지리산 천연림의 유형 분류 및 천이지수 추정

임선미 ( Seon Mi Lim ),김지홍 ( Ji Hong Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3

On the basis of vegetation data by point quarter sampling method, the natural forest of Jirisan(Mt.) was classified into eight forest types by cluster analysis. They were Quercus mogolica forest type, Fraxinus mandshurica - Betula costata forest type, Mixed mesophytic forest type, Abies koreana forest type, Carpinus laxiflora forest type, Quercus serrata forest type, Pinus densiflora forest type, and Quercus variabilis forest type. Then, succession index was estimated for each forest type so as to evaluate succession process comparatively among forest types. The results showed that Carpinus laxiflora forest type had highest succession index of 219.7, followed by Mixed mesophytic forest type with little difference of the index of 218.3. Pinus densiflora forest type had lowest index. Succession indices were hardly correlated with species diversity indices of forest types. We presumed that the higher value of succession index a forest type had, the closer toward the climax forest. However, the estimated index was not supposed to be absolute level of successional stage, but it could play a role of comparative assessment in the position of the seral stage among forest types.

생태적 특성에 따른 산림녹지의 관리방안 -부천시의 사례-

한봉호,이경재 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.29 No.1

The purpose of this study is to suggest the ecological management based on ecological characteristics of urban forest in Bucheon city. The actual vegetation area in the survey sites(7,426,587$m^2$) consisted of Robinuia pseudoacacia forest(61.6%; 5,574,168 $m^2$), Pinus rigida forest(6.1%), Quercus mongolica community(3.2%), Q.spp.community(2.9%), etc. According to the importance value of artificial planting forest, 58(/300$m^2$) survey plots were divided into 6 groups; 1) R. pseudoacacia forest, 2) R. pseudoacacia-Q.serrata community, 3) R. pseudoacacia-Q.mongolica community, 4) P.rigide forest, 5) P.rigida-Q.serrata community, 6) P.rigida-Q. mongolica community. As the result, the artificial planting forest was expected to the proceeded to Q. serrata community and Q.mongolica community. The ecological succesion stage in the survey sites (7,426,587$m^2$) was divided into 5 states based on actual vegetation, succession trend of artificial planting forest in Bucheon; 1) Stage of impossible succession(4.7%, 2)Stage of inducible succession(78.7%), 3) Stage of progressive succession(2.7%), 4)Sage of last succession(1.4%), 5)Stage of native plant forest(12.5%). The ecological management of urban forest was suggested as the management method for succession promotion, according to density controlling and native species planting in Bucheon. Individual numbers of R. pseudoacacia might be reduced to 6~8 individuals/300$m^2$ at canopy, 9~21 individuals/300$m^2$ at under-story by selective cutting in order to keep 63~70% of total basal area at R. pseudoacacia forest. Individual numbers of P.rigida might be reduced to 8~9 individuals/300$m^2$ at canopy, 27~30individuals/300$m^2$ at under-story by selective cutting in order to keep 68~75% of total basal area at P. rigida forest. 24 species that were selective by constancy analysis were chosen as the ecological appropriate species. Since, this studyis discussing the ares of urban forest and botanical ecology, it is suggested that a study on the relations between of environmental factors such as soil, climate, and vegetation will be performed in the future.

남한산성 소나무림의 19년간 (1993~2011년) 식생구조 변화와 관리방안

이경재 ( Kyong Jae Lee ),한봉호 ( Bong Ho Han ),이학기 ( Hak Gi Lee ),노태환 ( Tai Hwan Noh ) 한국환경생태학회 2012 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구는 2010년 세계문화유산 잠정목록에 등록된 국가사적 제57호 남한산성을 대상으로 과거 문헌자료와 현장조사를 통해 식생구조 변화를 밝히고 역사·문화적 가치가 높은 남한산성의 식생복원을 위한 관리방안을 수립하고자 실시하였다. 남한산성 식생의 비오톱 분석 결과 대상지 면적 2,611,823㎡중 참나무류림이 40.8%이었고, 천이 가능성이 높은 소나무림이 16.5%로 청량산 일원과 서문에서 북문 일원, 남문에서 청량산 사이의 산 능선에 분포하고 있었다. 천이 가능성이 낮은 소나무림은 4.7%로 남한산초등학교 뒤 산림에 주로 분포하고 있었고, 천이가 진행중인 소나무림은 2.9%, 도태중인 소나무림은 2.1%였다. 19년간 식생구조 변화 분석 결과 소나무림→소나무 및 참나무류 혼효림→참나 무류림→서어나무림으로 천이가 예측되었고, 시간이 경과함에 따라 참나무류의 세력이 확대되었다. 남한산성 소나무림의 식생 관리방안은 식생구조 특성을 고려하여 관리권역을 구분하였고, 관리권역은 소나무림 경관유지지역 553,508㎡, 소나무림 경관복원지역 114,293㎡, 적극적 관리지역 205,306㎡, 자연천이 유도지역 1,169,973㎡이었다. This study, targeting Namhan Mountain Fortress which was designated as a No. 57 national historic site and placed on the World Heritage Tentative List in 2010, was intended to identify the change of vegetation structures by reviewing past references, pictures, research data and additionally conducting a site survey. Also, it was designed to draw up measures for restoring vegetation suitable for historically and culturally valuable Namhan Mountain Fortress. According to the biotope mapping of study site, Quercus spp. forest distributed a greatest part of area with 40.8% of 2,611,823 . Pinus densiflora forest, highly likely to go through ecological succession, was dispersed in the whole region of Cheongryangsan, the area from West Gate to North Gate and the ranges between South Gate to Cheongryangsan with taking 16.5%. Pinus densiflora forest with a low probability of succession amounted to 4.7% and was dispersed mainly in the forest behind Namhansan elementary school. Pinus densiflora going on the ecological succession is distributed a portion of 2.9%. And the currently dying out Pinus densiflora forest amounted to 2.1%. As a result of analysis of the vegetation structure for 19 years, the succession from Pinus densiflora forest to Pinus densiflora and succession from Quercus spp. mixed forest to Quercus spp. forest to Carpinus laxiflora forest were predicted. Additionally, Quercus spp. expanded its dominance over time. According to the characteristics of each classified zone, the site was categorized into 553,508m² area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the landscape maintenance, 114,293 area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the landscape restoration, 205,306m² area of Pinus densiflora forest area for the disclimax, and 1,169,973m² area of Pinus densiflora forest area for inducing ecological succession.

덕유산 일대 천연림의 산림형 분류와 천이경향

황광모 ( Kwang Mo Hwang ),정상훈 ( Sang Hoon Chung ),김지홍 ( Ji Hong Kim ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.2

덕유산 백암봉 일대의 천연림을 대상으로 산림형을 구분하고, 각 산림형별 생태적 특성을 파악하여 천이경향을 제시하였다. 사분각법을 이용하여 225개의 표본점에서 식생자료를 수집하였으며, 다양한 다변량 통계분석(Cluster 분석, 지표종분석, 다중판별분석 등)을 실시하여 산림형을 구분하였다. 그 결과, 연구대상지는 5개의 산림형으로 분 류되었고, 상층의 우점비율 및 입지환경에 따라 능선부에서는 신갈나무림, 계곡부에서는 들메나무-물푸레나무-층층나 무림과 들메나무림, 사면하부에서는 졸참나무-소나무-신갈나무림, 소나무림 등이 분포하여 입지조건에 따라 수종구성 차이가 뚜렷한 것으로 나타났다. 산림유형별 생태적, 환경적 특성을 근거로 천이경향을 추정한 결과, 현재의 산림형은 신갈나무림, 들메나무림, 중생혼합림, 참나무-서어나무림 등으로 천이가 진행될 것으로 예상되었다. This study was carried out to classify the current forest cover types and to propose the successional trends in the natural forest of Mt. Deogyu. The vegetation data were collected by the point-centered quarter method. The forest cover types were classified by various multivariate statistical analysis methods such as cluster analysis, indicator species analysis and multiple discriminant analysis. This forests were classified into five forest types by the species composition of upper layer and topographic positions: Quercus mongolica forest in the ridge, Fraxinus mandushurica-F. rhynchophylla-Cornus controversa forest and F. mandushurica forest in the valley, the Q. serrata - Pinus densiflora - Q. mongolica forest and P. densiflora forest in the low-slope. As a result of the forest successional trends depending on ecological and environmental characteristics in each forest type, the current forest types were expected that the forest succession would be proceeded toward Q. mongolica forest, F. mandshurica forest, mixed mesophytic forest, and oak-Carpinus laxiflora forest.

시계열 국가산림자원조사 자료 기반 자연적 임분동태 변화에 따른 소나무림의 감소 특성 평가

김은숙,정종빈,박신영 한국산림과학회 2024 한국산림과학회지 Vol.113 No.1

Pine forests are continuously declining due to competition with broadleaf trees, such as oaks, as a consequence of changes in the natural dynamics of forest ecosystem. This natural decline creates a risk of losing the various benefits pine trees have provided to people in the past. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare future forest management directions by considering the state of pine tree decline in each region. The goal of this study is to understand the characteristics of pine forest changes according to forest dynamics and to predict future regional changes. For this purpose, we evaluated the trend of change in pine forests and extracted various variables(topography, forest stand type, disturbance, and climate) that affect the change, using time-series National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. Also, using selected key variables, a model was developed to predict future changes in pine forests. As a results, it showed that the importance of pine trees in forests across the country has decreased overall over the past 10 years. Also, 75% of the sample points representing pine trees remained unchanged, while the remaining 25% had changed to mixed forests. It was found that these changes mainly occurred in areas with good moisture conditions or disturbance factors inside and outside the forest. In the next 10 years, approximately 14.2% of current pine forests was predicted to convert to mixed forests due to changes in natural forest dynamics. Regionally, the rate of pine forest change was highest in Jeju(42.8%) and Gyeonggi(26.9%) and lowest in Gyeongbuk(8.8%) and Gangwon(13.8%). It was predicted that pine forests would be at a high risk of decline in western areas of the Korean Peninsula, including Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeonnam. This results can be used to make a management plan for pine forests throughout the country. 소나무림 산림생태계의 자연적 임분 동태 변화 과정에 따라 참나무류 등 활엽수와의 경쟁에 밀려 분포 면적이 지속적으로감소하고 있다. 소나무림의 자연적 쇠퇴가 가시화되면서 소나무가 우리 국민들에게 제공해왔던 다양한 가치들이 함께 소멸될위험에 처해 있으며, 지역별 소나무 쇠퇴 진행 상황에 따라 미래 산림관리 방향을 마련하는 것이 중요한 과제로 제기되고있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 자연적 임분 동태 변화에 따른 소나무림 변화 특성을 이해하고, 미래 소나무림의 지역별 변화를전망하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해, 시계열 국가산림자원조사 자료 기반 전국 소나무림 변화 정보를 이용하여 소나무림의 변화 경향을 분석하고 변화에 영향을 줄 수 있는 변수(지형, 임분, 교란, 기후)들을 평가하였다. 또한 유효변수들을 이용하여모형을 구축하고 미래의 소나무림의 미래 변화 모습을 예측했다. 그 결과, 과거 10년 동안 전국 산림에서 소나무류의 중요치는전반적으로 감소하였으며 소나무류가 대표수종인 표본점이 10년 후에도 대표수종이 유지된 비율은 75%, 나머지 25%는 혼효림으로 전환된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 변화는 수분 조건이 좋으며 임분 내ㆍ외부의 교란 요인이 많은 지역에서 발생한 것으로분석되었다. 향후 10년 후의 소나무림 변화를 전망한 결과, 전국적으로 현재 기준 소나무림 순림의 약 14.2%가 자연적인임분 동태 변화에 따라 혼효림으로 전환될 가능성이 높을 것으로 추정되었다. 지역적으로 보면 소나무림 변화율은 제주와경기가 42.8%, 26.9%로 가장 높았고 경북과 강원이 8.8%, 13.8%로 가장 낮았다. 경기, 충청, 전남 지역 등 한반도 서쪽지역에 있는 소나무림의 감소 위험이 높을 것으로 예측되었다. 본 연구에서 제시한 자연적 임분동태 변화에 따른 소나무림변화 민감도 평가 결과는 전국 소나무림의 종합적 관리 방안을 마련하는데 활용할 수 있다.

지리산 서부권역 천연림의 산림피복형별 생태적 해석 및 종다양성과 지형조건 특성에 근거한 천이경향 추정

정상훈 ( Sang Hoon Chung ),황광모 ( Kwang Mo Hwang ),김지홍 ( Ji Hong Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.4

The purpose of this study was to interpret ecological characteristics and to estimate successional trendfor seven classified forest cover types (Quercus mongolica pure forest, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata forest, Mixedmesophytic forest, Abies koreana-Q. mongolica forest, Fraxinus mandshurica forest, Q. serrata forest, andCarpinus laxiflora forest) in the natural forest of Western Jirisan. Q. mongolica pure forest and A. koreana-Q. mongolica forest which were distributed in a high-altitude ridge had the lowest species diversity index. On theother hand, mixed mesophytic forest and F. mandshurica forest which were mainly distributed in the valley hadhigher index. Based on characteristics of species diversity and topographic conditions, successional trends forforest cover types were estimated as follows; 1) Q. mongolica pure forest and A. koreana-Q. mongolica forestwould be changed toward Q. mongolica-A. koreana forest. 2) Q. mongolica-Q. serrata forest, distributed betweenridge and mid-slope, would be changed toward Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora-C. cordata forest. 3) Q. serrata forest,distributed in mid-slope, would be changed toward Q. serrata-Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora forest. 4) Mixed mesophyticforest, F. mandshurica forest and C. laxiflora forest, distributed in valley, would maintain the current conditionin terms of species composition.

私有林 所有主의 經營意識에 關한 動向 分析 : with Emphasis on the Chungju Region 忠州地域을 中心으로

鄭玧洙,鄭東俊 건국대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 建國自然科學硏究誌 Vol.10 No.2

In Korea, which the accumulation rate of forestry resources is relatively low, as a part of building up alternative plans of reform measure, this studies are performed to grope for more reasonable forestry plans by grasping forest management consciousness from the owners of a private forest in Chungju region sampled by a random sampling. The successional forest owners are 91.3%, however, the non-successional forest owners are 8.7%. This phenomenon is connected with the passive management of a private forest. The purpose of forest possession by 68% of total forest owners is for burial. The counterplot is urgently called upon accumulating forestry resources and making the ornamental forest. The successional forest owners prefer to plant fruit trees(38.7%), long term trees(37.6%), and trees for special use(11.3%). However, the non-successional forest owners prefer trees for special use(36.1%) and short-course trees in preferences of species of trees. Now the most forest owners have problems. such as lack of funds, or the shortage of hands and the technical knowledge on forest management. Because of this, the systematic forest management can not be substituted. To activate the various functions of forestry and create beautiful scenary, it is judged that a nation-wide promotion campaign of a private forest must be positively developed.

원주시 도심 거점산림과 잔존산림의 식생구조 비교 연구

조우 ( Woo Cho ),한봉호 ( Bong Ho Han ),최진우 ( Jin Woo Choi ),노태환 ( Tai Hwan Noh ) 한국환경생태학회 2011 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.25 No.5

본 연구는 원주시 도심지에 위치한 도심외부 거점산림인 봉화산과 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림인 학성공원, 일산공원, 무실공원을 조사분석하여 식생구조 특성을 비교하였다. 원주시 도시림 현존식생은 도심외부 거점산림은 신갈나무림과 아까시나무림이, 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림은 상수리나무림과 아까시나무림이 넓게 분포하였고 두 지역 모두 숲가꾸기 일환으로 숲관리가 이루어지고 있었다. DCA에 의하여 분류된 군집의 상대우점치와 흉고직경급별 분포 분석결과 추정되는 천이경향은 소나무군집으로 유지되는 군집(군집 B), 참나무류군집으로 유지되는 군집(군집 A, D, d), 외래식생군집으로 유지되는 군집(군집 C, E, F, e, f, g)으로 구분되었다. 도심외부 거점산림과 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림 모두 생태적 천이가 중단된 상태이었다. 하지만 외래식생군집으로 유지되는 군집의 생태적 천이 잠재성은 아교목층과 관목층에 출현하는 참나무류의 상대우점치와 흉고직경급별 분포 분석 결과 도심외부 거점산림이 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림보다 높은 것으로 판단되었다. 종수 및 개체수와 종다양도 분석결과는 숲가꾸기 사업 시행에 따른 아교목층과 관목층의 감소, 시행 후 시간의 흐름에 따라 천이 초기 수종이 다양하게 출현하였다. 자연림과 인공림 간 종다양도 비교는 도심외부 거점산림과 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림 모두 간벌, 하예작업 등에 의한 인위적 교란의 영향으로 뚜렷한 경향이 나타나지 않았다. 유사도지수는 도심외부 거점산림 6개 군집은 17.76~52.22%이었고 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림 4개 군집은 13.34~37.01%로 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림 간의 유사도지수가 낮았다. 귀화식물 중 서양등골나물과 미국자리공은 도심내부 단절된 잔존산림에서 더 많이 출현하였다. This study analyzed and compared characteristic of vegetation structure in Bonghwa mountain, the base Mt. outside urban area, and Hakseoung neighborhood park, Ilsan neighborhood park and Musil neighborhood park, disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area of Wonju. Regarding vegetation of urban forest in Wonju, Quercus mongolica forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia forest were widely distributed in the base Mt. outside urban area. Quercus acutissima forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia forest were widely distributed in the disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. Forests in both areas were managed as part of forest management campaign. Analysis on importance value of a community classified by DCA and DBH class categorized communities into three groups according to the expected ecological succession. Community B was the one to be maintained as Pinus densiflora community. Community A, D and d were expected to be maintained as Quercus spp. Community. Community C, E, F, e, f and g were classified as exotic plant community. Ecological succession was suspended in both base Mt. outside urban area and disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. However, importance value of Quercus spp. which appeared in the understory layer and shrub layer and their DBH class showed that the potential for ecological succession of exotic plant community was higher in base Mt. outside urban area than disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area. According to the analysis on number of species and individuals and species diversity, understory and shrub layer were reduced due to Forest Management campaign and plant species which appear at an earlier stage of succession varied as time went by since the campaign began. Species diversity comparison between natural and artificial forest showed no clear difference in both base Mt. outside urban area and disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area due to man-made disruption such as thinning and brush cutting. Six communities in base Mt. outside urban area had 17.76~52.22% of similarity index. Four communities in disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area showed 13.34~37.01% of similarity index, which was lower than base Mt. outside urban area. Among naturalized plants, Tupatorium rugosum and Phytolacca americana appeared more in disconnected residual Mt. inside urban area.

한반도 도서지역의 난온대림 식생유형 특징 및 복원전략

강현미,강지우,성찬용,박석곤 한국환경생태학회 2022 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.36 No.5

In this study, we revealed the location environment and community structural characteristics after extensively investigating Korea's warm-temperate island areas and categorizing vegetation through TWINSPAN analysis. Based on it, this study aims to suggest the direction of the vegetation restoration plan for warm-temperate forests by deriving a restoration strategy for each vegetation type. The vegetation types were clearly divided into eight types, and communities I through IV were good evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by Machilus thunbergii and Castanopsis sieboldii. On the other hand, communities V through VIII were Pinus thunbergii forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, and artificial forest, and retrogressive succession vegetation in the warm-temperate areas. The environmental factors derived from the DCA analysis were altitude (average temperature of the coldest month) and distance from the coastline (salt tolerance). The distribution pattern of warm-temperate forests has been categorized into M. thunbergii, C. sieboldii and Cyclobalanopsis spp. forest types according to the two environmental factors. It is reasonable to apply the three vegetation types as restoration target vegetation considering the location environment of the restoration target site. In communities V through VIII, P. thunbergiiand deciduous broad-leaved formed a canopy layer, and evergreen broad-leaved species with strong seed expansion frequently appeared in the ground layer, raising the possibility of vegetation succession as evergreen broad-leaved forests. The devastated land where forests have disappeared in the island areas is narrow, but vegetation such as P. thunbergii and deciduous broad-leaved forests, which have become a retrogressive succession, forms a large area. The restoration strategy of renewing this area into evergreen, broad-leaved forests should be more effective in realizing carbon neutrality and promoting biodiversity. 우리나라 난온대 도서지역을 광범위하게 조사해 TWINSPAN분석을 통해 식생을 유형화한 후에 유형별 입지환경과 군집구조 특성을 밝혔다. 이를 바탕으로 식생유형별 복원전략을 도출하여 난온대림 복원계획의 방향성을 제시하고자 했다. 식생유형은 명료하게 8개로 나뉘었는데 군락Ⅰ∼Ⅳ는 후박나무, 구실잣밤나무 등이 우점한 양호한 상록활엽수림 이었다. 반면, 군락Ⅴ∼Ⅷ은 곰솔림과 낙엽활엽수림, 인공조림지로 난온대 지역의 퇴행천이 식생이었다. DCA분석 결과로 도출된 환경요인은 해발고(최한월 평균기온)와 해안선에서 거리(내염성)였다. 2가지 환경요인에 따라 후박나무 림, 구실잣밤나무림, 가시나무류림 유형으로 난온대림 분포패턴이 명료해졌다. 3가지 식생유형을 복원대상지의 입지환 경을 고려해 복원목표 식생으로 적용하는 것이 합리적이다. 군락Ⅴ∼Ⅷ에는 곰솔, 낙엽활엽수 등이 수관층을 형성했는 데 종자 확장력이 강한 상록활엽수종이 하층에 빈번하게 출현해, 상록활엽수림으로 식생천이 가능성이 컸다. 도서지역 에 산림이 사라진 황폐지는 협소하지만, 곰솔림과 낙엽활엽수림 등의 퇴행천이된 식생이 대면적을 이룬다. 이곳을 상록활엽수림으로 갱신하는 복원전략이 탄소중립 실현과 생물다양성 증진 측면에서 효과성이 더 클 수 있다.

Simulation of Forest Succession in Kwangnung Experimental Forest with Gap Model

Han, You-Young,Park, Seung-Tai,Kim, Joon-Ho,Lee, Chang-Seok The Ecological Society of Korea 1996 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.19 No.6

Forest stand development in Kwangnung Experimental Forest, Korea, was simulated with a forest succession gap model of the JABOWA/FORET type, in order to predict climax species and characterime the trend of community structure along the succession. The model runs for a period or 1, 000 yr and is based on the averaged successional characteristics of 50 forest plote with an individual size or 1/12 ha gap consisted of the 15 major tree species. The total bimass and leafarea index have arrived at a steady state since about 200 yr and these values are smaller than that or field survey. Carpinus cordata, C. laxiflora, Quercus mongolica and Q. serrata were epected to be climax species that represent about 86% or total biomass in later stage and these results coincided with the previous succession studies from field survey in the area.