Development and Evaluation of Smart Secondary Controls Using iPad for People with Hemiplegic Disabilities

Jeongheon Song,Yongchul Kim 대한인간공학회 2015 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate smart secondary controls using iPad for the drivers with physical disabilities in the driving simulator. Background: The physically disabled drivers face problems in the operation of secondary control devices that accept a control input from a driver for the purpose of operating the subsystems of a motor vehicle. Many of conventional secondary controls consist of small knobs or switches that physically disabled drivers have difficulties in grasping, pulling or twisting. Therefore, their use while driving might increase distraction and workload because of longer operation time. Method: We examined the operation time of conventional and smart secondary controls, such as hazard warning, turn signal, window, windshield wiper, headlights, automatic transmission and horn. The hardware of smart secondary control system was composed of iPad, wireless router, digital input/output module and relay switch. We used the STISim Drive3 software for driving test, customized Labview and Xcode programs for interface control of smart secondary system. Nine subjects were involved in the study for measuring operation time of secondary controls. Results: When the driver was in the stationary condition, the average operation time of smart secondary devices decreased 32.5% in the normal subjects (p <0.01), 47.4% in the subjects with left hemiplegic disabilities (p <0.01) and 38.8% in the subjects with right hemiplegic disabilities (p <0.01) compared with conventional secondary devices. When the driver was driving for the test in the simulator, the average operation time of smart secondary devices decreased 36.1% in the normal subjects (p <0.01), 41.7% in the subjects with left hemiplegic disabilities (p <0.01) and 34.1% in the subjects with right hemiplegic disabilities (p <0.01) compared with conventional secondary devices. Conclusion: The smart secondary devices using iPad for people with hemiplegic disabilities showed significant reduction of operation time compared with conventional secondary controls. Application: This study can be used to design secondary controls for adaptive vehicles and to improve the quality of life of the people with disabilities.

Velocity control of a secondary controlled closed-loop hydrostatic transmission system using an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller

Hoang Thinh Do,안경관 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.3

A secondary-controlled hydrostatic transmission system (SC-HST), which considered being an energy-saving system, can re-cuperate most of the lost vehicle kinetic energy in decelerating and braking time and it shows advantage in fuel economy improvement of vehicle. Almost secondary control units (SCU) in SC-HST inherently contain nonlinear characteristics such as dead-zone input. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain precise position or velocity control by conventional linear controllers. This problem limits the application of SC-HST in industry and mobile vehicle. This paper gives a description of SC-HST and proposes an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller (AFSMC) for velocity control of SCU. Experiments were carried out in the condition of disturbance load by using both the proposed controller and PID controller for the comparison and evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The experimental results showed that the proposed controller was excellent from the standpoints of performance and stability for the velocity control of SC-HST.

Design of An Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding Mode Controller for Velocity Control of a Secondary Controlled Closed-loop Hydrostatic Transmission

H. T. Do(도황팅),K. K. Ahn(안경관) 유공압건설기계학회 2013 유공압건설기계학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

A secondary-controlled hydrostatic transmission system (SC-HST), which considered being an energy-saving system, can recuperate most of the lost vehicle kinetic energy in decelerating and braking time and it shows advantage in fuel economy improvement of vehicle. Almost secondary control units (SCU) in SC-HST inherently contain nonlinear characteristics such as dead-zone input. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain precise position or velocity control by conventional linear controllers. This problem limits the application of SC-HST in industry and mobile vehicle. This paper gives a description of SC-HST and proposes an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode controller (AFSMC) for velocity control of SCU. Experiments were carried out in the condition of disturbance load by using both the proposed controller and PID controller for comparison and evaluation the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The experimental results indicated that the proposed controller was excellent from the standpoints of performance and stability for velocity control of SC-HST.

국어 복합문과 의미적 통제

양정석 배달말학회 2013 배달말 Vol.52 No.-

국어 복합문의 구조적 분화를 결정하는 연결어미 및 전성어미들을, 이들 어미의 어휘의미가 통제 관계의 형성에 기여하는지를 기준으로 검사한 결과, 국어 복합문들에서의 하위절 공범주 주어의 특성을 다음 3가지로 나누게 되었다. (1) 하위절의 연결어미 또는 ‘선어말어미+종결어미’ 결합(예: 의도의 ‘-겠-다’), 또는 느낌형용사가 의미적 통제의 요인이 되는 구문의 공범주 주어: pro로 실현된다. (2) 이차 서술어인 절과 그 주어가 서술화 원리에 따라 맺어질 때의 이차 서술어 절의 공범주 연산자: 공범주 연산자 Oi가 주어나 목적어 위치에 그 흔적(ti)을 가지는 것으로 표상된다. (3) 비-의무적 통제의 특성을 가지는 하위절 주어로서의 pro: 대명사의 일종인 이 pro는 담화․화용적 요인에 의해, 상이한 절의 주어나 비-주어 성분, 또는 그 외의 화용적으로 부각되는 사물을 가리킬 수 있다. (1)은 어휘의미적 요인에 의해서 상․하위절의 논항들의 동지시가 이루어지는 경우이다. 이 현상을 중심으로, 형식의미론과 개념의미론의 의미 기술 방법을 활용하여 의미적 통제가 통사구조와 의미구조에서 실현되는 과정을 기술하였다. 연결어미가 가지는 양상, 시상성 등의 의미 또는 느낌형용사가 가지는 의미 자질을 촉발자로 해서, 형상적 의미구조를 바탕으로 하위절 주어와 상위절 주어, 목적어, 후치사구의 동지시가 이루어진다. 의미적 통제 현상을 유발하는 의미 자질로 Jackendoff & Culicover(2003)의 의도성, 의무성, 능력성, 규범성, 사동성, 요청성의 6가지를 확인하였고, 여기에 국어에 특유한 의미적 통제 현상을 위한 느낌성, 상황성을 추가하였다. 이들 8가지 자질 중에서 상황성은 다른 자질들의 상위 자질로서의 성격을 가진다고 보았다. (2)는 통사적 요인에 의해서 상․하위절 논항들의 동지시가 이루어지는 경우이며 (3)은 담화․화용적 요인에 의한 우연적 동지시의 예이다. 특히 (2)에서는 공범주 연산자와 그 흔적을 가지는 절이 서술화 원리에 의해 ‘통제’ 현상을 실현시킨다. 의미적 통제 현상에 대한 새로운 기술 방법에 따라 국어 복합문 구조에서의 공범주 현상들을 새롭게 서술할 수 있게 되었다. 이에 따르면 통제 이론을 PRO의 생성과 해석에 관한 이론으로 보는 관점은 폐기된다. PRO의 존재를 통해 설명되었던 통사구조의 위치는 pro와 t가 대신하게 된다. 통제 현상의 주요 요인은 의미론적인 것이고, 통사적 서술화 원리에 따라 부가어 절의 주어와 주절의 주어가 동지시될 수 있으며, 그 외에도 내포절의 주어로 나타난 pro가 그 대명사적 성질에 따라 담화․화용적으로 부각되는 주절 주어와 동지시되는 현상이 나타나기도 한다. In this study I put the whole body of Korean complex sentence structures in the light of the notion ‘control’, and find out that semantic factors determine the controllers in major control sentential constructions of the language. Drawing on Jackendoff & Culicover(2003), I attribute the existence of the major control constructions in Korean to a limited number of basic predicates in configurational conceptual structures that impose an argument binding between an argument of the higher conceptual predicate and the 'subject' argument of the lower conceptual clause. Each of the basic conceptual predicates comes from the meaning of various kinds of lexical items. Crucially, in Korean, basic conceptual predicates in connective verbal endings trigger the formation of control conceptual structures. I also work out a typology of Korean complex sentences focusing on the semantic control. One group of Korean complex sentences characteristic of control have connective endings that contain modal meaning: e.g., complex sentences bearing connectives like ‘-ulyeko’ contain the conceptual predicate ‘INTEND’. Other group of control complex sentences have aspectual meaning: e.g., the connective ‘-ko’ in so-called auxiliary verb constructions contains the conceptual predicate ‘BEcirc’, which forms a control relation between its first argument and the second argument as a conceptual clause. Still other group of control complex sentences have the meaning of subjective-judgement adjectival verbs: e.g., adjectival verbs like ‘silh-’ contains the conceptual predicate ‘BEfeel’, which forms a control relation between its first argument(‘the subject’) and the first argument of its higher clausal predicate. And, finally, there is a group of ‘control’ complex sentences that originate from purely syntactic factors: e.g., complex sentences bearing the connectives like ‘-ese’ can form a secondary predicate clause which is licensed by the syntactic principle of predication.

국어학 : 국어 복합문과 의미적 통제

양정석 ( Jeong Seok Yang ) 배달말학회 2013 배달말 Vol.52 No.-

국어 복합문의 구조적 분화를 결정하는 연결어미 및 전성어미들을, 이들 어미의 어휘의미가 통제 관계의 형성에 기여하는지를 기준으로 검사한 결과. 국어 복합문들에서의 하위절 공범주 주어의 특성을 다음 3가지로 나누게 되었다. (1) 하위절의 연결어미 또는 ``선어말어미+종결어미``결합(예: 의도의 ``-겠-다``), 또는 느낌형용사가 의미적 통제의 요인이 되는 구문의 공범주 주어: pro로 실현된다. (2) 이차 서술어인 절과 그 주어가 서술화 원리에 따라 맺어질 때의 이차 서술어 절의 공범주 연산자: 공번주 연산자 Oi가 주어나 목적어 위치에 그 흔적(ti)을 가지는 것으로 표상된다. (3)비-의적 통제의 특성을 가지는 하위절 주어로서의 por: 대명사의 일종인 이 pro는 담화·화용적 요인에 의해, 상이한 절의 주어나 비-주어 성분, 또는 그 외의 화용적으로 부각되는 사물을 가리킬 수 있다. (1)은 어휘의미적 요인에 의해서 상·하위절의 논항들의 동지시가 이루어지는 경우이다. 이 현상을 중심으로, 형식의미론과 개념의미론의 의미 기술 방법을 활용하여 의미적 통제가 통사구조와 의미구조에서 실현되는 과정을 기술하였다. 연결어미가 가지는 양상, 시상성 등 의미 또는 느낌형용사가 가지는 의미 자질을 촉발자로 해서, 형상적 의미구조를 바탕으로 하위절 주어와 상위절 주어, 목적어, 후치사구의 동지시가 이루어진다. 의미적 통제 현상을 유발하는 의미 자질로 Jackendoff & Culicover(2003)의 의도성, 의무성, 능력성, 규범성, 사동성, 요청성의 6가지를 확인하였고, 여기에 국어에 특유한 의미적 통제 형상을 위한 느낌성, 상황성을 추가하였다. 이들 8가지 자질 중에서 상황성은 다른 자질들의 상이 자질로서의 성격을 가진다고 보았다. (2)는 통사적 요인에 의해서 상·하위절 논항들의 동지시가 이루어지는 경우이며 (3)은 담화·화용적 요인에 의한 우연적 동지시의 예이다. 특히 (2)에서는 공범주 연산자와 그흔적을 가지는 절이 서술화 원리에 의해 ``통제``현상을 실현시킨다. 의미적 통제 현상에 대한 새로운 기술 방법에 따라 국어 복합문 구조에서의 공범주 현상들을 새롭게 서술할 수 있게 되었다. 이에 따르면 통제 이론을 PRO의 생성과 해석에 관한 이론으로 보는 관점은 폐기된다. PRO의 존재를 통해 설명되었던 통사구조의 위치는 pro와 t가 대신하게 된다. 통제 현상의 주요 요인은 의미론적인 것이고, 통사적 서술화 원리에 따라 부가어 절의주어와 주절의 주어가 동지시될 수 있으며, 그 외에도 내포절의 주어로 나타난 pro가 그 대명사적 성질에 따라 담화·화용적으로 부각되는 주절 주어와 동지시되는 현상이 나타나기도 한다. In this study I put the whole body of Korean complex sentence structures in the light of the notion ``control``, and find out that semantic factors determine the controllers in major control sentential constructions of the language. Drawing on Jackendoff & Culicover(2003), I attribute the existence of the major control constructions in Korean to a limited number of basic predicates in configurational conceptual structures that impose an argument binding between an argument of the higher conceptual predicate and the ``subject`` argument of the lower conceptual clause. Each of the basic conceptual predicates comes from the meaning of various kinds of lexical items. Crucially, in Korean, basic conceptual predicates in connective verbal endings trigger the formation of control conceptual structures. I also work out a typology of Korean complex sentences focusing on the semantic control. One group of Korean complex sentences characteristic of control have connective endings that contain modal meaning: e.g., complex sentences bearing connectives like ``-ulyeko`` contain the conceptual predicate ``INTEND``. Other group of control complex sentences have aspectual meaning: e.g., the connective ``-ko`` in so-called auxiliary verb constructions contains the conceptual predicate ``BEcirc``, which forms a control relation between its first argument and the second argument as a conceptual clause. Still other group of control complex sentences have the meaning of subjective-judgement adjectival verbs: e.g., adjectival verbs like ``silh-`` contains the conceptual predicate ``BEfeel``, which forms a control relation between its first argument(``the subject``) and the first argument of its higher clausal predicate. And, finally, there is a group of ``control`` complex sentences that originate from purely syntactic factors: e.g., complex sentences bearing the connectives like ``-ese`` can form a secondary predicate clause which is licensed by the syntactic principle of predication.

Secondary Voltage Control for Reactive Power Sharing in an Islanded Microgrid

Qian Guo,Hongyan Wu,Liaoyuan Lin,Zhihong Bai,Hao Ma 전력전자학회 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.1

Owing to mismatched feeder impedances in an islanded microgrid, the conventional droop control method typically results in errors in reactive power sharing among distributed generation (DG) units. In this study, an improved droop control strategy based on secondary voltage control is proposed to enhance the reactive power sharing accuracy in an islanded microgrid. In a DG local controller, an integral term is introduced into the voltage droop function, in which the voltage compensation signal from the secondary voltage control is utilized as the common reactive power reference for each DG unit. Therefore, accurate reactive power sharing can be realized without any power information exchange among DG units or between DG units and the central controller. Meanwhile, the voltage deviation in the microgrid common bus is removed. Communication in the proposed strategy is simple to implement because the information of the voltage compensation signal is broadcasted from the central controller to each DG unit. The reactive power sharing accuracy is also not sensitive to time-delay mismatch in the communication channels. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Secondary Voltage Control for Reactive Power Sharing in an Islanded Microgrid

Guo, Qian,Wu, Hongyan,Lin, Liaoyuan,Bai, Zhihong,Ma, Hao The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2016 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.16 No.1

Owing to mismatched feeder impedances in an islanded microgrid, the conventional droop control method typically results in errors in reactive power sharing among distributed generation (DG) units. In this study, an improved droop control strategy based on secondary voltage control is proposed to enhance the reactive power sharing accuracy in an islanded microgrid. In a DG local controller, an integral term is introduced into the voltage droop function, in which the voltage compensation signal from the secondary voltage control is utilized as the common reactive power reference for each DG unit. Therefore, accurate reactive power sharing can be realized without any power information exchange among DG units or between DG units and the central controller. Meanwhile, the voltage deviation in the microgrid common bus is removed. Communication in the proposed strategy is simple to implement because the information of the voltage compensation signal is broadcasted from the central controller to each DG unit. The reactive power sharing accuracy is also not sensitive to time-delay mismatch in the communication channels. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Coordinated Secondary Control for Balanced Discharge Rate of Energy Storage System in Islanded Microgrids

Yajuan Guan,Josep M. Guerrero,Juan C. Vasquez 전력전자학회 2015 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2015 No.6

A coordinated secondary control based on a novel autonomous currents sharing control strategy for balanced discharge rate of energy storage systems in islanded microgrid (MG) is proposed in this paper. The coordinated secondary controller is able to regulate the output power of distributed generating (DG) systems according to their state-of-charge by adjusting the virtual resistances of their voltage controlled inverters. This controller can not only provide the faster response and accurate output current sharing control, but also avoid the potential operation failure resulting from the over current and unintentional outage of DGs. Thus, the stability and reliability of islanded MG can be improved. The eigenvalues and root locus with the proposed controller are presented to design the parameters as well as analyzing the system stability. Simulation results based on Matlab/simulink are presented in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Digital Control of Secondary Active Clamp Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converters

Yanbo Che,Yage Ma,Shaoyun Ge,Dong Zhu 전력전자학회 2014 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.14 No.3

A DSP-based self-adaptive proportional-integral (PI) controller to control a DC-DC converter is proposed in this paper. The full-bridge topology is adopted here to obtain higher power output capability and higher conversion efficiency. The converter adopts the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) technique to reduce the conduction losses. A parallel secondary active clamp circuit is added to deal with the voltage overshoot and ringing effect on the transformer’s secondary side. A self-adaptive PI controller is proposed to replace the traditional PI controller. Moreover, the designed converter adopts the constant-current and constant-voltage (CC-CV) output control strategy. The secondary active clamp mechanism is discussed in detail. The effectiveness of the proposed converter was experimentally verified by an IGBT-based 10kW prototype.

Digital Control of Secondary Active Clamp Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge Converters

Che, Yanbo,Ma, Yage,Ge, Shaoyun,Zhu, Dong The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2014 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.14 No.3

A DSP-based self-adaptive proportional-integral (PI) controller to control a DC-DC converter is proposed in this paper. The full-bridge topology is adopted here to obtain higher power output capability and higher conversion efficiency. The converter adopts the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) technique to reduce the conduction losses. A parallel secondary active clamp circuit is added to deal with the voltage overshoot and ringing effect on the transformer's secondary side. A self-adaptive PI controller is proposed to replace the traditional PI controller. Moreover, the designed converter adopts the constant-current and constant-voltage (CC-CV) output control strategy. The secondary active clamp mechanism is discussed in detail. The effectiveness of the proposed converter was experimentally verified by an IGBT-based 10kW prototype.