The Effect of Biodiesel Oxidation Deterioration on Emission

송호영(Song, Hoyoung),이민호(Lee, Minho),김기호(Kim, Kiho),정충섭(Jung, Choongsub) 한국신재생에너지학회 2011 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.05

Biodiesel and biodiesel blend fuel are receiving increasing attention as alternative fuels for diesel engines without substantial modifications. Biodiesel fuels and blending have been widely studied and applied in diesel engine because of biodiesel's lower sulfur, lower aromatic hydrocarbon and higher oxygen content. Biodiesels have the potential to be oxidized in different condition. It has reported that oxidation deterioration of biodiesel is different in the condition of storage and oxidation causes chemical property change of methyl esters. Sunlight intensity, temperature, material of container and contact surface with oxygen are key dominant factors accelerating oxidation deterioration. In this study, we chose temperature among key oxidation conditions and metal container filled with biodiesel was heated at about 110?C for 10 days in order to accelerate oxidation deterioration. To better understand the effect of biodiesel blends on emission, steady state tests were conducted on a heavy duty diesel engine. The engine was fueled with Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel(ULSD), a blend of 10% and 20%(BD10, BD20) on volumetric basis, equipped with a common rail direct injection system and turbocharger, lives up to the requirements of EURO 3. The experimental results show that the blend fuel of normal biodiesel with BD10 and BD20 increased NOx. The result of PM was similar to diesel fuel on BD10, but the result of PM on BD20 was increased about 63% more than its of diesel. The blend fuel of Oxidation biodiesel with BD10 and BD20 increased NOx as the results of normal biodiesel. But PM was all increased on BD10 and BD20. Especially THC was extremely increased when test fuel contains biodiesel about 140% more than its of diesel. Through this study, we knew that oxidation deterioration of biodiesel affects emission of diesel engine.

Influence of engine operating conditions on effect of ethanol combined with biodiesel in ternary blends on combustion behavior in a compression ignition engine

Manida Tongroon,Yanuandri Putrasari,Sakda Thongchai 대한기계학회 2023 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.37 No.1

The effect was investigated of ethanol together with biodiesel in tri-blend fuels on the combustion characteristics of a compression ignition engine. In addition, the sole influences of ethanol and biodiesel were clarified and the operating conditions (engine speed and load) were evaluated for their contributions to the effects of ethanol and biodiesel. Because this research aimed to bridge the gap between research and implementation, the biodiesel concentration in commercial fuel currently available was the first criterion for the blend ratio. Therefore, amounts of 3, 7, or 10 % biodiesel in the biodiesel-diesel blends (B3, B7, and B10) were mixed with ethanol. Phase stability was the second factor used to determine the suitable ethanol concentration in the tri-blend. Additionally, the ratios of each blend were compared regarding the effect of ethanol and biodiesel alone, as well as their combination. Finally, four different ratios of ethanol and biodiesel—B7, 5 % ethanol in B3 (B3E5) and in B7 (B7E5), and 10 % ethanol in B10 (B10E10)—were investigated in a four-cylinder commercial diesel engine with varying engine speeds and loads. The results showed that ethanol significantly retarded the start of combustion, while the ignition was noticeably advanced by biodiesel. The high cetane value of biodiesel was the primary factor to accelerate the chemical reaction, while the high heat of vaporization of ethanol was the main contributor to decelerating the physical phenomena during the auto-ignition process. Therefore, adding biodiesel as the emulsifier in an ethanol-diesel emulsion could compensate for the delayed ignition due to the properties of ethanol. As a result, the combustion levels of B7E5 and B7 were similar at low engine speeds. The ignition delay of B10E10 was the same as for B3E5 but later than for B7. The effects of ethanol and biodiesel were promoted by the operating conditions. An increase in the engine speed intensified the effect of ethanol on the ignition delay. Even a small amount of ethanol in the blend delayed combustion substantially. Furthermore, the engine speed strengthened the influence of the engine load. For the high load condition, puffing (the micro-explosion resulting from the emulsion blend) seemed to occur and to accelerate the combustion of the ethanol blend. Due to slight changes in the combustion behavior for all operating conditions, B7E5 was considered a highly promising fuel based on this study.

The Biodiesel Production with Food Waste and Sewage Sludge

( Minah Oh ),( Jai-young Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 ISSE 초록집 Vol.2019 No.-

The purpose of this study is to produce biodiesel using food waste and sewage sludge. The produced biodiesel is evaluated for its availability and sustainability as the fuel. The yield of biodiesel can be determined by the lipid and content of the total glycerides within the raw materials. An experiment was conducted to derive the optimum mixing ratio between food waste and sewage slud ge to obtain the maximum content of biodiesel. The optimum mixing ratio was selected to 50% of food waste and 50% of sewage sludge as mass content with dry basis. The catalyst condition for the highest yield of fatty acid methyl ester in biodiesel was 2% sulfuric acid under 60℃ during 8 hours. In addition, the optimum condition for extraction solvent was determined 60% of metha nol with 40% of n-hexane, and the ratio of solvent to sample(the lipid from food waste and sewage sludge) was selected 15:1 (v: v). The yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in produced biodiesel was analyzed 95.46% under the optimum condition. There are 2 kinds of method to produce biodiesel; 2-step method is performed lipid extraction and methylation separately, while 1-step method is performed simultaneously. Biodiesel produced in both methods had the major components with palmitic acid (C16:1) a nd oleic acid (C18:1n9c). However, the yield of FAME in biodiesel produced 2-step method was higher than 1-step method. Mor eover, the biodiesel produced in the 2-step method met most fuel quality criteria. Thus, it is appropriate to use the 2-step method t o produce biodiesel, which is high purity and can be used as fuel.

Performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel-blend in diesel engine: A review

Yogesh PALANI,Chandramohan DEVARAJAN,Dhanashekar MANICKAM,Sathish THANIKODI 대한환경공학회 2022 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.27 No.1

Many researchers delve for an alternative fuel to overcome the fossil fuel crisis. Developed countries have embarked focus on renewable energy like wind energy, geothermal, biofuel, ocean energy and solar energy. Biodiesel is considered to be one of the most felicitous one kinds of renewable energy with similar properties of diesel fuel. Biodiesel is gaining prominence due to the global fossil fuel crisis and emission control challenges. Biodiesel blends are formulated in numerous proportion with diesel to run the diesel engine and it has significantly reduced the harmful pollutants from contaminating the environment. This review paper summarizes the outcome of biodiesel blends on properties, performance and emission-quality of a diesel engine under different operating conditions. Results from the literature provide a comparative data between conventional diesel and diesel-biodiesel blend which indicates that the diesel-biodiesel blend provides shorter ignition delay and lesser heat release rate as well as slightly higher efficiency. The emissions like CO, HC and particulate matter are reduced while choosing biodiesel blends. Biodiesel blend with additives such as alcohol can be the appropriate solution for the fuel crisis. Finally, the review concludes the advantages and future scope of biodiesel as a better competent for diesel fuel.

바이오디젤 윤활성 향상 메커니즘

임영관(Young-Kwan Lim),이재민(Jae-Min Lee),김종렬(Jong-Ryeol Kim),하종한(Jong-Han Ha) 한국트라이볼로지학회 2016 한국윤활학회지(윤활학회지) Vol.32 No.3

As an alternative fuel, biodiesel has excellent lubricating property. Previously, our research group reported that the properties of biodiesels depended on their composed molecular structure. In this study, we investigate lubricity and the mechanism of lubricity improvement of synthesized biodiesel molecules. We synthesize four types of biodiesel components from fatty acid via fisher esterification and soybean biodiesel from soybean oil via transesterification in high yield (92-96%). We analyze the lubricity of the five 5 types of biodiesel using HFRR (high frequency reciprocating rig). We estimate that the mechanism of lubricity is relevant to the molecular structure and structure conversion of biodiesel. The test results indicate that the longer the length of molecules and the higher the content of olefin, the better the lubricity of the biodiesel molecules. However, the wear scar size of the first test samples’ do not show a regular pattern with the wear scar size of the second test samples’. Moreover, we investigated the structure conversion of the biodiesels by using GC-MS for the recovered biodiesel samples from the HFRR test. However, we do not detect structure conversion. Thus, we conclude that the lubricity of biodiesel depends on how effectively solid adsorption and boundary lubrication occurs based on the size of the molecule and the content of olefin in the molecule. In addition, HFRR test condition in not sufficient for Diels-Alder cyclization of biodiesel components.

Experimental study on ignition characteristic of gasoline-biodiesel blended fuel in a constant-volume chamber

Dinh Nam Vu,임옥택 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.10

A detailed experimental study on gasoline biodiesel fuel (GB) blends was conducted to investigate its ignition and combustion characteristics under low-temperature range using an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). The fuel samples were four GB blends including GB20, GB40, GB60 and GB80 corresponding to 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, and 80 % volumetric biodiesel respectively, neat gasoline, and neat biodiesel. Fuel samples were injected into the CVCC to combust using a single-hole research-grade injector. Natural soot luminous images from the combustible flame were captured by a CMOS camera to determine the ignition delay and the flame lift-off length. The ignition delay was also obtained by analyzing pressure traces from a high-frequency piezoelectric pressure transducer. The results regarding the ignition process for the pressure-based and luminosity-based ignition delays showed that both approaches presented similar tendencies. However, the pressure-based ignition delay is always a little longer than the luminosity-based ignition delay. The difference between the two definitions of ignition delay tends to decrease with the longer ignition delay or the enhanced mixing, and vice versa. As lower 60 % biodiesel fractions, the increase of biodiesel significantly reduced ignition delay and produced a lower maximum peak of heat release rate. The combustion characteristic of blend with a higher 60 % biodiesel is almost similar to pure biodiesel. In general, lift-off length lengthens with an increase in biodiesel because of its high viscosity and high surface tension. However, for the 750 K case, the lift-off length decreases due to a rapidly reduced ignition delay with the increase in biodiesel fraction (less than 60 % biodiesel). Based on experimental data, the moderate biodiesel addition (less than 20 %) can improve the ability of coldengine starting, also solve engine misfire under low-load-condition operation due to its flammability while maintaining advantages of gasoline with great volatility and high ignition delay which significantly enhance the mixture formation process.

A Review on Spray Characteristics of Bioethanol and Its Blended Fuels in CI Engines

노수영 한국분무공학회 2014 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This review will be concentrated on the spray characteristics of bioethanol and its derived fuels such as ethanol-diesel, ethanol-biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. The difficulty in meeting the severe limitations on NOx and PM emissions in CI engines has brought about many methods for the application of ethanol because ethanol diffusion flames in engine produce virtually no soot. The most popular method for the application of ethanol as a fuel in CI engines is the blending of ethanol with diesel. The physical properties of ethanol and its derivatives related to spray characteristics such as viscosity, density and surface tension are discussed. Viscosity and density of e-diesel and e-biodiesel generally are decreased with increase in ethanol content and temperature. More than 22% and 30% of ethanol addition would not satisfied the requirement of viscosity and density in EN 590, respectively. Investigation of neat ethanol sprays in CI engines was conducted by very few researchers. The effect of ambient temperature on liquid phase penetration is a controversial topic due to the opposite result between two studies. More researches are required for the spray characteristics of neat ethanol in CI engines. The ethanol blended fuels in CI engines can be classified into ethanol-diesel blend (e-diesel) and ethanol-biodiesel (e-biodiesel) blend. Even though dodecanol and n-butanol are rarely used, the addition of biodiesel as blend stabilizer is the prevailing method because it has the advantage of increasing the biofuel concentration in diesel fuel. Spray penetration and SMD of e-diesel and e-biodiesel decrease with increase in ethanol concentration, and in ambient pressure. However, spray angle is increased with increase in the ethanol percentage in e-diesel. As the ambient pressure increases, liquid phase penetration was decreased, but spray angle was increased in e-diesel. The increase in ambient temperature showed the slight effect on liquid phase penetration, but spray angle was decreased. A numerical study of micro-explosion concluded that the optimum composition of e-diesel binary mixture for micro-explosion was approximately E50D50, while that of e-biodiesel binary mixture was E30B70 due to the lower volatility of biodiesel. Adding less volatile biodiesel into the ternary mixture of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel can remarkably enhance micro-explosion. Addition of ethanol up to 20% in e-biodiesel showed no effect on spray penetration. However, increase of nozzle orifice diameter results in increase of spray penetration. The more study on liquid phase penetration and SMD in e-diesel and e-biodiesel is required.

A Review on Spray Characteristics of Bioethanol and Its Blended Fuels in CI Engines

No, Soo-Young Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems 2014 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This review will be concentrated on the spray characteristics of bioethanol and its derived fuels such as ethanol-diesel, ethanol-biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. The difficulty in meeting the severe limitations on NOx and PM emissions in CI engines has brought about many methods for the application of ethanol because ethanol diffusion flames in engine produce virtually no soot. The most popular method for the application of ethanol as a fuel in CI engines is the blending of ethanol with diesel. The physical properties of ethanol and its derivatives related to spray characteristics such as viscosity, density and surface tension are discussed. Viscosity and density of e-diesel and e-biodiesel generally are decreased with increase in ethanol content and temperature. More than 22% and 30% of ethanol addition would not satisfied the requirement of viscosity and density in EN 590, respectively. Investigation of neat ethanol sprays in CI engines was conducted by very few researchers. The effect of ambient temperature on liquid phase penetration is a controversial topic due to the opposite result between two studies. More researches are required for the spray characteristics of neat ethanol in CI engines. The ethanol blended fuels in CI engines can be classified into ethanol-diesel blend (e-diesel) and ethanol-biodiesel (e-biodiesel) blend. Even though dodecanol and n-butanol are rarely used, the addition of biodiesel as blend stabilizer is the prevailing method because it has the advantage of increasing the biofuel concentration in diesel fuel. Spray penetration and SMD of e-diesel and e-biodiesel decrease with increase in ethanol concentration, and in ambient pressure. However, spray angle is increased with increase in the ethanol percentage in e-diesel. As the ambient pressure increases, liquid phase penetration was decreased, but spray angle was increased in e-diesel. The increase in ambient temperature showed the slight effect on liquid phase penetration, but spray angle was decreased. A numerical study of micro-explosion concluded that the optimum composition of e-diesel binary mixture for micro-explosion was approximately E50D50, while that of e-biodiesel binary mixture was E30B70 due to the lower volatility of biodiesel. Adding less volatile biodiesel into the ternary mixture of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel can remarkably enhance micro-explosion. Addition of ethanol up to 20% in e-biodiesel showed no effect on spray penetration. However, increase of nozzle orifice diameter results in increase of spray penetration. The more study on liquid phase penetration and SMD in e-diesel and e-biodiesel is required.

A Review on Spray Characteristics of Bioethanol and Its Blended Fuels in CI Engines

( Soo Young No ) 한국분무공학회 2014 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.19 No.4

This review will be concentrated on the spray characteristics of bioethanol and its derived fuels such as ethanol-diesel, ethanol-biodiesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. The difficulty in meeting the severe limitations on NOx and PM emissions in CI engines has brought about many methods for the application of ethanol because ethanol diffusion flames in engine produce virtually no soot. The most popular method for the application of ethanol as a fuel in CI engines is the blending of ethanol with diesel. The physical properties of ethanol and its derivatives related to spray characteristics such as viscosity, density and surface tension are discussed. Viscosity and density of e-diesel and e-biodiesel generally are decreased with increase in ethanol content and temperature. More than 22% and 30% of ethanol addition would not satisfied the requirement of viscosity and density in EN 590, respectively. Investigation of neat ethanol sprays in CI engines was conducted by very few researchers. The effect of ambient temperature on liquid phase penetration is a controversial topic due to the opposite result between two studies. More researches are required for the spray characteristics of neat ethanol in CI engines. The ethanol blended fuels in CI engines can be classified into ethanol-diesel blend (e-diesel) and ethanol-biodiesel (e-biodiesel) blend. Even though dodecanol and n-butanol are rarely used, the addition of biodiesel as blend stabilizer is the prevailing method because it has the advantage of increasing the biofuel concentration in diesel fuel. Spray penetration and SMD of e-diesel and e-biodiesel decrease with increase in ethanol concentration, and in ambient pressure. However, spray angle is increased with increase in the ethanol percentage in e-diesel. As the ambient pressure increases, liquid phase penetration was decreased, but spray angle was increased in e-diesel. The increase in ambient temperature showed the slight effect on liquid phase penetration, but spray angle was decreased. A numerical study of micro-explosion concluded that the optimum composition of e-diesel binary mixture for micro-explosion was approximately E50D50, while that of e-biodiesel binary mixture was E30B70 due to the lower volatility of biodiesel. Adding less volatile biodiesel into the ternary mixture of ethanol-biodiesel-diesel can remarkably enhance micro-explosion. Addition of ethanol up to 20% in e-biodiesel showed no effect on spray penetration. However, increase of nozzle orifice diameter results in increase of spray penetration. The more study on liquid phase penetration and SMD in e-diesel and e-biodiesel is required.

Comparative compression ignition engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics, and trace metals in particulates from Waste cooking oil, Jatropha and Karanja oil derived biodiesels

Patel, Chetankumar,Chandra, Krishn,Hwang, Joonsik,Agarwal, Rashmi A.,Gupta, Neeraj,Bae, Choongsik,Gupta, Tarun,Agarwal, Avinash Kumar Elsevier 2019 Fuel Vol.236 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the present study, comparison of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition (CI) genset engine fueled by biodiesels derived from Waste cooking oil (WCO), Jatropha and Karanja oils vis-á-vis baseline mineral diesel has been carried out. Performance and combustion investigations were carried out at constant engine speed (1500 rpm) and six engine loads (0–100%). WCO biodiesel showed slightly higher heat release rate (HRR) than baseline mineral diesel, while it was slightly lower for Karanja and Jatropha biodiesels. Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NO<SUB>X</SUB>) emissions were lower, while carbon monoxide (CO) emission was relatively higher for biodiesels compared to baseline diesel. Smoke opacity was higher for Karanja and Jatropha biodiesels compared to baseline diesel. WCO biodiesel exhibited comparable smoke opacity with baseline mineral diesel except at full load, where it was relatively lower. Particulates were collected from the engine exhaust on a quartz filter paper using a partial flow dilution tunnel at 50 and 100% engine loads, for trace metal analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). It was found that trace metals such as Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Zn and Al showed higher concentrations in particulates from all test fuels, while Ba, Cd, Cr, Mn and Mo showed relatively lower concentrations in the particulates collected.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biodiesels exhibited higher P, HRR<SUB>max</SUB> but shorter CD. </LI> <LI> Biodiesels showed higher smoke opacity due to higher viscosity. </LI> <LI> Lower HC, NOx and trace metals in particulates from biodiesels. </LI> <LI> Trace metals in particulates reduced with increasing engine load. </LI> <LI> Most trace metal concentrations in biodiesel particulates were lower. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>