Local Government Authority policy responses to the Informal Sector in Morogoro, Tanzania: seeing problems in an opportunity or seeing an opportunity in problems?

M. Muhanga,C. Nombo 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 아프리카연구소 2010 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.28 No.-

This paper resulted out of a study conducted in selected wards in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania which aimed at assessing the Local Government Authorities’ policy responses and purposeful support to the informal sector. Both checklist and questionnaires were used to collect information. Data analysis entailed a number of descriptive statistics and cross tabs. The study revealed a low level of policy knowledge among those involved in the sector (only 1.3%) and 53.8% seemed to prefer to operate on informal basis and only 46.2% would go for formalization of their activities if given an opportunity, with 48.1% of the respondents having the view that the Informal Sector is not receiving support at all from the government. The study recommends that: there is a need for LGAs’ to boost efforts on policy responses towards the informal sector, addressing needs for the Local Government Authority’s intervention to the Informal Sector for regulating purposes. Overall the study asserts that informal sector has a valuable contribution to the well being of the urban dwellers in Tanzania despite the lack of significant supportive policy responses from the Local Government authorities.

장기요양대상노인의 비공식적ㆍ공식적 자원연계 유형에 따른 서비스 만족도 연구

김금열(Kim, Geum-Yeol) 한국노년학회 2010 한국노년학 Vol.30 No.4

본 연구는 노인장기요양보험제도의 도입으로 공식적 보호가 확대되고 있지만 여전히 장기요양대상노인의 케어에는 비공식적 보호 욕구가 줄어들지 않고 있는 현상에 대해 효과적인 장기요양서비스 제공체계 고찰의 필요성에서 시작되었다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 장기요양대상노인의 비공식적ㆍ공식적 자원연계 유형을 도출하고 각 유형에 따른 서비스 만족도의 차이를 살펴봄으로서 효과적인 장기요양서비스 제공 모델을 발견하는 것이다. 이를 위해서 비공식적ㆍ공식적 자원연계 유형은 장기요양대상노인에게 15가지 케어관련과업을 제공하는 비공식적 보호제공자와 공식적 서비스제공자의 서비스 제공정도를 군집분석으로 구분하였고 각 유형에 따른 서비스 만족도의 차이는 다중회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 비공식적ㆍ공식적 자원연계 유형은 가족수발 중심형, 상호 보완형, 과업 분리형, 공식적 수발 중심형으로 구분되었고 서비스 만족도가 가장 높게 나타난 유형은 상호 보완형 이었으며 이를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 점을 논의하였다. 첫째, 비공식적 보호와 공식적 서비스가 상호 보완적으로 제공되기 위해서는 공식적 서비스 제공체계에 비공식적 보호제공자의 역할을 결합시키는 노력이 필요하다. 둘째, 15가지 케어관련과업 중 개인적 및 일상생활지원 과업과 건강보호 과업은 서비스 제공자가 분리되어 있어 의료 및 장기요양서비스의 연계를 위한 통합적 케어 방안이 필요하다. 셋째, 공식적 서비스 제공자가 거의 모든 케어를 제공하는 공식적 수발 중심형은 상대적으로 서비스 만족도가 낮게 나타나 이에 대한 대책이 필요하다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구는 장기요양서비스의 효과성 향상을 위해서는 서비스의 양(量)과 질(質)적 차원에서 비공식적ㆍ공식적 자원연계 유형을 파악하고 서비스 제공 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다는 제언을 하였다. This study is to examine the effective system for providing services for long-term care elders, despite the expansion of formal care, informal care still is needed. Thus, this study's purpose is to classify the informal-formal resources linkages types of long-term care elders and looks into service satisfaction by these types and discover effective informal-formal resources linkages models. For that, this study is to divide informal-formal resources linkages types by the degree of providing services of informal and formal caregivers and discover the informal-formal resources linkages types using cluster analysis and explores the effectiveness of service satisfaction using multiple regression. The study's results is to suggest four models, such as family care, complementary, separation, formal service and complementary type was founded to be the most effective and then based on the result, we discuss as follows. First, we must strive to combine informal resources into formal service system to the system for providing of service is made up the complementary type. Second, the system for providing services of long-term care elders is required integrated care system to alining of medical and long-term care services. Third, we have to consider a measure to improve of formal service type, for the satisfaction of formal service appears low relatively. Based on research findings, this study propose that the informal-formal resources linkages models are subdivided into the dimension of quantity and quality of care for improving the effectiveness of long-term care services.

Local Government Authority policy responses to the Informal Sector in Morogoro, Tanzania

M. Muhanga,C. Nombo 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2010 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.28 No.-

This paper resulted out of a study conducted in selected wards in Morogoro Municipality in Tanzania which aimed at assessing the Local Government Authorities’ policy responses and purposeful support to the informal sector. Both checklist and questionnaires were used to collect information. Data analysis entailed a number of descriptive statistics and cross tabs. The study revealed a low level of policy knowledge among those involved in the sector (only 1.3%) and 53.8% seemed to prefer to operate on informal basis and only 46.2% would go for formalization of their activities if given an opportunity, with 48.1% of the respondents having the view that the Informal Sector is not receiving support at all from the government. The study recommends that: there is a need for LGAs’ to boost efforts on policy responses towards the informal sector, addressing needs for the Local Government Authority’s intervention to the Informal Sector for regulating purposes. Overall the study asserts that informal sector has a valuable contribution to the well being of the urban dwellers in Tanzania despite the lack of significant supportive policy responses from the Local Government authorities.

세실 발몽드의 비형식과 이토 도요의 유연한 건축의 상관성 연구

이현정(Lee, Hyun-Jung),임종엽(Lim, Jong-Yup) 대한건축학회 2018 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.38 No.2

The architectural methodology of Cecil Balmond and Toyo Ito is a major methodology for creating a new space through a common informal approach. In this study, we recognized the necessity of methodology through the informal approach in contemporary architecture. In order to analyze the relationship between the Informal of Cecil Balmond and the Blurring Architecture of Toyo Ito. In this study, the analysis of the relationship between Cecil Balmond and Toyo Ito"s architectural methodology showed that some of the analysis elements showed similarities, but there were many differences because the approach was informal. This informal architectural methodology does not create a typical space or the same space, and it is considered to be a suitable methodology in a way that theoretically creates a new space.

비공식 주거지의 (탈)영토화: 서울시 강남구 구룡마을을 사례로

채상원 한국도시지리학회 2020 한국도시지리학회지 Vol.23 No.2

This study analyzes the territorializing process of an informal settlement, Guryong village located in Seoul, South Korea, under the context of speculative urbanism. It explores the dominating role of the urban poor as well as the role of two other actors, a private developer and a local government. This study argues as follows. First, the urban poor plays a significant role in the process of the village’s (de)territorialization with its own residential organization. Development-oriented territorializing practices of the organization provoke political intersections of three agents, which come to reveal the dynamics in the makings of an informal settlement. Second, capabilities and limitations of three agents are fully understood when highlighting the village under the speculative urban context that disciplines their spatial strategies. The development as a common denominator empowers the urban poor cooperating with the developer while leaving the local government with a dilemma concerning the urban informality. This highlights the informal settlement as a socially constructed and politically contested urban space. By providing intriguing insights into the politics of informal settlement, this study contributes to the academic field of political and urban geography. 본 연구는 영토화 개념을 활용하여 비공식 주거지가 구성되는 과정을 특수한 도시적 맥락에 대한 고려 속에서 분석한다. 이를 위해 서울시 강남구의 구룡마을이 사례로 활용되었으며, 마을 주민 43명에 대한 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 본 연구의 주장은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 구룡마을 사례에서 도시 빈민들은 개발을 토대로 정치 세력화하여 비공식 주거지의 (탈)영토화 과정 전반에서 주요한 역할을 차지했다. 개발을 기회로 활용하고자 했던 주민자치조직의영토화 실천은 비공식 주거지를 매개로 한 행위자들 간 사회적, 정치적 과정을 특정한 방향으로 이끌었고, 이들 간권력관계의 구성은 구룡마을의 (탈)영토화를 특징지었다. 둘째, 투기적 도시성은 각 행위자들의 공간 전략을 규율하는 힘으로 작용했으며, 그 안에서 행위자들의 역량과 한계가 명확해졌다. 주어진 것으로서 구룡마을의 개발은 비공식 주거지가 생산해내는 가치를 전유하려는 행위자들의 경쟁을 구조화했다. 본 연구는 정치적 집단으로서 도시빈민의 역할에 주목하고, 공간 정치적 관점에서 비공식 주거지에 대한 과정적 이해를 시도했다는 점에서 정치지리, 도시지리 등 관련 논의에 기여한다.

Revisiting the Impact of Trade Openness on Informal and Irregular Employment in Egypt

Mélika Ben Salem,Chahir Zaki 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2019 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.34 No.3

This study examines the impact of trade openness on job quality, measured by the share of informal and irregular employment in total employment. By combining a microeconomic dataset (the Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey) with macroeconomic variables (tariffs), we assess the effect of trade reforms on informal/irregular workers in Egypt. Our main findings show that there is a positive association between tariffs and both informal and irregular employments in Egypt. This effect is likely because the least productive informal firms will be forced to exit the industry and only the most productive (formal) firms will export to the international markets. This will increase the demand for formal (and eventually regular) workers that are usually more skilled and, in turn, lead to a likely decline in informal (and irregular) employment. While this effect on informality is robust, the one on irregularity is not.

Scale Development and Validation to Measure Occupational Health Literacy Among Thai Informal Workers

Suthakorn, Weeraporn,Songkham, Wanpen,Tantranont, Kunlayanee,Srisuphan, Wichit,Sakarinkhul, Pokin,Dhatsuwan, Jakkapob Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2020 Safety and health at work Vol.11 No.4

Background: The high incidence of work-related diseases and injuries among day-laborers and workers with no legal contracts (informal workers) has received the attention of the Thai authorities. Workers' low occupational health literacy (OHL) has been reasoned as one contributing factor. Absence of a valid tool has prevented assessment of informal workers' OHL. The aim of this study was to create a valid and reliable Occupational Health Literacy Scale within the context of Thai working culture (TOHLS-IF). Methods: This study used the mixed method approach to develop TOHLS-IF. Questions were generated using in-depth interviews and an extensive review of the literature. Experts' assessment confirmed the content validity of TOHLS-IF. The scales of its psychometric properties were assessed in a sample of 400 informal workers using cluster random sampling. Results: The final version of the TOHLS-IF comprises 38 items within 4 dimensions: Ability to Gain Access, Understanding, Evaluation, and Use of occupational health and safety information. Factor analysis identified items explaining 50.22% of the total variance. The final confirmatory analysis confirmed the model estimates were satisfactory for the construct. TOHLS-IF demonstrated a high internal consistency and satisfactory reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .98). Conclusion: The TOHLS-IF is a valid and reliable instrument to assess informal workers' OHL. The structural dimensions of this instrument are based on the concept of health literacy and Thai culture. Thai health professionals are encouraged to benefit from this instrument to assess their workers' OHL and apply findings as guidelines for effective occupational health and safety interventions.

보험영업 관리자의 온정적 합리주의 리더십이 여성 보험설계사의 오센틱 리더십에 미치는 영향 - 일터의 무형식 학습의 의미 탐색을 중심으로 -

강혜옥,최은수 인하대학교 교육연구소 2017 교육문화연구 Vol.23 No.6(B)

The purpose of this study was analyzing t he influence of the sales manager's Compassionate Rationalism Leadership on the Authentic Leadership of female financial planners and investigating the meaning of Informal Learning in the insurance sales scene. To accomplish the purpose, the literature analysis was conducted base d on insu rance industry environment, sales manager, financial planner, Compassionate Rationalism Leadership, Authentic Leadership, and Informal Learning. The target population was a survey about domestic life insurance female sales managers and collected total 208 copies. Among t heme, anomaly and false hood responses were removed and finally 190 copies were analyzed. The result and conclusion of this study were as follows. First, the Compassionate Rationalism Leadership of the sales manager had a significant effect on the relational transparency and self-awareness of the Authentic Leadership of sales planners and optimal cont rol management of the Compassionate Rationalism Leadership has a direct influence on the sales planner's balanced processing of information. Second, we explored the implications in sales manager's Compassionate Rationalism Leadership ability on sales planner's Informal Learning. As a result, sales planner's experienced Informal Learning level was determined by lea der's leadership ability, and it playe d an important role in the growth and settlement through sales planners' desirable self-reflection. 본 연구의 목적은 보험영업 관리자의 온정적 합리주의 리더십이 여성 보험설계사의 오센틱 리더십에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 보험영업 현장의 무형식 학습의 의미를 살피고자 하는데 있었다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 보험산업 환경과 보험영업 관리자, 보험설계사, 온정적 합리주의 리더십, 오센틱 리더십, 무형식학습을 기준으로 문헌분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 목표를 달성하기 위해 국내 생명보험사 소속 여성 보험설계사를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 208부를 회수하였다. 이 중 불성실 응답과 이상치를 제거하여 최종 190부를 분석하였다. 이 연구의 결과 및 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보험영업 관리자의 온정적 합리주의 리더십은 보험설계사의 오센틱 리더십의 관계적 투명성, 자기인식에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 온정적 합리주의 리더십의 최적화 수행관리는 보험설계사의 균형적인 정보처리에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 보험영업 관리자의 온정적 합리주의 리더십 역량이 보험설계사가 무형식 학습에 미치는 의미에 대해 탐색해 보았다. 그 결과 리더의 리더십 역량에 따라 보험설계사가 경험하는 무형식 학습의 수준이 결정되며, 바람직한 자기성찰을 통한 보험설계사의 성장과 정착에 중요한 역할을 한다고 볼 수 있었다.

성희롱 정책결정과정을 통해서 본 유럽연합의 비공식 가버넌스

김민정(Kim, Minjung) 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2009 동서연구 Vol.21 No.1

본 논문은 유럽연합의 정책결정과정을 성희롱정책결정을 통해서 살펴보면서 유럽연합의 정책결정에 있어서 비공식적인 가버넌스의 내용을 밝혀내는 것이 목적이다. 유럽연합의 비공식 가버넌스를 접근하는 이론은 초국가적 이익 네트워크의 행동방식과 전략이다. 초국가적 이익 네트워크는 국내에서 자신들의 정책을 추진할 때 국내 정부의 소극적 대응 혹은 반대에 부딪힐 경우 국내 정부를 통해서 정책을 추진하는 것을 포기하고 대신에 초국가기구 에서 우선 정책을 통과시킨 이후 초국가 기구의 정책이 국내에 영향을 미치 도록 하는 전략이다. 이것이 부메랑 효과이다. 유럽의 경우에는 부메랑 효과와 더불어 핑퐁 효과도 보여지는데 유럽에서 결정된 정책이 부메랑으로 국내에 다시 돌아와서 국내의 정책추진을 자극하고 다시 국내의 정책은 유럽 으로 다시 가서 더 발전된 형태의 정책을 낳는 방식이다. 유럽연합의 성희롱 정책이 유럽연합과 회원국 사이에서 부메랑 효과와 핑퐁효과를 잘 볼 수 있는 좋은 예이다. 국가에 기반한 단일 잇슈 단체와 학계 그리고 유럽연합내의 페미니스트가 결합하여 1990년대 집행위원회와 이사회의 결의 및 권고를 이끌어냈고 이것은 회원국가에 잠재적인 압력을 작용하여 회원국에서는 성희롱 관련입법을 제정하게 되었다. 다시 2002년 유럽집행위원회는 회원국들의더 진전된 법질서를 바탕으로 1976년의 동등대우 지침에 성희롱을 삽입시키 면서 개정 지침을 통과시킨다. 이 과정에서 초국가적 이익 네트워크가 중요한 역할을 하였다. This paper aims to reveal the informal governance of the European Union through the decision making process of Sexual harassment policy. The theoretical framework of this work is the method of activity and the strategy of Transnational Advocacy Networks. When TANs are blocked by their national governments which are negatively responded or strongly opposed against the interest of TANS, they turn their target to an transnational organization such as EU. They perform an alliance and search for favorable insiders in EU and try to influence the policy making process of the transnational organization. The EU also needs a partner form civil society for the transnational expertise to pursue policies. For the EU, transnational expertise is essential for their policy design especially in the field of uncertainty and lacked information. This combination creates new policy advanced which will be a potential pressure to national government to legislate a new lagislation compatible to the EU s policy. This is Boomerang Effect. In Europe, with this Boomerang effect, we can notice the pingpong effect which in turn, the legislation which is a national response to European policy pushes the EU to develop policies. Sexual harassment policy of EU is a good example of this informal governance. Single issue organizations based a member states allied with other organization and academic researchers and they met favorable feminist bureaucrats in EU. They succeeded to draw European sexual harassment policy at first in the form of soft legislation eg. recommendation and resolution. This advance influenced member states governments until they made a legislation in this field. And finally in 2002 TANs pushed the EU to develop its legislation to a binding policy. EU passed a revised directive on sexual harassment.

Informality and survival in Ukraine's nuclear landscape: Living with the risks of Chernobyl

Thom Davies,Abel Polese 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2015 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.6 No.1

Recent debates on informal economic activities have partially switched away from a pure monetary logic towards a more complex one, embedded in long term relations and reckoning with non materialistic paradigms. The role of informality in certain aspects of people's lives has however, remained largely unexplored. This article uncovers what happens when the state retires from (providing benefits and social services to) a geographic area and what kind of mechanisms, practices and institutions are created to make up for this. We suggest that, in the face of de facto abandonment by state welfare, and the absence of a private sector alternative, a myriad of transactions and actors can make up for this by replacing these forms of welfare informally. Our case study focuses on the nuclear landscapes around the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in north–central Ukraine as we reveal the ways the excluded and abandoned, which we frame as post-nuclear “bare life” (Agamben, 1998), have created a mechanism of social security that is independent from the state and yet complements it. Informal, local and unofficial understandings of nuclear spaces are central to survival in this marginalised and risky environment.