A Review of Microbial Molecular Profiling during Biomass Valorization

Adewale Adeniyi,Ibrahim Bello,Taofeek Mukaila,Ademola Hammed 한국생물공학회 2022 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.27 No.4

The 21st century’s goal to reduce CO2 emission is the driving force to replace petroleum with biomass. Although biomass has the potential to provide about ~25% of global energy demands, biomass valorization (conversion to value-added products [VAPs]) also contributes to CO2 emissions. The use of microbial consortia rather than a single species is more efficient for biomass valorization. Thus, several molecular methods have been developed to decipher the composition of these consortia. Understanding the composition and diversity of microbes in a fermentationbased biomass valorization will enable the synthesis of artificial consortia to produce desirable products. Most works have identified the dominant microbial species in different biomass valorization processes and highlighted the influence of variables such as nanoparticles and fermentation inhibitors on microbial diversity and dynamics. The prominent microbial species in the microbial consortium are also discussed. This review will guide future works on microbial molecular profiling during biomass valorization.

Combination of potential methanogenesis and microbial respiration as a scalar to determine the microbial biomass in submerged rice paddy soils

Pramanik, P.,Kim, P.J. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2013 Soil biology & biochemistry Vol.58 No.-

Both aerobic and anaerobic microbes are responsible for the fertility of soils by mineralizing organic matter. In water-logged soils, like rice paddy soils, anaerobic microbes have a great importance in the mineralization. We developed a method to determine microbial biomass in rice paddy soils by combining of anaerobic and aerobic microbial processes as a scalar for the microbial biomass. Potential methanogenesis was used to describe the anaerobic microbial community, while substrate-induced respiration (SIR) is related to the aerobic microbes. The calibration of the method was based on the total microbial biomass determined by fumigation extraction (FE) method. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) could be calculated using the following equation: MBC = k<SUB>cf</SUB> (1.956 MA + 0.710 SIR + 10.192), where k<SUB>cf</SUB> = 2.142 +/- 0.337 (coefficient based on the calibration against FE), MA = potential methanogenesis and SIR = substrate induced respiration. The MBC had shown significantly positive correlation (r = 0.830*) with the total C loss potential or C mineralization potential (μg C loss g<SUP>-1</SUP> soil d<SUP>-1</SUP>) [={MA x (12/16)} + {SIR x (12/44)}] of rice paddy soils.

Effects of simulated acid rain on microbial activities and litter decomposition

Lim, Sung-Min,Cha, Sang-Seob,Shim, Jae-Kuk The Ecological Society of Korea 2011 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.34 No.4

We assayed the effects of simulated acid rain on the mass loss, $CO_2$ evolution, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial biomass-C of decomposing Sorbus alnifolia leaf litter at the microcosm. The dilute sulfuric acid solution composed the simulated acid rain, and the microcosm decomposition experiment was performed at 23$^{\circ}C$ and 40% humidity. During the early decomposition stage, decomposition rate of S. alnifolia leaf litter, and microbial biomass, $CO_2$ evolution and dehydrogenase activity were inhibited at a lower pH; however, during the late decomposition stage, these characteristics were not affected by pH level. The fungal component of the microbial community was conspicuous at lower pH levels and at the late decomposition stage. Conversely, the bacterial community was most evident during the initial decomposition phase and was especially dominant at higher pH levels. These changes in microbial community structure resulting from changes in microcosm acidity suggest that pH is an important aspect in the maintenance of the decomposition process. Litter decomposition exhibited a positive, linear relationship with both microbial respiration and microbial biomass. Fungal biomass exhibited a significant, positive relationship with $CO_2$ evolution from the decaying litter. Acid rain had a significant effect on microbial biomass and microbial community structure according to acid tolerance of each microbial species. Fungal biomass and decomposition activities were not only more important at a low pH than at a high pH but also fungal activity, such as $CO_2$ evolution, was closely related with litter decomposition rate.

Effects of simulated acid rain on microbial activities and litter decomposition

임성민,차상섭,심재국 한국생태학회 2011 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.34 No.4

We assayed the effects of simulated acid rain on the mass loss, CO_2 evolution, dehydrogenase activity, and microbial biomass-C of decomposing Sorbus alnifolia leaf litter at the microcosm. The dilute sulfuric acid solution composed the simulated acid rain, and the microcosm decomposition experiment was performed at 23°C and 40% humidity. During the early decomposition stage, decomposition rate of S. alnifolia leaf litter, and microbial biomass, CO_2 evolution and dehydrogenase activity were inhibited at a lower pH; however, during the late decomposition stage, these characteristics were not affected by pH level. The fungal component of the microbial community was conspicuous at lower pH levels and at the late decomposition stage. Conversely, the bacterial community was most evident during the initial decomposition phase and was especially dominant at higher pH levels. These changes in microbial community structure resulting from changes in microcosm acidity suggest that pH is an important aspect in the maintenance of the decomposition process. Litter decomposition exhibited a positive, linear relationship with both microbial respiration and microbial biomass. Fungal biomass exhibited a significant, positive relationship with CO_2 evolution from the decaying litter. Acid rain had a significant effect on microbial biomass and microbial community structure according to acid tolerance of each microbial species. Fungal biomass and decomposition activities were not only more important at a low pH than at a high pH but also fungal activity, such as CO_2 evolution, was closely related with litter decomposition rate.

안동 사문암지대의 중금속 함유 낙엽의 분해(1)

류새한 ( Sae Han Ryou ),김정명 ( Jeong Myung Kim ),차상섭 ( Sang Sub Cha ),심재국 ( Jae Kuk Shim ) 한국환경생태학회 2010 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.24 No.4

본 연구는 사문암 토양의 화학적 성질과 토양미생물량 및 토양효소 등 토양의 생물학적 활성을 대조구의 비사문암 토양과 비교하고, 사문암과 비사문암에서 공통으로 서식하는 새(Arundinella hirta)와 억새(Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens)의 낙엽이 입지가 다른 사문암지역과 비사문암 지역에서 분해될 때 분해율의 차이가 어떻게 유발되는지 9개월 동안 야외에서 교차 실험하였다. 사문암 토양은 비사문암 토양에 비하여 높은 pH, 낮은 dehydrogenase 와 urease활성을 나타내었으며 alkaliphosphatase의 활성은 높았다. 두 토양에서 microbial biomass-C와 N의 차이는 유의하지 않았으나 사문암 토양에서 microbial biomass-N함량이 더 높게 나타나 비사문암 토양에서 보다 낮은 토양의 C/N을 나타내는 원인이 되었다. 사문암지역에서의 낙엽분해실험에서는 사문암지역에서 획득한 새와 억새 낙엽이 각각 39.8%, 38.5%의 중량감소를 보였으며, 비사문암 토양에서 획득한 낙엽은 각각 41.1%, 41.7%의 중량감소를 나타내었다. 비사문암지역에서의 낙엽분해실험에서는 사문암낙엽이 46.8%, 42.2% 그리고 비사문암낙엽은 44.8%, 37.4%의 중량감소를 각각 보였다. 이러한 결과는 중금속을 포함하는 토양의 영향보다는 낙엽의 질적 차이가 분해율에 더큰 영향을 미쳤음을 나타내준다. 일반적으로 낮은 C/N을 갖는 낙엽이 더 빨리 분해된다는 결과와는 달리 낮은 C/N을 갖는 사문암낙엽의 분해가 느린 것은 낙엽에 포함된 중금속의 저해가 낙엽의 C/N이나 lignin/N과 같은 낙엽의 질적 차이에서 유발되는 낙엽분해의 저해보다 큰 영양을 미친다는 결과를 보여주었다. 또한 낙엽분해가 진행되는 동안낙엽내의 Cr, Ni과 Mg, Fe의 농도는 점차 증가하였으며 이러한 경향은 사문암지역에서 현저하였다. The present study attempts to compare the soil chemical characteristics and biological activities (i.e. microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities), and litter decomposition rate of Arundinella hirta and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens) collected from serpentine and non-serpentine sites by litter bag techniques at serpentine and non-serpentine field experiment sites over a 9-month period. The serpentine soil showed higher pH and soil alkaliphosphatase activity, and lower soil dehydrogenase and urease activities than the non-serpentine soil. Microbial biomass-N at the serpentine soil was larger than the non-serpentine soil, although the microbial biomass-C and microbial biomass-N represented no significant difference between serpentine and non-serpentine soil. These results suggest that the larger microbial biomass-N caused the lower C/N in serpentinesoil. At the end of the experiment, the litter samples of A. hirta and M. sinensis collected from serpentine soil revealed a 39.8% and 38.5% mass loss, and the litter sample from non-serpentine soil also showed a 41.1% and 41.7% mass loss at the serpentine site. On the other hand, at the non-serpentine site, 42.2%, 37.4%, and 46.8%, 44.8% were respectively shown. These results demonstrate that the litter decomposition rate is more intensely affected by the heavy metal content of leaf litter than soil contamination. Moreover, the litter collected from the serpentine soil had a lower C/N, whereas the litter decomposition rate was slower than the litter from the non-serpentine soil, because the heavy metal inhibition activities on the litter decomposition process were more conspicuous than the effect of litter qualities such as C/N ratio or lignin/N. The nutrient element content in the decomposing litter was gradually leached out, but heavy metals and Mg were accumulated in the decaying litter. This phenomenon was conspicuous at the serpentine site during the process of decomposition.

Microbial behavior and characteristics of biomass during starvation and their influence on ultrafiltration of activated sludge

Lee, W.,Son, Y.,Ahn, Y.,Kim, H.,Kim, S.,Kang, S.,Lee, C. Balaban Publishers 2016 Desalination and Water Treatment Vol.57 No.16

<P>Biological and physico-chemical properties of biomass under different growth phases are essential to characterize membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). This study assessed microbial behavior and characteristics under stationary and death phases as starvation progressed and their influences on membrane fouling during ultrafiltration of biomass in MBRs. As starvation progressed, samples were periodically drawn to be measured for biological and physico-chemical properties of the biomass, and for ultrafiltration (30,000 Daltons) tests. Ultrafiltration experiments exhibited fouling resistances caused by biomass and supernatant increased as starvation progressed, and the death phase of microbial growth exhibited more potential in membrane fouling than the stationary phase. Particulates were more responsible for ultrafiltration membrane fouling in the stationary phase of microbial growth, but soluble materials were more accountable in the death phase of microbial growth. Statistical analysis indicated biomass with lower activity could experience higher fouling potential during ultrafiltration of biomass.</P>

낙엽분해동안 미생물 활성에 미치는 중금속의 영향 추정

심재국 ( Jae Kuk Shim ),신진호 ( Jin Ho Shin ),양금철 ( Keum Chul Yang ) 한국환경생태학회 2011 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.25 No.6

본 연구는 충남 청양의 폐광산 지역과 인근 대조구에 분포하는 Artenmisia princeps var. orientalis(쑥), Equisetum arvense(쇠뜨기)를 이용하여 식물체 내 중금속 함량이 미생물의 활성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보았다. 낙엽 회수시 측정한 호흡량은 처음 회수시 가장 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 시간이 지날수록 발생량은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 중금속의 함량이 높은 낙엽에서 미생물의 호흡량이 낮았으며 대조구에서 채집하여 대조구에서 분해시킨 쑥과 쇠뜨기에 서 가장 빠른 분해를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 쑥과 쇠뜨기 모두 중금속 함량이 적은 낙엽에서 높은 미생물량을 나타내었 다. 낙엽의 분해율과 누적호흡량, 낙엽의 분해율과 미생물량사이에는 각각 뚜렷한 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구결과 식물체 내의 중금속이 분해과정에 관여하는 미생물의 생장과 활성에 부정적인 영향을 미친 결과라 할 수 있다. This study was to find out influence of heavy metal concentration in plant on microbial activities during decomposition of Artenmisia princeps var. orientalis and Equisetum arvense collected from an abandoned mine and control site in Cheongyang-gun Chungcheongnam-do. Microbial respiration rate showed the highest value at the time of the first collection, and then tended to decline over time. The highest microbial respiration rate appeared in leaf litters with low heavy metal contents, and A. princeps var. orientalis and E. arvense collected and decomposed at the control site showed the fastest decomposition rate. For both A. princeps var. orientalis and E. arvense, litters with low heavy metal content appeared to have higher microbial biomass. There was apparent quantitative correlation between decomposition rate and cumulative respiration rate of leaf litters, and between decomposition rate and microbial biomass of leaf litters. Thus, the study result showed that leaf litter with higher heavy metal content had a negative impacts on the growth and activity of microbial decomposer during decomposition processes.

사문암지대의 중금속 함유 낙엽의 분해에 관한 연구 I. Microcosm 실험

류새한 ( Sae Han Ryou ),김정명 ( Jeong Myeong Kim ),심재국 ( Jae Kuk Shim ) 한국환경생물학회 2009 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.27 No.4

This study attempted to compare the litter decomposition rate of Arundinella hirta and Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens which collected from serpentine soil acting potentially toxic concentration of heavy metals and non-serpentine soil by using the microcosm method for 192 days under constant humidity and 23℃. The contents of Ni, Fe, Mg and Cr in the serpentine and non-serpentine soil originated litter showed high differences between them. The litter samples from serpentine site have lower C/N than non-serpentine litter, but the soluble carbohydrate content was shown almost similar between two plant litter. The mass loss rates of leaf litter from serpentine area were slower than those from non-serpentine site. During the experimental period, the remained dry weight of A. hirta and M. sinensis var. purpurascens litter collected from serpentine site were 64.7%, 65.0% of initial dry weight and litter samples from non-serpentine site showed 54.2%, 50.7%, respectively. K and Na were leached rapidly at the initial decomposition periods, but Ca showed immobilization and other metal elements reserved at the decomposing litter for a long time. The decomposing A. hirta litter from non-serpentine soil showed higher values of CO2 evolution, microbial biomass-C, and microbial biomass-N than those in serpentine soil originated litter acting nutrient stresses and exhibited rapid decay rate. The microbial biomass and microbial respiration of decaying litter were positively correlated with litter decomposition rate, and these relationships showed more rapid slope in non-serpentine soil originated litter than that in serpentine soil.

Effects of biochar addition to soil on carbon sequestration and microbial biomass

( Gayoung Yoo ),( Hyun-jin Kim ),( Yesol Kim ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2011 ISWA Vol.2011 No.0

Biochar application to soil has drawn much attention as a strategy to sequester atmospheric carbon in soil ecosystems. The applicability of this strategy as a climate change mitigation option is limited by our shallow understanding of soil responses such as changes in soil structure and microbial biomass. To evaluate the possibility of biochar application to agricultural systems, we conducted a short-term laboratory incubation at field capacity in the soils from PASTURE (silt loam) and RICE PADDY (silty clay loam) sites with and without two types of biochar (biochar from poultry manure, CHAR_M and from barley stock, CHAR_B). The carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents contained in total and particulate organic matter (POM) in soils were increased by addition of CHAR_B and CHAR_M. Degree of increase was much greater in the soils amended with CHAR_M. This indicates that formation of water stable aggregates was enhanced by CHAR_M addition. This result also implies that biochar addition creates a favorable environment for microbial growth and metabolism by enhancing soil structural stability. Microbial biomass N was greatly increased by addition of CHAR_M in both soils. Soil phosphatase activity was increased in the CHAR_B soil and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was higher in the CHAR_B soil than in CHAR_S soil.

북동 적도 태평양에서 수층 기초 생산력과 심해저 퇴적물내 미생물 생산력과의 상관성

김경홍,손주원,손승규,지상범,현정호 한국해양과학기술원 2011 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.33 No.1

We determined potential meso-scale benthic-pelagic ecosystem coupling in the north equatorial Pacific by comparing surface chl-a concentration with sediment bacterial abundance and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (indication of active biomass). Water and sediment samples were latitudinally collected between 5 and 11oN along 131.5oW. Physical water properties of this area are characterized with three major currents: North Equatorial Current (NEC), North Equatorial Count Current (NECC), and South Equatorial Current (SEC). The divergence and convergence of the surface water occur at the boundaries where these currents anti-flow. This low latitude area (5~7oN) appears to show high pelagic productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=1266.0 mgC m−2) due to the supplement of high nutrients from nutrient-enriched deep-water via vertical mixing. But the high latitude area (9~11oN) with the strong stratification exhibits low surface productivity (mean phytoplankton biomass=603.1 mgC m−2). Bacterial cell number (BCN) and ATP appeared to be the highest at the superficial layer and reduced with depth of sediment. Latitudinally, sediment BCN from low latitude (5~7oN) was 9.8×108 cells cm−2, which appeared to be 3-times higher than that from high latitude (9~11oN; 2.9×108 cells cm−2). Furthermore, sedimentary ATP at the low latitude (56.2 ng cm−2) appeared to be much higher than that of the high latitude (3.3 ng cm−2). According to regression analysis of these data, more than 85% of the spatial variation of benthic microbial biomass was significantly explained by the phytoplankton biomass in surface water. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that benthic productivity in this area is strongly coupled with pelagic productivity.