폐유 현황 분석 및 재활용 증진 방안

이희선 ( Hi Sun Lee ) 한국환경정책평가연구원 2015 환경정책연구 Vol.14 No.2

폐유의 발생량에 비해 폐유 정제업체수가 크게 증가하여 폐유의 물량이 부족하고, 수거경쟁으로 인해 과도한 비용이 투입되고 있으며, 질이 나쁜 폐유를 함께 수거해 정제하고 있어 환경오염의 가능성이 높다. 과도한 비용으로 인한정제유의 가격 상승은 소비자에게 부담을 주고 있다. 이러한 상황을 해결하기 위해 폐유 재활용 활성화 방안을 제시하였다. 재활용 활성화 방안 첫 번째로 부족한 폐유 물량 확보를 위한 폐유 수입은 선진국으로부터 가능하다. 수입국의 국제공인기관에서 품질검사를 실시한 후 국내에 반입 시 석유품질관리원에서 이중으로 검사를 실시하여야 하여 철저한 관리가 필요하다. 폐유 정제 비용 중 큰 비율을 차지하는 수분 및 침전물 품질기준의 완화를 고려하였으나, 이 경우 침전물의 함량이 높아져 환경적으로 문제가 될 수 있기 때문에, 영향이 적은 수분을 따로 측정하여 기준을 완화하고 침전물의 기준은 2%로 유지하였다. 마지막으로 폐유를 난방기 연료로 사용하는 경우가 있어 환경오염의 가능성이 있으며, 적절한 관리가 요구된다. 폐유난방기 사용은 품질이 우수한 자동차용 폐윤활유를 연료로 사용하고, 대기오염방지장치가 포함되어 있다면 사용가능하다. 폐기물 발생자 처리원칙에 부합되고, 품질이 우수한 폐유를 수거과정과 처리과정을 통해 투입되는 비용을 절감할 수 있다. The number of used oil refining companies has been increased and it causes shortage of the volume of used oil per recycling company. In addition, the number of used oil collecting companies has been increased and it caused excessive competition among companies with excessive costs. Companies use not only proper used oil but also low quality used oil because of shortage of supply. It is the reason of environmental pollution. Also excessive competition brings high cost of refined oil and it becomes a burden on the consumer. Therefore, the recycling improvement plans of used oil is needed because of these causes. First of all, importing used oil from the developed countries of OECD is the one of solution to secure a used oil supply. However, imported used oil should meet the international quality standards and it is examined twice by international authority institute such as K-petro in both exporting and importing countries. Second, the cost would be reduced with the relaxation on regulations of used oil refinement. However, regulation to sediment and water should be separated. Sediment should be kept within 2% and water should be kept within 5%. It is the way to relax the regulations of used oil refinement with preventing environmental pollutions. Finally, the standard of used oil for heater should be regulated strictly. To prevent pollutions, used oil for heater is limited to high quality waste lubricating oil. Also the air pollution prevention device has to be installed on heater.

잔존수명을 고려한 선로보수 장비 유압작동유의 상태평가

홍영선(Young-Seon Hong),유홍국(Hong-Kuk Yoo),심규석(Kyu-Seok Shim),김재문(Jae-Moon Kim) 한국산학기술학회 2023 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.24 No.5

선로보수 장비에 사용중인 유압작동유(이하 작동유)의 교환은 검수 시행 절차서에 의해 사용시간 기준으로 이루어지고 있으며, 최근에는 성상분석과 오염분석을 위한 유분석 시험을 통해 작동유의 상태를 판단하여 교환하는 기준의 적용을 추진하고 있다. 유분석 시험은 작동유의 열화 정도를 정량적으로 표현할 수 있어 교환기준의 판단은 될 수 있으나, 이후 사용 가능한 수명의 평가는 될 수 없다. 따라서 선로보수 장비에 사용된 작동유 교환의 적정성을 판단하기 위해 유분석 시험과 잔존수명 시험을 통해 비교분석한 결과, 유분석 시험에서 양호한 상태를 보인 작동유라 하더라도 잔존수명 시험에서 산화방지제의 소실 상태가 크게 나타나 교환이 요구되는 사례가 발생되었고, 잔존수명이 충분히 남아있음에도 오염도가 불량한 사례도 발생되었다. 본 연구를 통해 작동유의 상태평가에 의한 사용유 교환의 필요여부를 결정하기 위해서는 기존의 유분석 시험만으로는 다음 점검주기까지 사용 가능 여부의 판단은 무리가 있으므로, 유분석 시험과 함께 잔존수명 평가를 추가적으로 시행하여 산화방지제 고갈로 인한 장비의 치명적인 고장을 미연에 방지할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. The replacement of hydraulic oil that is used for a track repair machine is conducted according to the service time and the inspection procedure of the machine. Recently, the application of criteria for determining and changing hydraulic oil conditions has been promoted through oil analysis tests for the properties and the pollution of oil. An oil analysis test can show the degree of deterioration of hydraulic oil in quantitative terms, so it can be used as an exchange standard, but it cannot be used for evaluation of the remaining useful life. Therefore, a comparative analysis of a hydraulic oil analysis test and the remaining useful life test has been performed to determine the appropriateness of the hydraulic oil replacement used in the machine. Even though the condition was good in the oil analysis test, there were some cases in the life test that required replacement due to significant antioxidant loss. In some cases, the pollution level was high even though the remaining useful life was sufficient. In order to determine the used oil-exchange conditions through this study, fatal failure of the machine due to the depletion of antioxidants can be prevented through not only oil analysis tests, but also remaining useful life tests.

Re-refining of used lubricant oil by solvent extraction using central composite design method

Ghassan Rokan Daham,Adnan AbdulJabbar AbdulRazak,Adel Sharif Hamadi,Ayad Ahmed Mohammed 한국화학공학회 2017 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.34 No.9

The primary aim of this study was to recover base oil from used oil using solvent extraction followed by the adsorption method. Many effective variables were examined within the solvent extraction method, including using different solvents, solvent/used oil, temperature and speed of blending. Central composite design (CCD) was applied as the statistical method. Response surface methodology was then used to find the optimum conditions in the process of extraction: ratio of solvent/used oil 2.4 and 3.12 vol/vol, temperature=54 and 18 oC, and speed of mixing=569 and 739 rpm for 1-butanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), respectively. Various flocculation agents were used with the solvent, such as Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Monoethylamine (MEA); they provided an increase in the separation efficiency. The best result was obtained when using 2 grams of MEA/kg solvent; this amount of MEA increases sludge removal from 12.6% to 14.7%. In the process of clay adsorption, the variables that were tested included the ratio of clay/extract oil, temperature and time of contact. The best conditions in the process of adsorption by activated bentonite were a ratio of clay/extract oil=15 wt/vol%, temperature=120 oC, and time of contact=150 minutes. The recovered base oil was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compared to Iraqi specifications of base oils. The recovered base oil specifications were analyzed, including, viscosity @100 oC 8.32, 9.22 cSt, pour point −17.35, −22.23 oC, flash point 210.12, 223.04 oC, total acid number (TAN) 0.25, nill, total base number (TBN) nill, nill, ash 0.031, 0.0019wt% and color 3.0, 2.5 for two types of base oil recovered using MEK, 1- butanol with activated bentonite, respectively.

Optimization of Fruit Garbage Enzymes Requirements for Biocatalytic Remediation of Used Motor Oil-Contaminated Soil

Indo Sabo Bulai,Haruna Adamu,Yuguda Abubakar Umar,Ahmed Sabo 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회지 Vol.43 No.4

Objectives : In this research work, we investigated the biocatalytic potency of orange and watermelon garbage enzymes in the remediation of used motor oil-contaminated soils. The optimization of the biocatalytic remediation process was evaluated through D-optimal of response surface methodology (RSM) design of design expert. Methods : The optimization of the biocatalytic process was evaluated with D-optimal model of response surface methodology (RSM) design, where input variables in the system were garbage enzymes solutions of orange and watermelon peels (biocatalysts) and two different pollution levels. The two levels of pollution factor considered were 5 and 10 % (w/w) oil pollution levels and used as independent variables; while the response of the system was in oil and grease (O&G) removal as dependent variables that were monitored under 6-week remediation process. Results and Discussion : The result indicated that the model was highly significant and good predictors of the response fate of oil and grease (O&G) removal by the orange and watermelon garbage enzymes, as indicated by their coefficients of determination: R² = 0.90627 and R² = 0.88365 at p < 0.05, respectively. Therefore, it was observed from the numerical optimization carried out that 54.2 and 53.8 % O&G removal was achieved with orange garbage enzymes at 5 and 10 % pollution level respectively after six weeks. On the other hand, 54.7 and 55.2 % O&G removal was accomplished with the same pollution level respectively under the influence of watermelon garbage enzymes after six weeks of the remediation process. Conclusion : In response to what was achieved in this research work, the enzymes produced from the orange and watermelon garbage removed oil in terms of O&G from used motor oil-contaminated soils biocatalytically and hence could be applied in the remediation of oil contaminated soils.

폐윤활유 불법혼입 C중유 물성 분석

임영관(Young-Kwan Lim),이재민(Jae-Min Lee),김완식(Wan-Sik Kim),이정민(Jeong-Min Lee) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2018 한국윤활학회지(윤활학회지) Vol.34 No.5

Bunker C is used in heavy-lift ships, furnaces, and boilers for generating heat, and power. Bunker C has only four regulations for quality standards and is rarely inspected in Korea. For these reasons, other oils such as used lubricant oil are commonly blended with Bunker C. This illegal mixture of fuel can damage the boilers, engines and affect the environment adversely. In this study, we investigate the fuel properties and perform atomic analysis of illegal Bunker C blended with used lube oil. The test results show that higher quantities of used lube oil in Bunker C have higher flash points, total acid numbers, copper corruption, solid contamination, and metal components. Further, increasing quantities of used lube oil in Bunker C cause lower viscosity, sulfur, and V content. However, adequate sample (approximately 1 L) is needed to evaluate presence of adulterants in Bunker C, we attempted the SIMDIST analysis. In the SIMDIST chromatogram, the used engine oils are detected for longer retention times than Bunker C owing to the high boiling point. We also quantitatively analyzed the lube oil content using SIMDIST.

VHVI 기유의 제품 적용 기술에 관한 연구

김완섭(W.S. Kwon),문우식(W.S. MOON),유한희(H.H. Yoon),김경웅(K.W. Kim) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2003 한국트라이볼로지학회 학술대회 Vol.37 No.-

This study represents the newly advanced formulation of hydraulic fluids for extended drain interval and introduces the performance results of used oil samples from various excavators. The used oil samples, in this paper. show that there is a sharp change in viscosity drop and moderate additive depletion when viscosity index of hydraulic oil is very high. For the extension of hydraulic fluid life, it is necessary to improve the stability of viscosity and oxidation. New target properties from the used oil analysis were proposed for extended life. Performance of newly developed hydraulic oil based on used oil analysis is compared with previously used one. The properties of new formulation are the viscosity index of 140 and improved thermal stability consists of VHVI base oil. Field test results showed the possibility of extension of fluid life. Additionally, for development of high performance product, new required properties and performances were discussed.

Traditional oil palm (Elaeis guineensis jacq.) and its medicinal uses: A review

Bamidele Victor Owoyele,Gbenga Opeyemi Owolabi 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2014 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.4 No.3

The oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has been reported to originate along the gulf of the guinea in West Africa. The various parts of the tree have been used locally and traditionally for various medicinal purposes. Some of these uses have been proved by scientific experiments. Palm oil is extracted from the mesocarp of the fruit and is used traditionally for the treatment of headaches, pains, rheumatism, cardiovascular diseases, arterial thrombosis and an atherosclerosis due to its rich phytonutrients. The leaves are also used for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases and wound healing. The sap also has been found to be rich in phytonutrients that can be used to treat various diseases. This review therefore seeks to explore many of the uses of the oil palm using the various parts of the oil palm.

Epoxidation of waste used-oil biodiesel: Effect of reaction factors and its impact on the oxidative stability

Mali Hunsom,Chainarong Kongyai,Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan 한국화학공학회 2013 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.30 No.2

Epoxidation of waste used-oil biodiesel (WUO-B) was performed to test the feasibility of properties improvement. The effects of the reaction temperature (30-50 oC) and time (2-12 h), molar ratio of H2O2 : HCOOH (1 : 7to 1 : 1) and the stirring rate (100-300 rpm) on the level of unsaturated carbon bond conversion and the epoxy compound selectivity were identified using a 2k (two levels) factorial design. Besides epoxy biodiesel as the main product,only one by-product, hydroxyl-biodiesel, was generated. The conversion of unsaturated carbon bonds was positively affected by the molar ratio of H2O2 : HCOOH and the stirring rate, while the reaction temperature and time had no significant affect (in the investigated ranges). In contrast, with respect to the epoxy compound selectivity, the stirring rate had a positive effect, while both the reaction temperature and time each had a negative effect. The oxidative stability (OS) of the epoxy waste used-oil biodiesel (EWUO-B) revealed a linear relationship to the unsaturated carbon bond conversion level, but no significant relationship to the epoxy compound selectivity. EWUO-B prepared from a 1 : 1molar ratio of H2O2 : HCOOH at 50 oC with stirring at 300 rpm for 12 h exhibited a higher OS (around 37.85 h) than that of the WUO-B. Except for the cold flow properties and methyl ester content, all other key properties of the EWUOB were within the specifications of the EN14214 standard set by the Department of Energy Business.

불균일상 촉매를 이용한 폐대두유의 에스테르화

신용섭,최기호 慶星大學校 環境問題硏究所 2001 環境硏報 Vol.11 No.1

The esterification reaction between methanol and soybean oil to produce the biodiesel oil by the heterogeous catalyst was investigated. Using a batch reactor, the influences of sort and dose of catalyst and cosolvent on the conversion and reaction rate were tested. The conversion was strongly dependent on the alkalinity of the heterogeneous catalyst, and increased with the alkalinity of the metal. Hydroxides from the alkali metals were more effective than oxides. When dose of the catalyst was increased, reaction rate was increased with the dose of catalyst until 4.0 wt%. However, if the dose of catalyst exceeded 4.0 wt%, reaction rate was reduced by the ineffective mixing of reaction mixture. Conversion of the soybean oil was increased by the addition of the cosolvent. However, when it's dose exceeded 3.0 wt%, conversion and reaction rate were reduced by the ineffective mixing and dilution of the reactants. Conversion of the used soybean oil was not much different from that of the soybean oil.

미세조류 Dunaliella bardawil에서 오존과 과산화수소에 의한 ${\beta}$-carotene의 축적과 식용기름을 이용한 추출

유경원,정욱진,정병철,Yu, Gyeong-Won,Jeong, Uk-Jin,Jeong, Byeong-Cheol 한국미생물학회 1999 미생물학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Dunaliella bardawil의 적절한 생장과${\beta}$-carotene의 효과적인 축적 조건을 확립하기 위하여 염 농도, pH, 광량, 교반속도, 오존처리, 과산화수소 첨가 등의 영향을 비교하였고, 식용 식물성 기름을 이용한 ${\beta}$-carotene의 추출조건을 비교하였다. D. bardawil의 비생장 속도는 1N NaCl, pH 8.0 광량 80${\mu}$$E/\m^2/s$ , 70rpm 으로 배양 시에 0.168/hr로 최대를 나타냈다. 흰색 형광등을 250${\mu}$$E/\m^2/s$ 로 조사한 경우 ${\beta}$-carotene isomer 축적은 cis isomer가 trans isomer에 비해 높은 증가율을 보였다. ${\beta}$-carotene의 축적을 위하여 50${\mu}$M 과산화수소를 배양 2일 경과 후에 첨가한 경우 대조군의 축적율이 150${\mu}$g/ml인데 비해 324${\mu}$g/ml로, 200ppb로 2시간 오존 처리했을 때 약 1.8배 증가한 270${\mu}$g/ml이었다. 식용기름에 의한 37${\circ}C$에서의 추출효율은 올리브유, 참기름, 미강유, 옥수수유, 대두유의 순서로 나타났으며, 올리브유를 수층 부피의 9배로 첨가하고 50${\circ}C$에서 1시간 동안 sonication한 결과 96.95의 추출효율을 나타내었다. Halotolerant microalga Dunaliella bardawil was reported to massively accumulate the ${\beta}$-carotene, which protects cells from excess light intensity. Maximum specific growth rate of 0.168/hr was achieved when cells were cultivated at 1 N NaCl, pH 8.0, light intensity 80 ${\mu}E/m^{2}/s$, agitation 70rpm. For the effectiv accumulation of ${\beta}$-carotene, ozone ro hydrogen peroxide was added to media which was irradiated with white fuorescent lamps with moderate light intensity of 250 ${\mu}E/m^{2}/s$. As a result, maximum volumetric content of ${\beta}$-carotene was 324 ${\mu}$g/㎖. The ${\beta}$-carotene extraction efficiency of vegetable oils was in the order of olive oil, sesame oil, rice brain oil, corn oil, and soy bean oil. Sonication and warming was effective in ${\mu}$-carotene extraction and finally 96.9% of ${\beta}$ could be extracted using olive oil.