Key Factors for Success in Different Types of Social Enterprises in China: A Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis

김인선 사단법인 사회적기업학회 2020 사회적기업연구 Vol.13 No.3

Integrating the scenario of the co-existence of different types of social enterprises in China with lessons from the institutional development of social enterprises worldwide, this study systematically investigates and identifies a set of key factors that may influence the success of Chinese social enterprises. The purpose of this research is to elevate the development of Chinese social enterprises, proffer suggestions for relevant policymakers, and enable these organizations to solve the context-specific social issues more effectively. Building upon extant research on social enterprise typologies and the key factors that affect organizational success, we construct our theoretical frameworks by examining various government, non-government, and organizational elements. The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is then employed to empirically scrutinize two mainstream types of social enterprises in China – social enterprises registered in Industrial and Commercial Bureau (ICB-registered SEs) and social enterprises registered in Civil Affairs Bureau (CAB-registered SEs) – as well as the key factors that may influence their social and economic performances. Our analysis reveals that the key factors that influence these two types of social enterprises are heterogeneous, and the social and economic missions of the same type of social enterprises are by no means antithetical. We further argue that nurturing internal and external environments is imperative for the development of Chinese social enterprises, which encompasses certification system building, awareness raising, ecosystem constructing, and so on. Different types of social enterprises also need to strengthen their own advantages and make up for their deficiencies by mutual cross-fertilization.

사회적기업의 공공구매 활성화 방안에 관한 연구

이은수,송인숙 사단법인 사회적기업학회 2022 사회적기업연구 Vol.15 No.2

In this study, solutions are suggested to expand and revitalize the entry of social enterprises into the public market through the analysis of the current state of public purchasing of social enterprises. The introduction of the current status of the public purchase of social enterprises mainly covers the public purchase and competition system between small and medium-sized enterprises, and then followed by the status of the preferential purchase and overseas trend of social enterprises. In addition, an empirical analysis was conducted on the status of public purchasing of social enterprises based on the social enterprise business report and KONEPS(Korea ON-line e-Procurement System) data. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, it was shown that public sales of social enterprises and private sales had a positive (+) relationship with the total sales of social enterprises. Second, the total sales and public sales of social enterprises registered in the KONEPS were higher than those of unregistered social enterprises. Third, it was confirmed that there was a difference in total sales depending on the product type provided by social enterprises. According to the business reports that companies submitted, the companies supplying the goods had greater sales record than the companies supplying the service. Finally, by comparing the sales of small and mediumsized enterprises participating in the competition system which are mainly used by social enterprises, companies that supply only goods, goods and services together have higher total sales and public sales than companies that supply only services. Therefore, this study suggests the following implications. First, this study found that the governmentʼs public purchase support policy had a great effect not only on the entry of social enterprises into the public market, but also on the increase in total sales. In addition, it was suggested that supports such as consulting to support continuous entry of social enterprises into the public market is necessary. Second, it was confirmed that it is urgent to prepare an active support plan for the entry into the public market of the social enterprises which provide only social services, which account for 66% of all social enterprises. Finally, it suggested that it is necessary to consider the expansion of designated items for social enterprises providing social services, which are relatively weak in the competition system between small and medium-sized enterprises, which is used by about 60% of social enterprises entering the KONEPS.

선진국의 사회적 기업정책과 한국적 시사점

박보식(Park Bo Sik),사득환(Sa Deug Whan) 한국정책개발학회 2011 정책개발연구 Vol.11 No.2

본 논문은 영국, 미국, 한국의 사회적 기업을 비교분석함으로써 한국의 사회적 기업 활성화를 위한 정책적 시사점을 도출하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를위해 사회적 기업의 쟁점사항인 재원 창출의 문제, 사회서비스의 혁신, 효율적인 일자리 창출과 사회서비스 측면에서 3국의 주요 정책을 분석하여 한국의 사회적 기업 활성화 방안을 모색하였다. 첫째, 영국의 사회적 기업은 정부의 강한 지원과 보조금, 공공기관과의 서비스 계약을 통한 재원 창출, 전통적 토양위에 지역친화적 서비스 혁신, 노동통합형 일자리 창출 등이 특징으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 미국의 사회적 기업은 정부차원의 사회적 기업정책은 존재하지 않고기업과 제 3부문이 협력하는 형태를 취하며, 잘 발달된 기부와 자선의 문화, 사회통합적이고 시장친화형 수익창출 등이 특징으로 나타났다. 이상에서 한국의 사회적 기업 활성화를 위한 시사점으로 민ㆍ관의 돈독한협력적 거버넌스 관계 유지, 목표 중심의 운영과 시장 경쟁력 구축, 사회적기업 친화적 환경 조성, 인증제도의 개선, 사회적 기업 실천가의 역량 강화,미국과 영국의 사회적 기업이 갖는 장점을 현실에 맞게 적용하는 것이 시급한것으로 분석되었다. This paper aims to draw policy suggestions for ways to stimulate social enterprises in Korea by comparing and analyzing social enterprises in Great Britain, the United States of America and Korea. For this purpose, I groped for ways to stimulate social enterprises in Korea by analyzing main policies of the three countries in the terms of the ways to create their financial resources,renovations in social services, creation of effective jobs and ways of social services which are the issues of social enterprises. Firstly, the social enterprises in Great Britain was analyzed that they were characterized by the strong support and subsidies by the government, creation financial resources through contracts with public agencies, region-friendly service innovation based on the traditional climate and the creation of labor-integrated jobs, Secondly, the social enterprises in the United States of America were characterized by little or no social enterprise policies at the government level, cooperative system between the enterprises and the third sector in form, a culture of well-developed donation and philanthropy, and social-integrated and market-friendly return creation. From this, we analyzed that suggestions for invigorating social enterprises in Korea are to maintain close and cooperative governance relationships between civil society and government, operate goal-oriented and construct market competitiveness, create social enterprise-friendly environment, improve authorization system, build up the capabilities of social enterprise practitioners and apply the advantages of social enterprises in the United States and Great Britain to match the environment in Korea.

사회적 가치가 사회적 기업에 대한 태도와 구매의도에 미치는 영향: 동일시의 효과

이형재 ( Hyong Jae Rhee ),류선호 ( Seon Ho Ryu ) 한국고객만족경영학회 2012 고객만족경영연구 Vol.14 No.1

본 연구는 사회적 기업의 지속경영이 성공적으로 되기 위해서 어떠한 경영 및 마케팅 전략과 노력이 선행되어야 하는가를 분석한다. 구체적으로 사회적기업의 사회적 가치가 기업에 대한 소비자 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 파악한다. 또한 소비자의 자신과 사회적 기업과의 동일시가, 사회적 가치가 기업태도와 구매의도에 미치는 영향에서 매개변수의 역할을 분석한다. 이를 종합하여 구매의도를 극대화함으로써 사회적기업의 지속적인 성장 모델을 발굴하기 위한 전략을 수립하는데 있어서 관리적 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과 첫째, 사회적 기업의 사회적 가치인 사회 복지적 가치와 환경 보건적 가치는 모두 소비자의 기업태도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그런데 사회적 가치 중 사회복지적 가치만 동일시에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 동일시가 소비자의 기업태도에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 소비자의 동일시는 사회적 가치와 기업태도 사이에 부분적인 매개변수 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사회적 기업에 대한 기업태도가 구매의 도와 동일시에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있다. 넷째, 소비자의 동일시가 구매의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 사회적기업의 사회적 가치를 강화하고 이에 근거하여 사회적 기업에 대한 소비자의 동일시 제고함으로써 사회적기업의 지속적인 성장전략을 제시할 수 있다. Even though research on market sustainability of social enterprises is high in demand, little research work has been done in this area. The proposed research intends to analyze marketing strategy and efforts for social enterprises` sustained success in the market. Specifically, the proposed model identifies dimensions of social values of social enterprises, analyzes the effect of social values on attitudes towards social enterprises. The results of the propsed model are summarized in the following. Firstly, both social welfare values and environmental health values are positively significant in the effect on consumer identification with social enterprises and attitudes towards social enterprises. Secondly, consumer identification with social enterprises positively affects attitudes towards social enterprises. Thirdly, the attitudes towards social enterprises have a positive effect on purchase intention and identification with social enterprises. Fourthly, consumer identification with social enterprises has a positive effect on purchase intention. Identification with social enterprises is found to mediate the relationship between social values and attitudes towards social enterprises, and the relationship between . attitudes towards social enterprises and purchase intention. Based on the above research results, managerial implications are suggested for sustained success of social enterprises in the market.

사회적 기업의 자료포락분석(DEA)을 통한 경영효율성 평가

이상연(Sang Yun Lee),임성묵(Sung mook Lim),채명신(Myung sin Chae) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2017 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.40 No.2

This paper was to evaluate social enterprises’ management efficiency with Data Envelope Analysis (DEA). The data was based on the 168 social enterprises’ of annual performance reports published in 2015. The research focused on to measure both financial efficiency and social impact of the companies simultaneously. To apply DEA, the paper classified the enterprises into seven types based on types of socal impacts which each company provides before the estimation of the efficiency. The research results showed that group D, which employes disadvantaged people, provides social services and shares resources was the most efficient group and had higest net worths in Pure Technical Efficiency. In contrast, Group B, which only employs social advantage people and provides social service, was the least efficient one. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. Because the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency does not open business reports which social enterprises submit each year, there are basic limitations on researchers attempting to analyse with data from all social enterprises in Korea. Thus, this study dealt with only 10% of the social enterprises which self-published their performance report on the Korea Social Enterprise Promotion Agency’s web site. Regardless of these limitations, this study suggested substantial methods to estimate management efficiency with the self-published reports. Because self-publishing is increasing each year, it will be the main source of information for researchers in examining and evaluating social enterprises’ financial performance or social contribution. The research suggests a practical and efficient framework in measuring social enterprises’ management efficiency, including both the financial performance and social impacts simultaneously with their self-publishing reports. The research results suggest not only list of efficient enterprises but also methods of improvement for less efficient enterprises.

불교계 사회적기업과 복지경영 패러다임에 관한 연구

권경임 한국불교선리연구원 2011 禪文化硏究 Vol.10 No.-

There are social crises, such as economic polarization, aging society, and unbalanced growth in today’s world, and every nation tries to resolve these social crises by running social enterprises. Our society has had social and economic difficulties since IMF crisis. As the numbers of the poor and the unemployed have increased, the issue of increasing employment emerged as one of the most important policies of the government. The government established Social Enterprises as a positive measure for increasing employment and income, and subsequently enacted the Law of Social Enterprise in 2007. Social Enterprises is a non - profit organization that earns profits for supply personnel who provide social services. It is hard for general enterprises to enter and re - investment in communities for the purposes of reinforcing social incorporation and solidarity to help the poor and the unemployed. The current situation of our society requires the participation of Buddhist communities in the social enterprises. Also non - profit business needs a new approach to welfare management Paradigm. The purpose of this study to develop a theoretical base for Korean style social enterprises that can be applied for Buddhist Social Enterprises. The religious Thought of Buddhism is oriented “win - win” management. So, we can develop the relationship between Buddhist Social Enterprises and Paradigm of welfare management. In addition, the definition and types of social enterprises, Case study of social enterprises in korea and foreign countries and Buddhist communities are to be discussed. Heretofore, it is found that raising the capability of the enterprise is more important than government support. and social system improvement,sustainable management support, social enterpreneurship, social network and introduction of linked system with major companies are required to enhance the success of the enterprise. It is expected that study contributes to the development of Buddhist social enterprises and promotes idea of Middle Path and Sang - Saeng management as win - win strategy for the development of welfare management Paradigm. 사회적기업은 우리나라에서는 아직 시작단계이지만 사회복지만이 아니라경제문제의 해결을 위한 대안의 하나로 제시되고 있고, 선진국뿐만 아니라개도국에서 제3세계에 이르기까지 세계적인 추세가 되어가고 있다. 불교계 사회적기업인 (주)연우와 함께의 이념과 비전에 의하면 대승불교의불이사상과 연기사상을 바탕으로 나눔을 실천하는 글로벌한 사회적기업을추구한다. 또한 함께 나누는 것(共有), 함께 일하는 것(共業), 함께 생활하는것(共生), 하나 되는 것(共同)의 가치를 추구하며, 생산자와 소비자의 네트워크를 균형있게 발전시켜 바른 소비문화와 환경운동을 펼쳐 불교이념의 사회화를 실현한다는 목적을 갖고 있다. 이러한 시도는 불교의 연기적 이념에 입각해서 상생의 사회를 선도하고,보시에 의존하는 현실에서 자립의 기반을 확보하고 사회에 나눔을 실현하며,사회문제에 불교적 관심과 대안을 마련하고 사회를 선도한다는 차원에서도 중요하기 때문에 불교계에서 사회적기업의 참여가 당위성을 갖게 되는 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 불교계 사회적기업의 참여와 관심을 제고하고 지속가능하고 성공적인 사회적 기업의 운영을 위해 사회적기업의 개념과 역할을고찰하고, 사회적기업의 운영과 실태를 살펴보았으며, 불교계 사회적기업의특성을 고찰하고, 불교계 사회적기업에 적합한 복지경영 패러다임을 모색해보았다. 새로운 복지경영 패러다임에 연기사상이나 화엄사상, 그리고 선수행과 같은 불교사상과 수행방식이 영향을 미치고 있는 현상을 보면서 불교계 사회적기업의 기본가치와 이념이 복지경영의 패러다임이 제시하는 중도의 경영이념으로 상생경영을 실현하는데 있어 추구하는 바가 같다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 불교계 사회적기업에도 적용할 수 있는 중도의 경영이념과 이를기반으로 한 상생의 경영방식을 불교적 복지경영의 패러다임으로 제시하고,이러한 불교적 복지경영방식을 실천해 나가고 있는 복지공동체모델을 사례를 통해 제시하고자 하였다.

조직성격을 활용한 사회적 기업 진단

장우진(Jang Woo Jin),오승석(Oh Seung Suck) 한국정책개발학회 2010 정책개발연구 Vol.10 No.2

2007년 사회적 기업 육성법이 제정ㆍ시행된 이후 우리나라 사회적 기업은 가치(미션)간 균형과 조화, 사회적 기업가의 역량 강화, 경영안정성을 기반으로 하는 지속성 확보 등 다양한 측면에서의 과제를 안고 있다. 이러한 사회적 기업의 과제는 주로 사회적 기업의 성격(사회적 가치, 경제적 가치)에서 연유된 것으로 파악하고, 사회적 기업의 정체성을 기반으로 사회적 기업 성격과 관련한 선행연구 및 제 이론을 검토하였다. 그리고 사회적 기업의 조직 성격을 실증적으로 비교 분석하였다. 실증적인 분석 결과, 사회적 기업은 사회적 가치보다는 경제적 가치를 추구하는 성향이 더 강하게 나타났다. 이러한 가치추구에 따른 성격은 사회적 기업대표의 리더십, 사회적 기업 전통과 역사(모법인과의 관계), 사회적 기업의 인증 요건, 고용노동부의 제조업 분야 등 경영자립 강조, 고용노동부의 인건비 지원 여부 등에 따라 유형화될 수 있음이 확인되었다. 사회적 기업이 추구하고자 하는 사회적 가치와 경제적 가치 간의 균형과 조화에 대한 논의와 이를 보완할 수 있는 정책적인 노력과 연구가 지속되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. As of now, when Social Enterprise Support Act has been enacted and enforced for 4 years, our social enterprises are facing a variety of challenges such as keeping balance and harmony between values (missions), empowerment of social entrepreneurs, and the capacity to endure based on management stability. It should be identified that the tasks of these social enterprises are especially resulting from the character of social enterprises(social value, economic value). And the nature of social enterprises should be defined based on their identifies. It is a methodology for illustrating the direction of changes, development, and reform in social enterprises. Thus, social enterprises were diagnosed by using organization character. As theoretical discussion, precedent studies and all the theories relating to the character of social enterprises were reviewed, and the organization character between social enterprise and businesses in general was empirically analyzed and compared. As a result of empirical analysis, social enterprises are shown to pursue economic value more strongly than social value. And the characteristics depending on the pursuit of these values can be classified according to social enterprise CEO's leadership, tradition and history of a social enterprise(relationship with parent company), certification requirements of social enterprises, stress on self-administration in the manufacturing sector of the Ministry of Employment and Labour, and personnel expenses supported by the Ministry of Employment and Labour. Given the result only, discussions on balance and harmony between social value and economic value that social enterprises are trying to pursue, and political effort and further research to make up for should be conducted continuously.

일본 사회적기업 중간지원조직의 지원체계 및 방법에 대한 연구와 시사점

이 남 겸,이수욱 사회혁신기업연구원 2023 혁신기업연구 Vol.8 No.4

This study considered Japanese social enterprises and the intermediate organizational system and support system for Japanese social enterprises. The characteristics of the support policies and methods of intermediate support organizations for Japanese social enterprises are as follows. First, Japan's intermediate support structure for social enterprises is an organization that supports NPO activities through intervention, program support, and counseling to foster human resources, and is responsible for planning and coordinating support for social enterprises. Second, in the field of institutional support for social enterprises, the characteristics of support in the field of management consulting can be cited to promote the continuous stable operation of social enterprises. Third, as support for corporate competency development, Japan's intermediate support organizations are dynamically operating support projects to develop the capabilities of social enterprises. To this end, it is operated mainly by NPO centers and has prepared various and extensive educational programs for human resource development to establish a support system for human resource training and competency development. Based on this study, I would like to present the following implications. First, in the case of Japan, it focuses on securing self-sustainability by cultivating the capabilities of social enterprise workers through intermediate support organizations and supports continuous capacity development. Second, in order to secure the self-sustainability of social enterprises, financial support can be said to be the support part that must be preceded first. Third, it is necessary to delegate the authority to implement policies so that intermediate support organizations can perform responsible and realistic policy support when performing social enterprise policy support tasks through institutional modification of the administrative structure that requires intermediate support organizations to rely only on policies of central government agencies to establish networks between social enterprises and form organic relationships between them.

한국의 사회적 기업 활성화를 위한 법제도 및 정책적 개선방안

권한용(Kwon, Han-Yong),배광효(Bae, Kwang-Hyo) 한양법학회 2014 漢陽法學 Vol.25 No.4

Recently, the role of social enterprises has received special attention for developing both national and local societies as well as solving the unemployment issue in Korea because they are expected to not only create new jobs but also provide social services of diverse purposes. Understandably, social enterprises, like other general private enterprises, mainly pursue profit maximization and wealth creation. However, their business goals and targets are not limited to simple profit maximization. In particular, social enterprises based on sustainable business activities have been recognized to fulfill valuable social roles as follows: i) to create employment opportunities especially for the economically and socially alienated persons, ii) to provide local residents outside the economic mainstream with opportunities to participate in the markets as customers, iii) to improve economic and social infrastructure in local communities, which can result in network formation and capital development in them, iv) to provide social and public services for various purposes, etc. According to the characteristics and functions mentioned above, social enterprises have become a noticeable alternative to overcome the crisis in social welfare and solve social alienation issues. Therefore, it is necessary for the government to establish medium-and long-term policies and plans to promote and support social enterprises under the stage of growth in Korea. Through this study, the authors would like to propose the following policy plans to the Korean government in order to achieve the policy goal of promoting social enterprises. i) Establishment, reorganization, and enhancement of a policy enforcement system including modification of relevant laws and regulations which the local authorities can carry out the policy with under the auspices of the central government, ii) Establishment of financial independence and economic stability of social enterprises based on the promotion system, iii) Promotion of social enterprise-friendly environment through the improvement of recognition for social enterprises, iv) Construction of online public-relations and cooperation systems for social enterprises, and v) Establishment of educational programs to develop entrepreneurs of social enterprises and transparent management systems. Social enterprises are expected to contribute to solving various social issues in Korea, such as unemployment, social and regional inequity or unbalance, insufficiency of social services. Accordingly, the Korean government should recognize the positive effect of social enterprises, actively establish medium-and long-term policies, and preemptively arrange the relevant legal system.

불교계 사회적기업의 실천모형에 관한 연구

권경임 ( Kyung Yim Kwon ) 한국불교선리연구원 2012 禪文化硏究 Vol.13 No.-

현재 사회적기업은 경제와 복지 문제를 동시에 해결하기 위한 해법으로서 사회통합을 위한 정책으로 대두되고 있다. 사회적기업은 세계 여러 나라의 사회경제체제나 시민사회의 성숙도에 따라 출현배경이나 맥락을 달리하고 있고, 그 형태나 정책도 다양하고 각기 다른 특성을 가지고 발달해왔다. 한국은 사회적기업을 취약계층의 고용복지 뿐만 아니라 저출산 고령화사회의 대비책이나 지역간 불균형발전의 해법으로 활용방안이 검토되었다. 현재 세계적인 경제위기로 인해 실업이 증가하고 사회계층간 양극화가 심화되면서 사회적기업이 일자리 창출과 양극화 해소를 위한 대안으로 부상하고 있다. 본 논문은 불교계 사회적기업의 실천모형을 제시하기 위하여, 사회적기업의 현황과 사례를 바탕으로, 사회적기업의 정의와 유형을 고찰하고, 실천현황과 사업방향을 검토하며, 불교계 사회적기업의 비즈니스모델에 대해 모색함으로써, 불교계 사회적기업의 전망과 실천과제를 제안하고자 한다. 또한 불교계 사회적기업의 실천모형에 관한 연구의 기대효과에 대해서도 살펴보고자 한다. This paper aims to suggest implications to social enterprise in Buddhist community. The purpose of this study to develop a pratical model for Buddhist style that can be applied for Buddhist Social Enterprises. This project is based on the Thought of Buddhism is oriented social solidarity and interdependence in the world. And the definition and types of social enterprises, case study of social enterprises in korea and foreign countries and Buddhist communities are to be discussed. also it is found that raising the capability of the enterprise is more important than Buddhist communities and government of support. The origin of social enterprise in Korea is based on the former governmental welfare programs like self supporting program and job creation program, but other countries` social enterprise is originated from the third sector such as social cooperative, voluntary groups, and non profit organizations. The Korean government has enacted a fundamental law for creating and promoting social enterprise in 2007. In the discussion about social system improvement, sustainable management support, social enterpreneurship, social network and introduction of linked system with Buddhist Social Enterprises Association are required to enhance the success of the enterprise. This study to develop a pratical model for Buddhist Social Enterprises. and it requires consideration in all its aspects to practical situation, business contents and model, furthermore prospect and problem of Buddhist communities in the social enterprises. It is expected that study contributes to the practical model of Buddhist Social Enterprises and promotes the development of Buddhist Social Enterprises.