피트니스 클럽의 사회학

남상우 한국스포츠사회학회 2018 한국스포츠사회학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Exploring the cultural context and structural nature of a fitness club is important in understanding an individual's body and the living experience as a social component associated with it. The problem is that the proper theoretical explanations and research landscape of fitness clubs have not been constructed. The study critically reviewed the various studies related to the fitness club, describing the sociological research territories that have been established, and explaining the social theories and concepts applied to the studies. As a result, the author identified six dimensions of views on fitness clubs: (1) spatial aspects, (2) consumption culture, (3)globalization, (4) capital building, (5) gender dynamics (6) identity formation. The fitness club functions as an independent variable that affects an actor's behavior and thinking, but it also functions as a dependent variable whose structure and function changes with social and cultural changes. In addition, within the consumer culture, the fitness club is represented as a marketplace where buying and selling of commercialized fitness is taking place. Moreover, although the fitness club has global homogeneity forces in it, it shows variations in its local context. At the fitness club, different types of capital were produced, symbolic values were exercised, unintended gender division was activated, and the existing gender norms were strengthened. Finally, the fitness club served as a space to create voluntary and active working subjects suited in the neoliberal era. 피트니스 클럽에 배태된 문화적 맥락과 구조적 속성을 탐색하는 것은 한 개인의 몸과, 그것과 연계된 사회적 구성체로서의 살아있는 경험을 이해하는데 있어 중요한 작업이다. 문제는 이렇게 중요한 공간으로서의 피트니스 클럽에 대한 제대로 된 이론적 설명과 연구지형이 지금껏 체계화되지 못했다는 사실이다. 이에 이 연구는 피트니스 클럽과 관련한 다양한 연구물을 비판적으로 검토하면서 지금까지 구축되어 온 피트니스 클럽의 연구지형을 구축하고, 각 연구에 적용된 사회이론과 개념을 소개 및 설명하였다. 그 결과 본 연구는 지금껏 피트니스 클럽을 다루고 해석해 왔던 관점이 크게 여섯 가지 차원 ― (1) 공간성, (2) 소비문화, (3) 세계화, (4) 자본, (5) 젠더, (6) 정체성 ― 으로 구분될 수 있음을 밝혀내었다. 공간성에 따르면, 피트니스 클럽은 행위자의 행위와 사고에 영향을 미치는 독립변수로서 기능하기도 하지만, 사회문화적 변화에 따라 그 구조와 기능이 변화하는 종속변수로서도 기능한다. 또한 소비문화 내에서 피트니스 클럽은 상품화된 피트니스의 구매 행위가 적극적으로 벌어지는 장터로 재현되며, 세계화의 관점에선 전 지구적으로 동질화하는 속성에도 불구, 지역에서 특이한 변주가 이루어지기도 한다. 덧붙여, 피트니스 클럽에서는 다양한 유형의 자본이 생산되고 상징적 가치도 발휘되며, 의도하지 않았던 젠더 구획과 기존의 젠더 규범도 강화되었다. 마지막으로 피트니스 클럽은 신자유주의 시대 자발적이고 능동적으로 노동하는 주체를 만드는데 기여하는 공간으로 기능하고 있음을 선행연구는 밝히고 있다.

인문,사회과학편 : 휘트니스클럽 매니저의 서번트 리더십이 서비스지향성 및 서비스성과에 미치는 영향

조우정(WooJeongCho) 한국체육학회 2007 한국체육학회지 Vol.46 No.4

본 연구에서는 휘트니스클럽 매니저의 서번트 리더십이 고품질 서비스 창출에 효과적인 서비스문화라 할 수 있는 서비스지향성과 서비스성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 전국의 휘트니스클럽 매니저 400명을 대상으로 우편조사 설문방법을 통해 설문조사를 실시하였으며 총 258개의 유효설문지를 수집하여 다중회귀분석을 통해 연구가설을 검증하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 휘트니스클럽 매니저의 서번트 리더십 수준은 5점 Likert 척도에서 보통이다와 그렇다 중간에 위치한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 휘트니스클럽 매니저의 서번트 리더십은 조직의 서비스지향성에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 서번트 리더십 구성요소 중 과정지향 요인, 인간지향 요인, 과업지향 요인 그리고 개인특성 요인 등으로 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 휘트니스클럽매니저의 서번트 리더십은 휘트니스클럽의 서비스성과에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치고 있었는데 그 중에 과업지향 요인, 과정지향 요인 그리고 개인특성 요인 순으로 서비스성과에 영향을 미치고 있었다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of fitness clubs' managers servant leadership styles on organizational service orientation and service performance. In order to accomplish such purpose of study, a survey methodology was applied with a total of 400 fitness club managers and the servant leadership framework developed by Page & Wong(2004). Then, 258 usable questionnaires were collected through mail survey approach and the data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis at alpha level of .05. Accordingly, following findings were derived from this study. First, levels of servant leadership styles by fitness club managers ranged in the middle of 3 to 4 at 5 point Likert scale. Second, the servant leadership styles had significant effects on the organizational service orientation of fitness clubs and among 4 sub factors, processing orientation of servant leaders had highest unique relationship with service orientation. Finally, the servant leadership styles also had significant effects on service performance of fitness clubs and task orientation had highest unique relationship with service performance.

피트니스클럽 공간의 생산: 일상적 공간으로서 실천, 재현, 전유

장승현,이근모 한국스포츠사회학회 2014 한국스포츠사회학회지 Vol.27 No.1

This study aims to examine the production of space in fitness club of Korean society. In order to achieve such goal, nine research participants were selected; participation observation and in-depth interview were performed, and the results were derived with theoretical frame from production of space theory by Lefebvre. The results were as follows: first, spatial practice of fitness club is in place as a space of popularization and habituation; second, a representation of space of fitness club is in place in form of capitalistic commercialization strategy; and third, production of space is in place in fitness club as a space of representation. In more detail, fitness clubs’ popularization and routinization: spatial practice is the practice to make ‘a splendid body’ and check and maintain ‘health’ and also pour efforts not to get sick. Fitness clubs’ capitalistic commercialization strategies: reproduction of space is drawn as ‘space to secure health’, ‘space that can change life’, and ‘space of practice for the sophisticated lifestyle’. Fitness club space’s production: space of reproduction is drawn as ‘introspective space to build self-identity’ and ‘the resting place as a private zone’. In conclusion, Fitness club was the entire space under the control of capitalist cultural style as well as the culture product. On the other hand, It was definitely the space that overthrows existing concept and order and also the space where ‘production of space’ was certainly realized by some people showing creative behavior. 본 연구는 한국사회 피트니스클럽 공간의 생산을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 피트니스클럽과 9명의 연구참여자를 연구환경, 연구참여자로 정하고 참여관찰과 심층면담을 실시하였으며, 르페브르의 공간생산이론을 이론적 틀로 결과를 도출하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 피트니스클럽은 대중화와 일상화의 공간으로 공간적 실천이 이루어지고 있었으며, 둘째, 피트니스클럽의 자본주의적 상품화 전략의 형태를 통해 공간의 재현이 이루어지고 있었다, 셋째, 피트니스클럽은 재현의 공간으로서 공간의 생산이 이루어지고 있었다. 보다 자세히 말해, ‘멋진 몸’을 만들고, ‘건강’을 확인유지하며, 질병을 멀리하기 위해 노력하는 공간적 실천을 확인할 수 있었으며, ‘건강이 담보되는 공간’, ‘삶을 변화시킬 수 있는 공간’, ‘세련된 라이프스타일의 실천 공간’의 공간의 재현을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 ‘사적영역으로서 휴식처’, ‘자아 정체성 형성을 위한 성찰적 공간’의 재현의 공간을 확인할 수 있었다. 결국, 피트니스클럽은 전적으로 자본주의적 문화양식에 지배를 받는 공간이자 그러한 문화의 산물이었지만 기존의 개념과 질서를 전복시키고 창조적 행위를 보이는 일부사람들에 의해 분명 ‘공간의 생산’이 이루어지고 있었던 것이다.

건강과 체력 증진을 위한 학교스포츠클럽 문제점 및 활성화 방안

이상진,김옥환,장완석,이원배,김대광 한국체육정책학회 2011 한국체육정책학회지 Vol.9 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of high school P.E. teachers and students on school sport clubs and the operating state of the clubs, to seek ways of revitalizing school sport clubs, and ultimately to step up the promotion of the health and physical fitness of students. The subjects in this study were 100 P.E. teachers and 539 students in high schools located in Gyeonggi Province. After a survey was conducted by using the questionnaire method, and the statistical package SPSS WIN 17.0 was employed to make a frequency analysis of the collected data to obtain statistical data on percentage. The findings of the study were as follows:First, it's required to spread awareness of school sport clubs among students to encourage their participation, and publicity efforts should be made from various angles. Second, a wide variety of sport club programs should be prepared, and diverse incentives should be provided to boost the participation of students. Third, professional personnels who can be responsible for school sport clubs should be fostered, and more training should be offered for teachers in charge of sport clubs to bolster their professionalism. Fourth, different sorts of sport competitions should be held, and a local league system should be introduced. Fifth, more P.E. facilities should be installed, and schools should open their P.E. facilities to one another so that they could take advantage of each other's facilities. Besides, the government should offer a full-fledged financial assistance. Sixth, how to reinforce school sport clubs in collaboration with local sport clubs should be considered. For instance, local sport facilities should be accessible, and local human resources available should be utilized. Seventh, aggressive P.R. activities should be carried out to change the way parents look at school sport clubs. In order to ensure the revitalization and development of school sport clubs, authentic and prolonged research efforts should be made to secure a variety of good P.E. facilities, to facilitate the development and spread of quality programs, to foster teachers eligible for being in charge of sport clubs, and how to back up and manage school sport clubs should be studied as well.

Relationships between participatory decision making and organizational effectiveness in fitness clubs

( Woojeong Cho ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Many studies have shown that participatory decision making (PDM) is an essential factor to better organizational performance (Robbins, 1994; Ramsdell, 2000; Parnell & Crandall, 2001). However, little has been known about PDM for sport organizations. Therefore, this study was initiated to examine relationships between PDM and organizational effectiveness in fitness clubs and provide implications for effective organizational management that can be used in fitness clubs. Method: This study utilized a survey method with a total of 400 employees from public and commercial fitness clubs located in DMC. A questionnaire included factors such as demographics, PDM (Kahnweiler & Thompson, 2000) and organizational effectiveness. The PDM has three sub factors including actual participation, expected participation and job control. The organizational effectiveness in this study was measured by using two different constructs such as job performance (Kadushin, 1992) and job satisfaction (Kang, 2010). All the instruments were validated through exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS 20 by descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression at a significance level of a=.05. Result: The findings of current study were as follows. First, among three sub factors the level of actual participation in the PDM had the highest mean score (M=3.41, SD=.70). Job performance had the mean score of 3.49(SD=.65), and job satisfaction had the mean score of 3.61(SD=.66). Second, the factor of actual participation had the highest correlation with job performance(r=.709, p=.000) and the factor of job control had the highest correlation with job satisfaction(r=.481, p=.000). Third, the PDM had a significant influence on job performance (R2=.515, F=119.023, p=.000) and among others the actual participation had a highest relationship with the dependent variable (ß=.454, p=.000). Finally, the PDM also had a significant influence on job satisfaction (R2=.291, p=.000) and the job control had a highest relationship with the dependent variable (ß=.290, p=.000). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that fitness employees’ ability to conduct PDM is essential to perform PDM in various decision making processes in fitness clubs. Especially, top managers and leaders need to create an organizational environment that helps promote PDM by clarifying the importance of PDM and establishing a participatory organizational structure. By doing so, fitness clubs can have more competitive advantages over competitors.

헬스클럽 회원의 이용 만족도에 따른 서비스 개선 방안

전익기,남민우,김종경,이재돈 한국체육과학회 2007 한국체육과학회지 Vol.16 No.1

The purpose of this study consists in preparing guidelines for future's effective management by analyzing use satisfaction measurement of small-sized fitness club membership and their demand of service improvement.For study object, 5 fitness clubs located in Suwon city, Gyeonggi-do were selected by convenience sampling, and 240 questionnaires were distributed to members of those five fitness clubs. Ultimately, except for 68 with insincere answer out of returned questionnaires, 172 questionnaires were used for the study. For the way of handling data, we conducted Independent sample of t-test, One-way ANOVA by using SPSS Version 12.0 statistical program for Window and used Scheffe for follow-up verification. Cronbach's α was used for reliability test. 10 questions(α=.893) on the facilities, a factor subordinate to fitness club satisfaction, 7 questions(α=.935) on leaders, 6 questions(α=.891) on program, and 4 questions(α=.893) on effectiveness relatively have high reliability. The study result is as follows;As a result, the study reveals that satisfying customers using fitness club has a great effect on revisiting a fitness club. A managing style differentiated from other health clubs will have to be pursued by developing programs customized to personal feature of fitness club membership and checking leader's quality and ability.

휘트니스클럽의 목표관리경영전략이 조직성과에 미치는 영향 - 환경불확실성의 조절효과를 중심으로

한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

<P>&nbsp;&nbsp;The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of management by objective(MBO) strategy on organizational performance in fitness clubs, focusing on mediating role of environmental uncertainty. In order to accomplish such study purpose, this study utilized a survey method with a total of 300 employees who worked for both commercial and public fitness clubs around Busan. A questionnaire consisted of MBO strategy(Woo &amp; Kim, 2008), environmental uncertainty(Jeong et al., 2007) and organizational performance(Park et al., 2010) items which were modified to reflect the study context and validated through content validity, reliability tests and exploratory factor analysis. The number of 282 usable questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression analysis.</P><P>&nbsp;&nbsp;The findings of this study were as follows. First, the MBO strategy had a significant effect on non financial organizational performance in fitness clubs. Significant factors included evaluating objectives, implementing objectives and setting objectives in order. In addition, the environmental uncertainty had a significant mediating role in the relationship between MBO strategy and non financial organizational performance. Second, the MBO strategy also had a significant effect on financial organizational performance in fitness clubs. Significant factors included setting objectives, implementing objectives and evaluating objectives in order. Moreover, the environmental uncertainty also had a significant mediating role in the relationship between MBO strategy and financial organizational performance.</P>

휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 관계마케팅전략이 고객만족 및 재구매의도에 미치는 영향

정병기(ByungKeeChung),최종필(JongPillChoi) 한국체육학회 2008 한국체육학회지 Vol.47 No.1

본 연구는 휘트니스클럽의 주요 시장으로 등장하고 있는 여성 휘트니스 소비자에 대한 마케팅 전략을 제공하는데 있어 휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 관계마케팅전략이 고객만족도 및 재구매의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서울에 위치하고 있는 6개 휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 설문조사를 통해 총 316부의 유효 설문지를 확보하여 다중회귀분석을 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 조사대상 휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 관계마케팅전략의 수준은 5점 Likert 척도에서 3점과 4점 사이에 위치하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 4개 관계마케팅 전략 중에서 구조적전략과 관계회복전략 요인이 여성 휘트니스 고객의 고객만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 셋째, 휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 관계마케팅전략 중에서 구조적전략과 관계회복전략이 여성 휘트니스 고객들의 재구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 본 연구에서는 실증적 분석을 통해 도출된 주요 요인을 중심으로 휘트니스클럽의 여성고객에 대한 관계마케팅 전략 수립을 위한 방안을 제시하고 있다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of relationship marketing strategies on customers' satisfaction and repurchase intention of female at fitness clubs. To accomplish it, this study utilized a survey methodology with a total of 316 usable questionnaire from 6 fitness clubs in Seoul, and the collected data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis at the significance level of .05. Accordingly, following findings were derived from this study. First, the mean scores for levels of relationship marketing strategies, which consisted of 4 factors, ranged 3 to 4 point at 5 point Likert scale of the questionnaire. Second, among 4 factors of relationship marketing strategies, system strategy and relationship recovery strategy had unique relationships with customers' satisfaction. Third, relationship marketing strategies had also significant effects on repurchase intention of female at fitness clubs, and both system and relationship recovery strategies had unique relationship with repurchase intention of female customers.

휘트니스클럽의 목표관리경영전략이 조직성과에 미치는 영향

조우정(Cho, Woo-Jeong) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of management by objective(MBO) strategy on organizational performance in fitness clubs, focusing on mediating role of environmental uncertainty. In order to accomplish such study purpose, this study utilized a survey method with a total of 300 employees who worked for both commercial and public fitness clubs around Busan. A questionnaire consisted of MBO strategy(Woo & Kim, 2008), environmental uncertainty(Jeong et al., 2007) and organizational performance(Park et al., 2010) items which were modified to reflect the study context and validated through content validity, reliability tests and exploratory factor analysis. The number of 282 usable questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS through frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The findings of this study were as follows. First, the MBO strategy had a significant effect on non financial organizational performance in fitness clubs. Significant factors included evaluating objectives, implementing objectives and setting objectives in order. In addition, the environmental uncertainty had a significant mediating role in the relationship between MBO strategy and non financial organizational performance. Second, the MBO strategy also had a significant effect on financial organizational performance in fitness clubs. Significant factors included setting objectives, implementing objectives and evaluating objectives in order. Moreover, the environmental uncertainty also had a significant mediating role in the relationship between MBO strategy and financial organizational performance.

피트니스클럽의 법적 위기관리에 대한 탐색적 연구

조우정(Cho, Woo-Jeong),이경민(Lee, Kyong-Min) 한국사회체육학회 2015 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.62

The purpose of this was to analyze the probability of legal risk factors, conditions of risk management capability and hindering factors of risk management in fitness clubs. In order to accomplish such a study purpose, this study employed a survey methodology with a total of 300 employees from both public and private fitness clubs located in Busan Metropolitan City. The questionnaires developed on previous studies were validated through exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency test. With valid 237 questionnaires, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, independent t-test and multiple regression analysis. Accordingly, followings were derived from current study. First, factors such as disabled persons’ facility usage, facility maintenance, inappropriate equipment usage and employees’ income and wellbeing had the high probability. Second, private fitness clubs had higher probability levels of legal risk factors including facility, employee and management than public ones. In contrast, public fitness clubs had a higher level of risk management condition. Third, for both public and private fitness clubs, the probability and hindering factors had negative effects on management performance but the condition factor of risk management capability had a positive effect on management performance. In conclusion, findings suggested fundamental information that helps develop risk management strategies for legal issues occurring in fitness clubs.