배기가스세정장치의 세정수 배출금지에 대한 법적 문제 연구

이보라,안정호 한국해사법학회 2019 해사법연구 Vol.31 No.1

Sulfur contents of fuel oil used in vessels are to be reduced from the current 3.5% m/m to 0.5% m/m since January 1, 2020. And according to the provisions of Regulation 4, regarding to equivalents, exhaust gas cleaning system has recently attracted attention as alternative technologies are allowed. The exhaust gas cleaning system refers to a technology for discharging exhaust gas to the atmosphere at a sulfur content of 0.5% m/m or less or 0.1% m/m or less by desulfurizing the exhaust gas emitted from the combustion engine of a ship mainly through water treatment. There is an increasing number of cases in terms of the advantage of being able to use conventional fuel oil which may be relatively inexpensive. However, in the case of an open-loop exhaust gas cleaning system, the influence of the marine ecosystem due to potential heavy metals, etc. other than the criteria mentioned in the Guidelines for Approval of the exhaust gas cleaning system is not accurately reported in terms of discharging the exhaust gas. In some countries such as China and Singapore, the ban on washing water is being announced. This is a sufficiently recognizable measure as part of realizing the precautionary principle. If harmfulness of the cleansing water is scientifically recognized and the ban on all the waters are to be taken into consideration, the open-loop exhaust gas cleaning system approved by the state in accordance with guidelines developed by the International Maritime Organization, the Grandfathering clause should be stipulated for use under normal operating conditions in accordance with the guidelines at the time of installation. It would be appropriate to apply stricter standards to exhaust gas cleaning system newly installed by revising the guidelines of the exhaust gas cleaning system by examining the hazardousness of the washing water as soon as possible. 2020년 1월 1일부터 전세계 배출통제구역을 제외한 전 해역에서 선박에 사용하는 연료유의 황함유량 기준이 현행 3.5% m/m에서 0.5% m/m이하로 강화됨에 따라 최근 대체기술로 주목을 끌고 있는 것이 배기가스세정장치이다. 배기가스세정장치는 선박의 연소기관을 통과한 배기가스를 주로 수처리를 통해 탈황 처리함으로써 황함유량 0.5% m/m 또는 0.1% m/m 등의 기준치 이하의 배기가스를 대기로 배출하는 기술을 지칭하는데 상대적으로 저렴한 전통적인 연료유를 지속적으로 사용할 수 있다는 장점 측면에서 적용사례가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 개방형 배기가스세정장치의 경우 배기가스를 처리한 세정수가 곧바로 해양으로 배출되기 때문에 배기가스세정장치 승인에 관한 지침서에 언급된 기준 외 추가적인 중금속 등으로 인한 해양생태계에 대한 영향이 정확하게 파악되지 않았다는 점에서 중국, 싱가폴 등 일부 국가에서는 세정수의 배출금지를 추진하고 있다. 이는 사전배려의 원칙을 실현하는 조치의 일환으로 충분히 인정할만한 조치라고 판단된다. 국제해사기구가 개발한 지침서에 따라 각국이 승인한 개방형 배기가스세정장치에 대해 만약 향후 세정수의 유해성이 과학적으로 파악되고 모든 해역에서의 배출금지조치를 고려할 때는 선의의 목적으로 선박에 설치된 개방형 배기가스세정장치에 대해 설치당시 승인기준으로 작용한 지침서에 따라 정상적으로 작동한다는 조건하에 사용할 수 있도록 Grandfathering 조항을 명문화하여야 한다. 그리고 세정수의 유해성을 평가하기 위한 환경영향평가를 조속히 시행하여 필요하다면 배기가스세정장치의 지침서를 개정하여 새롭게 설치되는 배기가스세정장치에 대해서는 보다 엄격한 기준을 적용하는 것이 타당할 것이다.

자동차 배기가스 유량 및 온도 변화에 따른 열전발전용 열교환기 발열량 특성에 관한 연구

김대완(Dae-Wan Kim),기한 에카나야케(Gihan Ekanayake),이무연(Moo-Yeon Lee) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.2

본 논문은 자동차 열전발전용 열교환기에서 배기가스의 유량과 온도 변화에 따른 발열량 특성을 수치적으로 연구하였다. 자동차 열전발전용 열교환기는 내부에 핀을 설치하여 자동차 배기가스에서 나오는 열에너지를 열전소자로 최대 값을 전달할 수 있도록 하였으며, 상용 프로그램인 CAD를 이용하여 설계하였다. 그리고 배기가스의 유량과 온도 변화에 따른 열교환기 발열량 특성을 분석하기 위하여 상용 프로그램인 ANSYS CFX v17.0을 이용하여 배기가스 유량은 0.01, 0.02, 0.03 kg/s로 변화시키고, 배기가스 온도는 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 ℃로 변화시켜 수치해석 하였다. 결론적으로 열교환기의 입구측과 출구 측 배기가스 압력 차는 배기가스의 유량에 따라 결정된다. 배기가스 유량이 증가하면 열교환기 입구 측과 출구측 압력차는 증가하지만, 열교환기 입구 측과 출구 측 배기가스 압력차는 배기가스 온도에 따라 변하지 않는다. 따라서 열교환기 표면 온도를 최대 값으로 얻기 위해서는 배기가스 유량은 낮추고, 배기가스 온도는 높여야 한다는 결론을 도출하였다. The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the thermal characteristics of an automobile exhaust-based heat exchanger for automotive thermoelectric power generation with various exhaust gas mass flow rates and temperatures. The heat exchanger for automotive thermoelectric power generation has a square-type pin installed inside, so the maximum amount of heat can be transferred to the thermoelectric element from the heat energy coming from the automobile exhaust gas. The exhaust gas mass flow rate changed from 0.01, to 0.02, to 0.03 kg/s, and the exhaust gas temperature changed from 400, to 450, to 500, to 550, to 600 ℃, respectively. A numerical simulation was conducted by using the commercial program ANSYS CFX v17.0. Consequently, the exhaust gas pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger is determined according to the flow rate of the exhaust gas. When the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas increased, the pressure difference between the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger increased, but the exhaust gas pressure difference between the inlet of the heat exchanger and the outlet did not vary with the exhaust gas temperature. Therefore, in order to obtain the maximum surface temperature from the heat exchanger, the exhaust gas mass flow rate should be lower, and the exhaust gas temperature should be higher.

합성가스 배기분사 기술의 개발

양승일(Seung-Il Yang),원상연(Sang-Yeon Won),송춘섭(Chun-Sub Song),박영준(Young-Joon Park),조용석(Yong-Seok Cho) 한국자동차공학회 2007 한국자동차공학회 춘 추계 학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

During a cold start period of SI engines, increasing temperature of exhaust gas is a key strategy to reduce a light-off time of a three way catalyst. This study performed injection of synthetic gas in exhaust manifold to increase exhaust gas temperature and reduce harmful emissions. Also, this study tried to evaluate changes of exhaust gas temperature and harmful emission through controls of engine operating conditions such as ignition timing and lambda control. Experimental results showed that combustion of synthetic gas in the exhaust manifold is effective in reduction of harmful emissions and decrease of the light-off time. This study also found that retarded ignition timing and increased air/fuel ratio with ESGI is effective in increasing exhaust gas temperature and reducing harmful emissions. Changing engine control variables under stable combustion condition of the engine can increase greatly effect of combustion of synthetic gas.

배기가스 재순환 버너에서 연소가스 출구 위치에 따른 연소 유동 특성에 관한 연구

하지수(Ji-Soo Ha) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.8

질소산화물은 최근에 초미세먼지 발생에 많은 영향을 주고 있어서 대기환경 개선 측면에서 사회적으로도 크게 관심이 되고 있다. 질소산화물은 주로 화력발전 등의 연소기기에서 고온의 연소가스 분위기에서 공기 중의 질소와 산소가 반응하여 발생한다. 이에 대한 저감 방법으로 원통형 버너에 코안다 노즐을 이용한 배관으로 배기가스를 재순환하는 연소에 대한 연구가 최근에 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 코안다 노즐을 사용하여 배기가스를 재순환하는 원통형 버너의 연소가스 출구의 위치를 오른쪽으로 하는 버너(Case 1 버너), 양쪽을 출구로 하는 버너(Case 2 버너), 왼쪽을 출구로 하는 버너(Case 3 버너) 형상에 대하여 전산유체해석을 통해 연구를 수행하였으며 연소 유동의 압력, 유선, 온도, 연소 반응 속도와 질소산화물의 분포 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 연소반응은 Case 1과 Case 2버너는 연소가스 재순환 유입구가 있는 오른쪽 방향으로 일어나고 Case 3 버너는 혼합가스 유입구 부근에서 일어나고 있었다. 출구에서의 온도는 Case 2버너가 양쪽으로 배출되면서 다른 버너 보다 약 100℃ 정도 온도가 낮게 나타났으며 출구에서의 NOx 농도는 Case 1버너가 다른 형상 버너 보다 약 20배 크게 나타났다. 이로부터 NOx 저감을 위해서는 배기가스 재순환 버너의 출구는 양쪽으로 배출되게 하거나 연소가스 재순환 유입구 반대 방향으로 배출 되도록 하는 것이 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have recently been very influential in the generation of ultrafine dust, which is of great social interest in terms of improving the atmospheric environment. Nitrogen oxides are generated mainly by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in air in a combustion gas atmosphere of high temperature in a combustion apparatus such as thermal power generation. Recently, research has been conducted on the combustion that recirculates the exhaust gas to the cylindrical burner by using a piping using a Coanda nozzle. In this study, three types of burners were carried out through computational fluid analysis. Case 1 burner with the outlet of the combustion gas to the right, Case 2 burner with both sides as gas exit, Case 3 burner with left side gas exit. The pressure, flow, temperature, combustion reaction rate and distribution characteristics of nitrogen oxides were compared and analyzed. The combustion reaction occurred in Case 1 and Case 2 burner in the right direction with combustion gas recirculation inlet and Case 3 burner in the vicinity of mixed gas inlet. The temperature at the outlet was about 100℃ lower than that of the other burners as the Case 2 burner was exhausted to both sides. The NOx concentration of Case 1 burner at the exit was about 20 times larger than that of the other burners. From the present study, it could be seen that it is effective for the NOx reduction to exhaust the exhaust gas to both side gas exits or to exhaust the exhaust gas to the opposite direction of inlet of recirculation gas.

Influence of gas exhaust geometry on flow pattern, performance, and erosion rate of a gas cyclone

Parvaz Farzad,Hosseini Seyyed Hossein,Bastan Ahmad Reza,Foroozesh Jamal,Babaoğlu Nihan Uygur,Elsayed Khairy,Ahmadi Goodarz 한국화학공학회 2023 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.40 No.7

The effect of gas exhaust shape on the performance, flow pattern, and erosion rate of a gas cyclone was investigated using a numerical model. The results show that the shape of the gas exhaust affects the movement of the vortex core in the gas cyclone. With a change in the shape of the exhaust gas, the axial and tangential velocities changed in the cyclone. The highest turbulent kinetic energy in cyclones was found in the gas exhaust region. The results showed that the diamond gas exhaust exhibited the highest turbulent kinetic energy among the other shapes. In the cases of diamond and square gas exhausts, the size of the Rankine vortex was decreased, leading to a reduction in the centrifugal force of the gas flow and, thereby, cyclone separation efficiency. The lowest erosion rate and highest separation efficiency were found for the cyclone with a circular gas exhaust.

배기관에서의 합성가스 연소에 따른 배기가스 온도 및 농도 변화에 관한 실험적 연구

조용석(Yong-Seok Cho),이성욱(Seang Wock Lee),양승일(Seung-Il Yang),송춘섭(Chun-Sub Song),박영준(Young-Joon Park) 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국 자동차공학회논문집 Vol.16 No.4

A synthetic gas reformed from hydrocarbon-based fuels consists of H₂, CO and N₂. Hydrogen contained in the synthetic gas is a very useful species in chemical processes, due to its wide flammability range and fast burning speed. The ESGI (Exhaust Synthetic Gas Injection) technology is developed to shorten the light-off time of three way catalysts through combustion of the synthetic gas in the exhaust manifold during the cold start period of SI engines. Before the ESGI technology is applied to the test engine, the authors set a test rig that consists of gas temperature and composition controllers, an exhaust pulse generator and an exhaust manifold with a visualization window, in order to optimize the point and conditions of injection of the synthetic gas. Through measuring burned gas temperatures and taking photographs of synthetic gas combustion at the outlet of the exhaust manifold, the authors tried to find the optimal injection point and conditions. Analysis of burned gas composition has been performed for various O₂ concentrations. As a result, when the synthetic gas is injected at the port outlet of the cylinder No. 4 and O₂ concentration exceeds 4%, combustion of the synthetic gas is strong and effective in the exhaust manifold.

가솔린 기관의 냉간시동 조건에서 합성가스 배기분사 기술의 최적 분사압력에 관한 실험적 연구

박정권(Jung-Kwon Park),박영준(Young-Joon Park),이성욱(Seang-Wock Lee),조용석(Yong-Seok Cho) 대한기계학회 2007 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2007 No.10

Synthetic gas reformed from hydrocarbon-based fuel consists of H₂, CO and N₂. Hydrogen contained in synthetic gas is very useful species in chemical process, due to wide flammability range and fast burning speed. The ESGI(Exhaust Synthetic Gas Injection) is used to shorten a light-off time of a three-way catalyst through combustion of synthetic gas injected in exhaust manifold during a cold start period of an SI engine. When injection pressure of synthetic gas is increased, exhaust gas temperature rises due to increment of total heat. However, total CO emitted in the vehicle is increased, because synthetic gas has its own CO, and fuel consumption is also deteriorated. If injection pressure of synthetic gas is excessively increased, exhaust gas temperature will decrease due to increment of inert gas and heat capacity under low O₂ concentration condition for combustion of synthetic gas. Also efficiency of THC reduction ought to be considered for various injection pressures of synthetic gas because it is greatly affected by exhaust gas temperature. In this study, injection pressure of synthetic gas was precisely varied to optimize injection pressure in terms of exhaust gas temperature, harmful emissions and fuel consumption. Experimental results showed that the optimized injection pressure is 1.5 bar.

스크러버 연계 배기가스 배출제어용 3방향 댐퍼밸브의 구조 안전성 평가

김영훈,Kim, Young-Hun 한국산업융합학회 2020 한국산업융합학회 논문집 Vol.23 No.6

IMO(International Maritime Organization) continues to strengthen environmental regulations on exhaust gases such as CO2, NOx, SOx. As for sulfur oxides, from 1 January 2020, all ships on international voyages must use fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% or less. Or, it is obligatory to use an exhaust gas treatment device that has the same effect. Shipping companies are using low-sulfur oil, replacing them with LNG fuel, or installing scrubbers that suppress sulfur oxide emissions. In the case of ships using bunker C oil, the load on the engine is lower when entering and departing, so the exhaust gas pressure is lowered and the scrubber cannot be properly utilized. Therefore, diesel oil with low sulfur content is used when entering and leaving the coast. When diesel oil is used, exhaust gas is directly discharged through the control system and piping system, and when bunker C oil is used, sulfur oxides are reduced by scrubbers through other control systems and piping systems to discharge exhaust gas. Accordingly, a company has developed a system called a three-way damper valve that can control exhaust gas emissions while integrating these two control systems and piping systems into one. In this study, the control characteristics of the integrated exhaust gas control system and structural safety against external loads in a high-temperature exhaust gas environment were reviewed.

Performance enhancement of heat recovery from engine exhaust gas using corona wind

Shin, Dong Ho,Kim, Sunuk,Ko, Han Seo,Shin, Youhwan Elsevier 2018 Energy conversion and management Vol.173 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study develops a new type of heat exchanger with tungsten wires to produce a corona wind. Experimental data are presented for the velocity and temperature of the corona flow from wires to parallel electrodes with respect to the applied voltage and power. Additionally, a gas engine power generation system is manufactured, and its power generation efficiency is tested according to the fuel gas volume fraction between methane and carbon dioxide. Furthermore, an exhaust gas heat recovery system is fabricated using the proposed heat exchanger. A prototype of the corona wind heat exchanger is manufactured, and its enhanced heat recovery efficiency is tested with the gas engine. The corona wind heat exchanger operates well under the available exhaust gas conditions; it increases the temperature of 1 L/min water flow by 45 °C by recovering 2 kW of heat energy from the exhaust gas. The total power production efficiency was increased from 29% to 47%. The results confirm that the proposed corona wind heat exchanger can be applied to the gas engines to greatly enhance their heat recovery efficiency.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A new type of heat exchanger with tungsten wires to induce corona wind is reported. </LI> <LI> An exhaust gas heat recovery system is fabricated using the proposed heat exchanger. </LI> <LI> A prototype increases the temperature of 1 L/min water flow by 45 °C by heat recovery. </LI> <LI> Results confirm that the prototype enhances 18% of heat recovery efficiency. </LI> </UL> </P>

급속압축기에서 노말헵탄/노말부탄올 혼합연료의 점화지연 특성에 배기가스 재순환이 미치는 영향

강기중 한국기계기술학회 2017 한국기계기술학회지 Vol.19 No.6

The autoignition characteristics of n-heptane/n-butanol were investigated both experimentally and numerically. The effects of oxygen concentration and exhaust gas recirculation rate on the autoignition characteristics were evaluated. A rapid compression machine was employed to measure ignition delay times of blended fuels. A numerical study on the ignition delay time was performed using the CHEMKIN-PRO software to calculate ignition delay time and predict the chemical species in the combustion process. The results revealed that the ignition delay time increased with decreasing oxygen concentration due to the thermal load effect of nitrogen. The oxidation reaction of n-heptane in a low temperature regime was limited with decreasing oxygen concentration. The ignition delay time sharply decreased with exhaust gas recirculation because of theintermediate species in the exhaust gas. Exhaust gas recirculation reduced first ignition delay dramatically. However, the time interval between the first and main ignition increased with increased exhaust gas recirculation.