도 더 발달된 모습을 보여주고 있다. 이는 포구가 바다와 강을 통해서 내륙 깊숙이까지 망라하는 물류네트워크의 거점 역할을 수행했음을 의미하는 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 조선시대 문헌에 나타난 포구가 극히 일부일 뿐이라는 점이다. 조선시대 문헌에서 확인되는 무안반도의 포구는 총 17개소에 불과하다. 엄연히 존재했을 포구에 대한 기록이 이처럼 대다수가 누락된 것은 조선시대 포구에 대한 인식의 일단을 보여주는 것으로 여겨진다. 즉 물류의 핵심적 기능을 수행했음에도 불구하고 중시되지 못했던 이율배반성을 느끼게 한다. 넷째, 오늘날 지명조사에서조차도 포구에 대한 관심이 미약하다는 것이 드러났다는 점이다. 조선시대 문헌에 나타나지 않은 포구 24개소 중에서 한글학회에서 편찬한 『한국지명총람』에 나오는 포구는 13개소에 불과하다. 11개소는 지명 조사에서 누락된 셈이다. 다섯째, 고대의 포구와 조선시대 포구가 일치되지 않는 경향이 있다는 점이다. 단적인 예로 고고학 자료를 통해서 확인한 고대 거점 포구 2개소가 조선시대 문헌에도 나타나지 않는 것으로 미루어 보아, 고대 포구의 단절성을 엿볼 수 있다. 이는 국제적 성격을 띠는 고대 포구와 국내적 성격을 띠는 조선시대 포구의 차이에서 말미암은 현상일 수도 있겠고, 고대 포구와 조선시대 포구의 입지적 차이에서 연원하는 것일 수도 있겠다. 이점 앞으로 포구 조사ㆍ연구에서 유념할 대목으로 남겨 두고자 한다. Total 41 location of ports in Muan peninsula was investigated and studied. First of all, ports are divided into the registered one in articles from Joseon dynasty and the unregistered. Each of ports are separated into river ports and sea ports. The confirmed ports from archeological document and naval port is also set as special category. In this investigation, Korea can be identified as land of ports, and from this, idiom of ‘律律浦浦’(ferries and shores) can be applicable to us. Summarization of this investigation is follows:<br/> Firstly, Muan peninsula shows the advanced state of waterways and ports. Total number of ports in Muan peninsular is 41. As stated before, Muan peninsular has the similarity of Korean peninsular, and shows the situation of ’water surrounded’ by seas and rivers for all four sides.<br/> Secondly, the number of river ports are higher than the sea one. In 41 ports, 29 is river ports, and they showed more advanced aspects. This indicates that ports are logistic headquarter into deeper inland area through sea and river channel.<br/> Thirdly, the registered ports in document from Joseon dynasty is merely small port of all. Confirmed ports by Joseon dynasty’s document is only 17 locations. Omission of record that should exist indicates the acknowledgement of that time. Therefore, port is acted as core function of logistics, but it is treated poorly.<br/> Fourthly, even in today’s location survey, the concern for port is weak. Among 24 locations that are omitted in Joseon dynasty’s document, only 13 locations are listed in ’Dictionary for Korean name for location' by Hangeul Society. 11 locations are omitted from location survey.<br/> Fifthly, there is a tendency of incoherency in ancient ports and ports of Joseon dynasty. As one example, two ports from archeological document in Goryeo dynasty is not included in Joseon dynasty’s document. This indicates the alienation of ancient ports. This may come from the discrepancy between international aspect in ancient port and domestic aspect in Joseon dynasty’s port. In addition, this can be explained by the location difference between ancient ports and the one in Joseon dynasty. This point should be concerned for future investigation and study on ports.