소아 흉부 X-ray 검사 시 Exposure field 조정에 따른 유효선량의 평가

안준오(June-Oh Ahn):정지상(Ji-Sang Jung):김성식(Sung-Sik Kim):안치복(Chi-Bok An),박순규(Sun-Kyu Park),임재식(Jae-Sik Lim) 대한영상의학기술학회 2016 대한영상의학기술학회 논문지 Vol.2016 No.1

목 적 : 소아 흉부 X-ray 검사 시, DR system에서의 적절한 Exposure field 조정을 통해 유효 Exposure Index범위 내의 영상의 유효선량과 각 장기에서의 유효선량 및 cancer risk 확률을 비교함으로써, field size 조정에 따른 유효선량 및 장기 유효선량을 평가하기 위함에 있다. 대상 및 방법 : 본원의 디지털 진단용 엑스선 촬영장치인 Discovery XR656(GE Healthcare, Korea)을 사용하여, 소아 흉부팬텀을 이용한 Chest AP검사를 수행하였다. IEC 61257-1에서 권고하는 General Digital Radiography의 선질 RQA3 조건에 맞춰 SID는 110cm, 노출조건은 관전압 50kVp로 고정하고, mAs range는 위의 장비에서 적용할 수 있는 범위 안에서 0.5,0.63,0.8,1.0,1.25,1.6,2.0,2.5,3.2mAs으로 변화를 주며 exposure하였다. 위의 조건에 따라, Exposure field size를 20cmx20cm, 30cmx30cm, 40x40cm, 총 3그룹으로 분류하였다. 각 조건에서 총 243번의 exposure를 한 뒤, 이의 평균값을 구하였다. 또한 획득 된 영상들을 Exposure Index를 기준으로 세 그룹으로 분류하고, 이 중에서 유효 Exposure Index범위 내의 영상들만을 분류하여 DAP를 계산하고 a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program 2.0(PCXMC)를 사용, 유효선량을 도출하였다. 위에서 얻은 유효선량을 기준으로 DR system에서 소아 Chest AP(PED)검사 시, Exposure field size에 따른 유효선량 경향을 분석하였다. 또한 각 조건에서 선량계로 측정한 실측 선량 값을 측정하여 Phantom에서 흡수한 실제 선량 값을 비교하였다. 더불어, PCXMC2.0을 사용하여 각 장기에서의 유효선량과 cancer risk 확률도 계산하였다. 결 과 : 적정 노출 군(DI: -3.0이상, 2.0이하)에 포함된 영상 중에서 동일한 mAs를 기준으로 Field size가 증가할 때의 유효선량은 field size가 늘어남에 따라 유효선량도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반면 선량계를 통해 측정한 phantom에서의 실측 선량 값에서는 큰 변화가 없었다. 또한 PCXMC2.0을 이용한 각 장기에서의 유효선량 및 cancer risk 확률은 증가하는 경항을 보였다. 결 론 : 각 조건으로부터 획득된 영상의 Exposure Index 값을 기준으로 분류한 영상들의 결과 값을 통해 소아 Chest AP(PED)검사 시, 의료 방사선 종사자의 적절한 Field size 조정을 통해 소아 환자의 피폭 저감화 및 방사선 방어에 일조할 수 있다고 사료된다. Purpose : Pediatric chest radiography, DR system at the effective dose of the proper image within the range Exposure Index Exposure field through the appropriate adjustments by comparing the effective dose and cancer risk probability in each organ, It is in order to assess the effective dose and organ dose of the active field size adjustment. Materials and Methods : Using the present system of digital diagnostic X-rays taken of Discovery XR656 (GE Healthcare, Korea), Chest AP tests were performed using a pediatric chest phantom. SID is 110cm, exposure conditions and secure it with the tube voltage 50kVp, mAs range gives exposure to changes in 0.5,0.63,0.8,1.0,1.25,1.6,2.0,2.5,3.2mAs was within the range that can be applied to the above equipment. Depending on the conditions above, Exposure field size of 20cmx20cm, 30cmx30cm, 40x40cm, were divided into three groups. After a total of 243 times in each exposure condition, its average value was determined. Classified into three groups of the acquired image relative to the Exposure Index, and classifies the image only in the effective Exposure Index range from this calculate the DAP to use a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program 2.0 (PCXMC), derived the effective dose. Based on the effective dose obtained above test, were analyzed according to the effective dose trend Exposure field size. In addition, by measuring dose actually measured value measured by a dosimeter in each condition the actual dose value was measured by absorption at Phantom. In addition, by using the calculated PCXMC2.0 the effective dose and the probability of cancer risk from each organ. Result : Among the images included in the appropriate exposure group relative to the same mAs effective dose to increase the Field size tended to increase the effective dose is increased. On the other hand, the actually measured value of the dose measured by the dosimeter in phantom unchanged. Effective dose and cancer risk probability in each organ using PCXMC2.0 also showed a tendency to increase. Conclusion : Through the results of the classification based on the DI value of the images obtained from each condition, through the appropriate Field size adjustment of medical radiation workers, it is thought that exposure can contribute to the reduction of Radiation Protection and pediatric patients.

영화에서의 PPL 광고효과 측정 : 영화 ‘해가서쪽에서뜬다면’과 대학생을 중심으로

양윤,성충모 한국방송광고공사 2001 광고연구 Vol.0 No.53

본 연구는 간접광고의 효과를 측정하기 위해 최근 새로운 광고기법의 하나로 주목받고 있는 영화에 등장하는 PPL(Product Placement)을 중심으로 하여 간접광고의 효과여부를 검증하고 광고의 노출정도와 장면중요도가 광고효과에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 실험 결과, 실험집단이 통제집단보다 광고효과가 높게 나타남으로써 간접광고에 노출될 경우 광고효과가 있었다. 또한 노출정도가 많고 장면중요도가 높을수록 광고효과가 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 노출정도보다 장면중요도에 의해 광고효과가 더 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타나 PPL에서는 단순노출효과보다는 어떤 장면에 광고가 등장하는가 하는 맥락효과가더 중요함을 알 수 있었다. Focusing on PPL(Product Placement) in a movie, which has become the focus of attention as a new advertising methodology, this study verified the extent of effectiveness of indirect advertisement and investigated the effect of exposure frequency and the extent of scene importance on advertising. The experimental group exposed on PPL and control group was compared to understand advertising effect in case of exposure to indirect advertisement. Then, in order to reveal the effect of exposure and scene importance, 2(frequency of exposure : high/low) ×2(scene importance : high/low) complete repeated design was formed. Respective 110 participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control group. Advertising effect was measured by survey, which included the questions of the item flashed the first, the most favored item, recognition of the item, preference, previous usage experience, and purchase intention. As the results of experiment, the advertising effect was higher in the experimental group than control group, supporting hypothesis 1 that the more exposed to indirect advertisement, the higher the effect of advertisement was. Hypothesis 2 was also supported, showing more exposure to advertisement led to higher advertising effect. More important scene containing PPL had higher advertising effect, supporting hypothesis 3. Advertising effect was influenced by scene importance rather than by exposure extent, meaning that context effect is more important than simple exposure effect in PPL. It implicates that when PPL is used, both frequent exposure and important scene bring higher effect, as well as the scene in which PPL is put should be considered carefully.

2010밴쿠버동계올림픽 대한올림픽위원회 공식후원사 TV스폰서십 효과 분석

조재기 ( Jea Ki Cho ),신영균 ( Young Kyun Shin ),김종완 ( Jong Wan Kim ) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2010 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.15 No.4

이 연구는 2010밴쿠버올림픽 대한올림픽위원회 공식후원사의 TV 스폰서십 노출효과를 분석하여 향후 기업의 올림픽 마케팅의 기초 자료를 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 분석에 사용된 공식후원사는 RYN코리아와 수협은행이었다. 분석매체는 TV이며, 분석기간은 2010년 2월 13일~3월 1일 이었다. 분석해당매체로서 TV뉴스는 공중파 4개 채널(KBS1, KBS2, MBC, SBS) 및 케이블 1개 채널(YTN)이었다. TV프로그램은 공중파 3개 채널(KBS1, MBC, SBS)및 케이블 3개 채널(SBS스포츠, SBS CNBC, SBS골프)을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석방법은 Event Index (E.I.)와 스폰서 브랜드의 미디어 노출 효과인 SMS Sponsor Index (S.I.)를 사용하였다. 스폰서의 미디어 노출분석은 CPT방식(CPT based calculation)을 채택하여 분석하였다. 이상의 연구 분석방법을 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, TV(뉴스 및 프로그램)의 전체 노출효과는 44억 9,875만원이었다. 둘째, 후원사별 노출효과는 RYN코리아가 39억 1,744만원, 수협은행은 5억 8,130만원의 노출효과를 보였다. 셋째, 2008년 베이징하계올림픽과 비교하면 TV뉴스는 36.7% 감소했지만, TV 프로그램에서는 690% 증가하였다. 넷째, 2006년 토리노동계올림픽(훼르자)과 2010년의 밴쿠버동계올림픽(RYN)의 선수단복 노출효과를 비교하면 8배의 증가를 보였다. 다섯째, TV 뉴스를 분석하면 방송사별로는 SBS 채널(11억 5,581), 행사별로는 귀국기자회견(7억 2,238만원), 노출항목별로는 RYN코리아의 유니폼( 19억 1,337만원)이 가장 큰 노출효과를 나타냈다. 여섯째, TV 프로그램을 분석하면 방송사는 SBS 채널(10억 4,199만원), 행사별로는 올림픽선수단 환영음악회(5억 9,416만원), 노출항목별로는 RYN코리아의 유니폼(14억 7375만원)이 가장 큰 노출효과를 나타냈다. The purpose of the study was to suggest useful data for the future Olympic marketing strategies through integrating and analyzing TV sponsorship effects of official KOC sponsors for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics. The official KOC sponsors for the 2010 Vancouver Olympics were two companies which were RYN Korea and maritime cooperate bank. The analyzed mass medium was TV during the period of February 3- March 1, 2010. This study analyzed 4 public broadcasting channel which were KBS1, KBS2, MBC, SBS and 1 cable company which is YTN Sports. Based on aforementioned study process, this study concluded as follows: First, total effect value of TV exposure was about 4,498.75 million won and the highest effect among the media comparing other media. Second, comparing the exposure value of sponsoring companies, RYN Korea earned 3,917.44 million worth exposure, followed by maritime cooperate bank`s 581.3 million won. Third, comparing with the 2008 Beijing Olympics, exposure effect for TV news decreased this time by 36%, media exposure effect of 2008 Beijing Olympics, TV news exposure effect for this winter olympics decreased about 36%, but other TV programs increased by 690%. When comparing 2006 Torino Winter Olympics, the TV exposure effect of this winter olympics for the official uniforms for the players were increased almost 8 times. Fifth, analyzing TV news from each broadcasting companies, SBS news had 1,155.81 million won worth effect, welcoming report program had 722.38 million won, Ryn Korea had 1,913.37 million won media effect. Sixth, analyzing TV programs from each broadcasting companies, SBS news had 1,041.99 million won worth effect, welcoming concert for the Olympics athletes had 1,473.75 million won, Ryn Korea had 594.16 million won media effect through official uniform.

Assessment of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure from personal measurements considering the body shadowing effect in Korean children and parents

Choi, Jonghyuk,Hwang, Jung-Hwan,Lim, Hyungrul,Joo, Hyunjoo,Yang, Hee-Sun,Lee, Yong-Han,Eeftens, Marloes,Struchen, Benjamin,Rö,ö,sli, Martin,Lee, Ae-Kyoung,Choi, Hyung-Do,Kwon, Jong Hwa,Ha, Min Elsevier 2018 The Science of the total environment Vol.627 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We aimed to assess the personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure levels of children and adults through their activities, with consideration to the body shadowing effect. We recruited 50 child-adult pairs, living in Seoul, Cheonan, and Ulsan, South Korea. RF-EMF measurements were performed between September and December 2016, using a portable exposure meter tailored to capture 14 Korean radiofrequency (RF) bands ranging from 87.5 to 5875MHz. The participants carried the device for 48h and kept a time-activity diary using a smartphone application in flight mode. To enhance accuracy of the exposure assessment, the body shadowing effect was compensated during the statistical analysis with the measured RF-EMF exposure. The compensation was conducted using the hybrid model that represents the decrease of the exposure level due to the body shadowing effect. A generalized linear mixed model was used to compare the RF-EMF exposure levels by subjects and activities. The arithmetic (geometric) means of the total power density were 174.9 (36.6) μW/m<SUP>2</SUP> for all participants, 226.9 (44.6) for fathers, 245.4 (44.8) for mothers, and 116.2 (30.1) for children. By compensating for the body shadowing effect, the total RF-EMF exposure increased marginally, approximately 1.4 times. Each frequency band contribution to total RF-EMF exposure consisted of 76.7%, 2.4%, 9.9%, 5.0%, 3.3%, and 2.6% for downlink, uplink, WiFi, FM Radio, TV, and WiBro bands, respectively. Among the three regions, total RF-EMF exposure was highest in Seoul, and among the activities, it was highest in the metro, followed by foot/bicycle, bus/car, and outside. The contribution of base-station exposure to total RF-EMF exposure was the highest both in parents and children. Total and base-station RF-EMF exposure levels in Korea were higher than those reported in European countries.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Base-station RF exposure is major contribution in Korea. </LI> <LI> Total and base-station RF exposure levels in Korea were higher than those reported in European countries and Australia. </LI> <LI> Personal RF-EMF exposure depends on environments and behavioral pattern. </LI> <LI> Reading values at the personal exposure meter are affected by a human body. </LI> <LI> Body shadowing compensated the total RF-EMF by 1.4 times. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

흉부 X-ray 검사 시 DEI 값에 따른 적정 관전압에 관한 고찰

채정현(Jeong-hyun, Chae),심지나(Ji-na, Sim),정지상(Ji-sang, Jung),한영수(Yung-soo, Han),진덕은(Duk-eun, Jin),강성호(Sung-ho, Kang),임재식(Jae-sik, Lim) 대한영상의학기술학회 2014 대한영상의학기술학회 논문지 Vol.2014 No.1

목 적 : 흉부 X-ray 검사 시, DR 시스템에 적절한 유효 Detector Exposure Index (DEI) 범위 내의 영상의 Dose Area Product (DAP)값과 유효선량을 비교함으로써, high kVp 사용의 적합성을 영상의 퀄리티나 환자선량 측면에서 평가하기 위함에 있다. 대상 및 방법 : GE definium 8000을 사용하여 흉부팬텀을 이용한 Chest PA 검사를 재현하였다. kVp range는 60~130 kVp로 정하였다. mAs range는 앞의 정한 kVp에 따라 Auto Exposure Control (AEC) 시스템에 의거하여 60kVp에서는 40mAs, 130kVp에서는 2.5mAs로 정하였고 mAs range는 2.5mAs에서, 3.2mAs, 4.0mAs, 5.0mAs, 6.3mAs, 8.0mAs, 10mAs, 12.5mAs, 16mAs, 20mAs, 25mAs, 32mAs, 40mAs로 설정하였다. 위의 kVp 조건에 따라, 각각의 mAs로 총 104번 을 exposure한 뒤, 세브란스 선량관리 시스템으로 전송된 영상의 DEI와 DAP를 획득할 수 있었다. 획득한 영상을 유효한 DEI 범위의 영상들(0.2-0.6 : 정상군)과 DEI 0.2 이하, DEI 0,6 이상인 영상들 을 각각 분류하고 DAP을 이용하여 a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program 2.0 (PCXMC)을 통해 유효 선량을 계산하였다. 각각의 측정한 데이터를 DEI기준, DAP기준, 유효선량의 기준으로 분류한 후, DR 시스템에서 Chest PA 검사 시 적절한 kVp 범위를 분석하였다. 각 그룹의 유의성은 SPSS(version 12.0, SPSS Inc Chicago, IL, USA) 통계 패키지 프로그램을 사용하여 kruskal-wallis test와 사후검정으로 mann -whitney test를 시행하여 검증 하였으며 검증에 사용된 신뢰구 간은 95 %이다.    결 과 : 위의 실험을 통해 얻은 유효한 DEI 범위(0.2-0.6)에 포함된 영상의 평균 kVp는 75.29 kVp 이고 평균  mAs는 8.58 mAs, 평균 DAP는 1.73 mGy·cm², 유효선량은 0.018 mSv 이었다. 유효선 량별로 수집한 군에서 최저의 유효선량인 0.011449 mSv가 측정된 조건은 70kV, 5mAs, DAP 1.06mGy·cm²,이었다. 실측값 DAP에 따른 군에서는 최저 DAP 인 0.885 mGy·cm²에서 조건은 90kV, 2.5mAs, 0.013mSv이 측정되었다. 유의성 검증 결과, 유효 DEI 범위 내의 유효선량에서 유의한 차 이(p<0.05)가 있었고, 전체 DEI 그룹에서 대해서는 0.2 이하 범위와 0.2이상 0.6 이하의 범위, 0.6이상의 범위의 유효선량과 DAP에서 모두 유의한 차이가 있었다.(p<0.05)  결 론 : 각각의 DEI, DAP, 유효선량 기준으로 분류된 데이터를 통해 현재 사용되고 있는 흉부 검사 시 high kVP기법은 환자 피폭적인 측면과 영상의 퀄리티적인 측면에서 재고할 필요성이 있다고 사료된다. Purp os e : This study is to evaluate the suitability of the use of high kVp technique for Chest PA examination in DR system by comparing with Dose Area Product and effective dose of chest images in efficient Detector Exposure Index(DEI) range.    Materials and Methods :  We set up situation of Chest PA examination with GE definium 8000. kVp range is 60~130 kVp. Range of mAs is 40 mAs at 60kVp, 2.5mAs at 130kVp  through Auto Exposure Control system(AEC) in accordance with kVp range we set, then we set up mAs range from 2.5mAs, 3.2mAs, 4.0mAs, 5.0mAs, 6.3mAs, 8.0mAs, 10mAs, 12.5mAs, 16mAs, 20mAs, 25mAs, 32mAs to 40mAs. We exposured 104 times as the kVp condition we set, then all images are sent to the Severance Dose management system which we can acquire DEI and DAP data. We classified acquired images into several DEI groups–under 0.2, between 0.2 and 0.6, over 0.6, then calculated Effective Dose with DAP by using a PC-Based Monte Carlo Program 2.0(PCXMC). After classifying acquired data into 3 groups according to DEI, DAP and effective dose, we analyzed suitable kVp range for Chest PA examination in DR system. SPSS(version 12.0, SPSS Inc Chicago, IL, USA) is used for statistical significance, which is Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test to each group. Confidence interval is 95%.  Res ult : Average kVp of image in efficient DEI range from the experiment is 75.29 kVp, mAs is 8.58 mAs, DAP is 1.73 mGy·cm² and effective dose is 0.018 mSv. The condition which 0.011449 mSv is acquired as the lowest effective dose is 70 kVp, 5mAs, DAP 1.06mGy·cm² in groups classified with effective dose. Another condition which 0.885mGy·cm² is acquired as the lowest DAP is 90kV, 2.5mAs, and Its effective dose is 0.013mSv. As a result of statistic significance test, there is significance difference in effective dose of the efficient DEI range group(p<0.05) and significance difference is found in whole DEI groups of under 0.2, between 0.2 and 0.6, over 0.6(p<0.05)  Conc lus ion : According to each classified data with DEI, DAP, Effective dose, high kVp technique for Chest PA examination which is currently used is need to be reconsidered in patient exposure and image quality.

Affecting Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Korea: Focused on Different Exposure Locations

Li-Yuan Sun,정해관,이은환,강경진,박재현 대한의학회 2016 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.31 No.9

Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) not only can cause serious illness, but is also an economic and social burden. Contextual and individual factors of non-smoker exposure to SHS depend on location. However, studies focusing on this subject are lacking. In this study, we described and compared the factors related to SHS exposure according to location in Korea. Regarding individual factors related to SHS exposure, a common individual variable model and location-specific variable model was used to evaluate SHS exposure at home/work/public locations based on sex. In common individual variables, such as age, and smoking status showed different relationships with SHS exposure in different locations. Among home-related variables, housing type and family with a single father and unmarried children showed the strongest positive relationships with SHS exposure in both males and females. In the workplace, service and sales workers, bluecollar workers, and manual laborers showed the strongest positive association with SHS exposure in males and females. For multilevel analysis in public places, only SHS exposure in females was positively related with cancer screening rate. Exposure to SHS in public places showed a positive relationship with drinking rate and single-parent family in males and females. The problem of SHS embodies social policies and interactions between individuals and social contextual factors. Policy makers should consider the contextual factors of specific locations and regional and individual context, along with differences between males and females, to develop effective strategies for reducing SHS exposure.

Affecting Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Korea: Focused on Different Exposure Locations

Sun, Li-Yuan,Cheong, Hae-Kwan,Lee, Eun-Whan,Kang, Kyeong-Jin,Park, Jae-Hyun The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2016 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.31 No.9

<P>Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) not only can cause serious illness, but is also an economic and social burden. Contextual and individual factors of non-smoker exposure to SHS depend on location. However, studies focusing on this subject are lacking. In this study, we described and compared the factors related to SHS exposure according to location in Korea. Regarding individual factors related to SHS exposure, a common individual variable model and location-specific variable model was used to evaluate SHS exposure at home/work/public locations based on sex. In common individual variables, such as age, and smoking status showed different relationships with SHS exposure in different locations. Among home-related variables, housing type and family with a single father and unmarried children showed the strongest positive relationships with SHS exposure in both males and females. In the workplace, service and sales workers, blue-collar workers, and manual laborers showed the strongest positive association with SHS exposure in males and females. For multilevel analysis in public places, only SHS exposure in females was positively related with cancer screening rate. Exposure to SHS in public places showed a positive relationship with drinking rate and single-parent family in males and females. The problem of SHS embodies social policies and interactions between individuals and social contextual factors. Policy makers should consider the contextual factors of specific locations and regional and individual context, along with differences between males and females, to develop effective strategies for reducing SHS exposure.</P>

Mere Exposure Effect on Travel Intention of Educated Young People in Asia: Results from a Cross-Country Survey

Yunjuan Luo,Sarah Prusoff LoCascio,Jantima Kheokao,Sung Kyum Cho,Ravindran Gopalan,Nutthapon Jitprapai,Dorien Kartikawangi,Nik Norma Nik Hasan,Rowena Capulong Reyes,Kanyika Shaw,Indeok Song,Nikko Visp Center for Asian Public Opinion ResearchCollaborat 2024 Asian journal for public opinion research Vol.12 No.2

Drawing on mere exposure effect, we proposed that more exposure to a city, as measured by the number of channels of exposure, would increase familiarity, city image, and intention to visit that city. We conducted a survey of university students in seven Asian countries, asking them about a total of 14 cities, at least one from each of the surveyed countries. Exposure was found to be a significant antecedent and was most powerful when mediated by familiarity. Some types of exposure were stronger than others. Personal exposure, in the form of having visited a city or knowing someone who has, was the strongest type of exposure, with more than double the effect of media exposure. Social media, which is difficult to classify as either personal or media, was assessed separately and had a much smaller effect. The mere exposure effect exists whether the intention to visit a city is related to pleasure (tourism) or business.

소음노출수준과 연령이 연차적 청력변동에 미치는 영향 : Annual Follow-up Studies for Seven Years

양승림,유철인,김옥현,김돈균,이지호,이수일,이충렬,조병만 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.2

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of noise exposure and age on the changes of group mean hearing threshold level(HTL) over 7-year period. For this purpose, consecutive annual audiometric tests were performed from 1991 to 1997, among 718 male employees of a metal product manufacturing factory. The subjects were divided four groups as follows according to noise level category(NLC). NLC-Ⅰ: officer, exposed noise level was under 60 dB(A) of time weighted average(TWA); NLC-Ⅱ: technical assistant or engineer, they exposed to workplace noise occasionally ; NLC-Ⅲ : worker, exposed noise level was below 85 dB(A) of TWA, wore hearing protection device(earmuff or earplug) ; NLC-Ⅳ: worker, exposed noise level was over 85 dB(A) of TWA, wore hearing protection device(earmuff and earplug). The results were as follows: 1. The improvement of group mean HTL was continued until the fifth year, showing the peak at the third year. The magnitudes of this learning effect were 1.5∼4.6dB. 2. The mean HTL of each age group tended to increase after the third year and the tendency was more prominent at 4000Hz. 3. In noise exposed group(NLC-Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ), mean HTL increased from the third year after decreasing, meanwhile, in noise free group(NLC-Ⅰ), it was few changed for the entire period. Among the noise exposure group, the mean HTL OF NLC-Ⅳ was lower than that of NLC-Ⅲ and NLC-Ⅳ. 4. After learning effect, the mean increase of HTL in noise free group (NLC-Ⅰ) was 0.4∼1.7 dB that suggests aging effect, and that in noise exposure group(NLC-Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ) was 0.9∼4.1 dB that suggests noise effect. 5. Statistical analysis of the general linear model implicated that the effect of age was statistically significant at 500, 3000, 4000 and 6000 Hz, and the effect of noise exposure was statistically significant at all frequencies except 6000Hz. However, the age* noise interaction was not significant at all frequencies. From these results, it was concluded that the effect of age and noise exposure seems to affect the mean HTL independently and these two factors contribute to an additive effect for the mean HTL change. Furthermore, more concerns should be needed for hearing conservation of low level exposures without any specific protection.

스포츠이벤트와 기업의 유사성 유형과 광고노출빈도에 따른광고태도 및 광고효과 분석

박상현 ( Sqang Hyun Park ),임범규 ( Bumg Yu Im ) 한국스포츠정책과학원(구 한국스포츠개발원) 2015 체육과학연구 Vol.26 No.1

본 연구는 스포츠이벤트와 기업 간의 유사성 유형(기능적 유사성, 이미지 유사성)과 광고노출빈도(1회, 3회, 5회)에 따라 광고에 노출된 소비자들의 광고태도의 차이를 분석하고 광고효과인 브랜드 태도, 지식습득효과(wear-in effect), 지식소멸효과(wear-out effect)에 대한 차이를 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구는 편의표본추출법을 사용하여 서울 및 경기도에 거주하는 대학생 150명을 모집해 광고노출빈도에 따라 분할 설계된 3집단에 무선 배치(random assignment)해 자료를 수집하였다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 18.0 Version for Window와 AMOS 20.0을 이용해, 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계분석, 확인적 요인분석, 일원배치분산분석, 잠재평균분석을 실시하였다. 이에 도출된 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스포츠이벤트와 기업 간의 기능적 유사성이 높은 조합은 광고노출빈도에 따른 광고태도의 차이가 유의미하게 나타났으며 광고노출빈도에 따라 역 U자형의 변화패턴을 보였다. 반대로, 스포츠이벤트와 기업 간의 기능적 유사성이 낮은 조합은 광고노출빈도에 따른 광고태도의 차이가 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났으며, 광고노출빈도가 증가함에 따라 감소하는 변화 패턴을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이미지유사성이 높은 조합은 광고노출빈도에 따른 광고태도의 차이가 유의미한 것으로 나타났으며, 광고노출빈도에 따라 광고태도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 반대로, 이미지유사성이 낮은 조합은 광고노출빈도에 따른 광고태도가 유의미한 것으로 나타났고 다소 약한 역 U자형의 변화 패턴을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 잠재평균분석결과 스포츠이벤트와 기업 간의 유사성이 높은 광고를 접한 집단이 유사성이 낮은 광고를 접한 집단보다 광고태도, 브랜드태도, 지식습득효과가 유의미하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of congruence type between sporting event and corporate sponsor as well as the effects of advertisement exposure frequencies (1, 3 or 5 times) on advertisement attitude and advertisement effectiveness, including brand attitude and advertisement wear-in and wear-out effects. Data (N=150) were collected using a convenience sampling method and 3-group random assignment. The collected data were analyzed by means of frequency analysis, reliability analysis based on factor rho coefficient, correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, confirmatory factor analysis, and latent mean analysis. The results were as follows; firstly, in case of higher functional congruence condition, advertisement attitude was most positive in a 3-time exposure situation and it decreased as advertisement exposure frequency further increased. However, in the lower functional congruence situation, advertisement attitude was continuously decreased as advertisement exposure frequencies increased. Secondly, in the higher image similarity situation, advertisement attitude was increased as advertisement exposure frequencies increased. On the other hand, in the lower image congruence situation, advertisement attitude was decreased as advertisement exposure frequencies increased. Lastly, advertisement attitude, brand attitude, and wear-in effects were statistically higher in the high functional and image congruence situations than did in the low functional and image congruence situations.