Efficient Approach for Improving the Performance of Nonhalogenated Green Solvent-Processed Polymer Solar Cells via Ternary-Blend Strategy

Kranthiraja, Kakaraparthi,Aryal, Um Kanta,Sree, Vijaya Gopalan,Gunasekar, Kumarasamy,Lee, Changyeon,Kim, Minseok,Kim, Bumjoon J.,Song, Myungkwan,Jin, Sung-Ho American Chemical Society 2018 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.10 No.16

<P>The ternary-blend approach has the potential to enhance the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of polymer solar cells (PSCs) by providing complementary absorption and efficient charge generation. Unfortunately, most PSCs are processed with toxic halogenated solvents, which are harmful to human health and the environment. Herein, we report the addition of a nonfullerene electron acceptor 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-<I>d</I>:2′,3′-<I>d</I>′]-<I>s</I>-indaceno[1,2-<I>b</I>:5,6-<I>b</I>′]dithiophene (ITIC) to a binary blend (poly[4,8-bis(2-(4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)3-fluorophenyl)-5-thienyl)benzo[1,2-<I>b</I>:4,5-<I>b</I>′]dithiophene-<I>alt</I>-1,3-bis(4-octylthien-2-yl)-5-(2-ethylhexyl)thieno[3,4-<I>c</I>]pyrrole-4,6-dione] (P1):[6,6]-phenyl-C<SUB>71</SUB>-butyric acid methyl ester (PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM), PCE = 8.07%) to produce an efficient nonhalogenated green solvent-processed ternary PSC system with a high PCE of 10.11%. The estimated wetting coefficient value (0.086) for the ternary blend suggests that ITIC could be located at the P1:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM interface, resulting in efficient charge generation and charge transport. In addition, the improved current density, sustained open-circuit voltage and PCE of the optimized ternary PSCs were highly correlated with their better external quantum efficiency response and flat-band potential value obtained from the Mott-Schottky analysis. In addition, the ternary PSCs also showed excellent ambient stability over 720 h. Therefore, our results demonstrate the combination of fullerene and nonfullerene acceptors in ternary blend as an efficient approach to improve the performance of eco-friendly solvent-processed PSCs with long-term stability.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Effect of Fullerene Tris-adducts on the Photovoltaic Performance of P3HT:Fullerene Ternary Blends

Kang, Hyunbum,Kim, Ki-Hyun,Kang, Tae Eui,Cho, Chul-Hee,Park, Sunhee,Yoon, Sung Cheol,Kim, Bumjoon J. American Chemical Society 2013 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.5 No.10

<P>Fullerene tris-adducts have the potential of achieving high open-circuit voltages (<I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB>) in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs), because their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level is higher than those of fullerene mono- and bis-adducts. However, no successful examples of the use of fullerene tris-adducts as electron acceptors have been reported. Herein, we developed a ternary-blend approach for the use of fullerene tris-adducts to fully exploit the merit of their high LUMO level. The compound <I>o</I>-xylenyl C<SUB>60</SUB> tris-adduct (OXCTA) was used as a ternary acceptor in the model system of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron donor and the two soluble fullerene acceptors of OXCTA and fullerene monoadduct (<I>o</I>-xylenyl C<SUB>60</SUB> monoadduct (OXCMA), phenyl C<SUB>61</SUB>-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), or indene-C<SUB>60</SUB> monoadduct (ICMA)). To explore the effect of OXCTA in ternary-blend PSC devices, the photovoltaic behavior of the device was investigated in terms of the weight fraction of OXCTA (<I>W</I><SUB>OXCTA</SUB>). When <I>W</I><SUB>OXCTA</SUB> is small (<0.3), OXCTA can generate a synergistic bridging effect between P3HT and the fullerene monoadduct, leading to simultaneous enhancement in both <I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB> and short-circuit current (<I>J</I><SUB>SC</SUB>). For example, the ternary PSC devices of P3HT:(OXCMA:OXCTA) with <I>W</I><SUB>OXCTA</SUB> of 0.1 and 0.3 exhibited power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3.91% and 3.96%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the 3.61% provided by the P3HT:OXCMA device. Interestingly, for <I>W</I><SUB>OXCTA</SUB> > 0.7, both <I>V</I><SUB>OC</SUB> and PCE of the ternary-blend PSCs exhibited nonlinear compositional dependence on <I>W</I><SUB>OXCTA</SUB>. We noted that the nonlinear compositional trend of P3HT:(OXCMA:OXCTA) was significantly different from that of P3HT:(OXCMA:<I>o</I>-xylenyl C<SUB>60</SUB> bis-adduct (OXCBA)) ternary-blend PSC devices. The fundamental reasons for the differences between the photovoltaic trends of the two different ternary-blend systems were investigated systemically by comparing their optical, electrical, and morphological properties.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2013/aamick.2013.5.issue-10/am400695e/production/images/medium/am-2013-00695e_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am400695e'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Effects of alumina precursor species in a ternary-phase binder system on the strength of sand mold

Jung, Yeon-Gil,Tumenbayar, Erdenechuluun,Choi, Hyeun-Hee,Park, Hye-Young,Kim, Eun-Hee,Zhang, Jing Elsevier 2018 CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL Vol.44 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A new ternary-phase binder system incorporating alumina (Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>) precursors was successfully developed through process control to improve the sand mold's strength for casting of large objects. Three types of Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> precursors with different molecular structures, such as Al(OH)<SUB>3</SUB>, Al(OEt)<SUB>3</SUB>, and Al(NO<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB> were employed in the ternary-phase binder system. A dual-dipping process was developed. The first dipping includes the ternary-phase binder composition and heat treatment at 1000 or 1200°C. The second dipping uses a binary-phase binder composed of TEOS and NaOMe and heat treatment at 1000°C. The results show that sodium aluminosilicate was synthesized in the ternary-phase binder at both temperatures, and amorphous silica was formed only in the ternary composition of TEOS/NaOMe/Al(OEt)<SUB>3</SUB>. In contrast, sodium silicate was formed in the binary-phase binder. The strength of the mold prepared with precursor Al(OEt)<SUB>3</SUB> was higher than those with Al(OH)<SUB>3</SUB> and Al(NO<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>, due to its improved glassification efficiency of Al(OEt)<SUB>3</SUB>. Additionally, the mold strength was increased with increasing content of TEOS in the ternary-phase binder composition. Finally, the optimal highest strength was obtained with the ternary-phase binder composition of TEOS/NaOMe/Al(OEt)<SUB>3</SUB> in the mole ratio of 5:1:1<I>.</I> </P>

A COST-EFFECTIVE PROCESS FOR SYNTHESIZING MAGNESIUM BORATE NANORODS AND ITS MECHANICAL PROPERTY FOR REINFORCED NYLON-6 COMPOSITES

LICONG WANG,YUAN LIU,YUSHAN ZHANG,DAN CHEN,YUQI WANG,ZELIANG DONG,YONGCHAO LU,XIPING HUANG 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2014 NANO Vol.9 No.7

Magnesium borate (Mg 2 B 2 O 5 Þ nanorods were synthesized by a two-step process, includingsolution-chemical technology and a ternary-°ux method, using concentrated seawater and H 3 BO 3as raw materials. X-ray di®raction (XRD) showed that the sample had triclinic structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) indicated that it consisted of rod-like particles with an average diameter of 100 – 150 nmand length over 5 ? m. Di®erential thermal analysis (DTA) con¯rmed that the melting point ofthe ternary-°ux and the formation temperature of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 were lower than single-°ux process. The formation of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 nanorods was more e±cient by ternary-°ux than single-°ux. Me-chanical property of Mg 2 B 2 O 5 nanorods reinforced Nylon-6 composites showed that KH550 wasthe optimal coupling agent and made the strength of the composites to be improved to differentdegrees.

Improved Efficiency of Ternary-Blended Films in Organic Solar Cell

Eunhee Lim 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2021 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.30 No.1

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted great interest as next-generation energy sources. In this study, a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based electron-rich small-molecule donor, α-DPP-DT, was incorporated into a P3HT:PCBM binary film to fabricate ternary-blended OSCs. The OSCs were fabricated with the conventional configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/active layer/LiF/Al and exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2.12 %, which was greater than those of the two corresponding binary-blended devices. Both the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density values of the ternary films were lay between the corresponding values of the two binary films. The proposed working mechanism of the ternary-blended films is based on an alloy structure of two donors rather than on a cascade structure.

Improving performance of a five-zone simulated moving bed chromatography for ternary separation by simultaneous use of partial-feeding and partial-closing of the product port in charge of collecting the intermediate-affinity solute molecules

Elsevier 2011 Journal of chromatography A Vol.1218 No.44

The performance of a five-zone simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatographic process for ternary separation has been improved to a certain extent in previous researches by applying either a partial-feeding (PF) or a partial-closing of the extract-2 port (PCE<SUB>2</SUB>) to its operation. To make a further improvement, the strategy of applying both PF and PCE<SUB>2</SUB> simultaneously to the five-zone SMB operation was proposed in this study. The results from both equilibrium-theory analysis and detailed simulation proved that the proposed strategy, which was called PF-PCE<SUB>2</SUB> in this article, had the benefit of a synergy between the individual merits of PF and PCE<SUB>2</SUB> in the five-zone SMB performance. As a consequence, the PF-PCE<SUB>2</SUB> mode could surpass the PF and the PCE<SUB>2</SUB> modes by a wide margin and the standard mode by a much wider margin in the aspects of ternary-separation performance and throughput. For the separation system considered, the PF-PCE<SUB>2</SUB> mode was found to achieve more than 100% improvement, compared to the standard mode. Furthermore, such advantage of the PF-PCE<SUB>2</SUB> over all the other modes was greater as the selectivity between the intermediate-affinity and the highest-affinity components was reduced.

Single precursor mediated one-step synthesis of ternary-doped and functionalized reduced graphene oxide by pH tuning for energy storage applications

Khandelwal, Mahima,Li, Yuanyuan,Molla, Aniruddha,Hyun Hur, Seung,Suk Chung, Jin Elsevier 2017 Chemical engineering journal Vol.330 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The present work reports for the first time a one-step hydrothermal synthesis of ternary-doped (N, S, and P) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) under acidic pH conditions (NSPrGO2-12) using thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as both a reducing agent and a single source N, S, and P doping agent under mild experimental conditions. The change in pH of the reaction mixture from acidic (∼2.2) to basic (∼8.5) creates a change in the surface chemistry of rGO, resulting in TPP-functionalized rGO with modified morphology, structure, surface area and electrochemical performance. This change has been analyzed in terms of the different interactions between the graphene oxide functional groups and various functionalities of TPP at different pH conditions. Under acidic pH conditions, the sample had a crumpled sheet morphology with wrinkles on its surface having interconnected network and possessing a relatively large surface area. Meanwhile, under basic pH conditions, the sample exhibited stacked layer-by-layer sheets that formed an aggregated network-like structure with a smaller surface area. NSPrGO2-12 delivers a high specific capacitance (C<SUB>s</SUB>) value of 269F/g at 20A/g with long cyclic stability (93% retention after 5000 cycles at 20A/g), high coulombic efficiency (100%) and high energy/power density (23.55Wh/kg/7923.4W/kg) in an aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the C<SUB>s</SUB> value of the ternary-doped rGO is significantly higher than its mono- and co-doped counterparts under similar experimental conditions. These features clearly demonstrate the tremendous potential of NSPrGO2-12 as an electrode material for energy storage applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A one-step synthesis of ternary (N, S and P) – doped rGO is demonstrated. </LI> <LI> Thiamine pyrophosphate act as single source precursor for N, S and P dopants. </LI> <LI> Change in pH from acidic (∼2.2) to basic (∼8.5) results in functionalized rGO. </LI> <LI> The resulted tri-doped rGO showed high capacitance of 269F/g at 20A/g. </LI> <LI> Tri-doped rGO shows excellent cycling stability and high energy/power density. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Electrodeposited ternary-transition metal (oxy)hydroxides [M = Mo, Co, Fe] for supercapacitor applications

( Nguyen Thi Que ),( Park Sungjune ),박수진 한국공업화학회 2022 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Electrodeposited ternary-transition metal (oxy)hydroxides [M = Mo, Co, Fe] for supercapacitor applications

( Nguyen Thi Que ),( Park Sungjune ),박수진 한국공업화학회 2022 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Thermoelectric power factor of Bi-Sb-Te and Bi-Te-Se alloys and doping strategy: First-principles study

Ryu, Byungki,Chung, Jaywan,Choi, Eun-Ae,Kim, Bong-Seo,Park, Su-Dong Elsevier 2017 JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS Vol.727 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The Bi<SUB>2</SUB>Te<SUB>3</SUB>-related binary compounds (Bi<SUB>2</SUB>Te<SUB>3</SUB>, Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Te<SUB>3</SUB>, Bi<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>, and Sb<SUB>2</SUB>Se<SUB>3</SUB>) and ternary alloys [(Bi<SUB>1-x</SUB>Sb<SUB>x</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>Te<SUB>3</SUB> (BST, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and Bi<SUB>2</SUB>(Te<SUB>1-y</SUB>Se<SUB>y</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB> (BTSe, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1)] are known as the high performance room temperature thermoelectric materials. Here, for the first time, we systematically study the thermoelectric transport properties of BST and BTSe alloys by calculating their thermoelectric power factor (PF) as a function of alloy composition ratio x and y, carrier concentration <B>n</B>, and the absolute temperature T. The band valley degeneracy and the band gap are critical to determine the thermoelectric transport properties of ternaries. We find that PFs of p-type BST are comparable to those of binaries, while those of n-type BTSe are not, due to the band structure similarity. And the p-type BST performances are superior to the n-type BTSe due to the longer carrier relaxation time, transport anisotropy, and the band valley degeneracy. We also find that the optimal carrier concentrations which maximize the PFs (<B>n</B> <SUB>opt</SUB>) depend on the ternary composition and the transport direction. The bipolar effect is found to be less significant for n-type BTSe due to the large band gap and the large n<SUB>opt</SUB>. For p-type poly-crystalline BST, the <B>n</B> <SUB>opt</SUB> is between 3 and 4 × 10<SUP>19</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and it is achievable by Sb alloying and controlling the concentration of intrinsic defect. However, for n-type polycrystalline BTSe, n<SUB>opt</SUB> is ranging between 6 × 10<SUP>19</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and 1 × 10<SUP>20</SUP> cm<SUP>−3</SUP> and thereby we need additional extrinsic dopant beyond Se alloying. The defect formation energy calculations reveal that Cl, Br, and I impurities are potential candidates for n-type carrier sources without forming any compensating defect, while F as well as Au is the compensating defect.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Calculation of power factor (PF) for p-type Bi-Sb-Te and n-type Bi-Te-Se alloys. </LI> <LI> PF as the function of composition ratio, carrier density, temperature. </LI> <LI> Valley degeneracy and band gap responsible for high PF in p-type alloys. </LI> <LI> Prediction of optimal carrier concentration to maximize PF. </LI> <LI> Suggestion of n-type dopant (Cl, Br, I) to maximize n-type PF. </LI> </UL> </P>