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기관지천식 환자에서 Furosemide, Disodium cromoglycate 및 Heparin 흡입이 고장액 식염수 기관지유발검사에 미치는 영향
강천일,현상훈,남언정,김건우,윤종수,서영익,이종명,김능수 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1996 慶北醫大誌 Vol.37 No.3
목적 : 기관지천식 환자에서 고장액 식염수의 흡입은 기도수축을 유발할 수 있으며 이는 운동유발성 천식반응과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자들은 알레르겐 흡입이나 운동에 의해 유발되는 천식에 예방효과가 있는 것으로 알려진 disodium cromoglycate(DSCG), furosemide 및 heparin 흡입이 4.5% NaCl 기관지유발검사(BPT)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 4.5% NaCl BPT에서 양성반응을 보이는 기관지천식 환자 13명을 대상으로 하였으며 사용된 약물은 furosemide 40㎎, DSCG 40㎎ 및 heparin 1,000μ/㎏이었다. 먼저baseline 4.5% NaCl BPT를 시행한 다음 이들 약물로 전처치후 다시 4.5% NaCl BPT를 시행하여 약물의 효과를 관찰하였다. 결과 : Furosemide 40㎎, DSCG 40㎎및 heparin 1,000μ/㎏의 흡입 전처치는 고장액 식염수에 의한 기도수축 반응에 뚜렷한 예방효과를 보였다. Furosemide와 DSCG로 전처치한 군(n=6)에서 이들의 기도수축 방어율은 각각 100.6±6.6%, 91.1±17.2%였으며 furosemide와 heparin으로 전처치한 군(n=7)에서는 각각 58.7±29.2%, 59.0±51.1%로서 각 군에서 이들 약제간의 방어율에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : Furosemide(40㎎), DSCG(40㎎) 및 heparin(1000μ/㎏)의 흡입 전처치는 고장액 식염수에 의한 기도수축 반응에 뚜렷한 예방효과를 보였으며, 적어도 이 용량에서 기도수축 예방 정도에는 유의한 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. Background: Hypertonic saline (4.5% NaCl) inhalation is known to induce broncho-constriction by affecting mast cell, epithelial cell and vagal afferent pathway in some asthmatics. Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) is known to have a preventive effect on allergic asthma and exercise induced asthma, and recently it was reported that furosemide and heparin had similar effect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of furosemide, DSCG and heparin on hypertonic saline provocation test in asthmatics. Methods: Thirteen asthmatics with a positive response to hypertonic saline challenge were enrolled. Hypertonic saline and test drugs were generated by ultrasonic nebulizer. After taking baseline 4.5% NaCl challenge, subjects were rechallenged with 4.5% NaCl after inhalation of furosemide 40㎎, DSCG 40㎎ or heparin 1,000μ/㎏. Results: 1. There was a significant positive relationship between PC_20-methacholine and PTM-4.5% NaCl(r=0.5575, p = 0.024). 2. Furosemide, DSCG and heparin had no direct bronchodilating effects. 3. Premedication of furosemide and DSCG(n=6) showed significant protective effects on 4.5% NaCl induced broncho-constriction. The average protection rate were 100.6±6.6% and 91.1±17.2%, respectively. 4. Premedication of furosemide and heparin(n=7) showed significant protective effects on 4.5% NaCl induced broncho-constriction. The average protection rate were 58.7±29.2% and 59.0±51.1%. respectively. Conclusions: Furosemide(40㎎), DSCG(40㎎) and heparin(1.000μ/㎏) had significant protective effects on hypertonic saline induced broncho-constriction in asthmatics, and there were no significant differences in their potency of protection rate.
Seonjun Choi,Yun-heub Song 대한전자공학회 2018 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.18 No.6
In this study we proposed the ‘Double-Side-Control-Gate’(DSCG) which solves problems the conventional 3-D vertical NAND flash structure using the added Sub-Side-Control-Gate(SSCG) and segregate charge nitride layer. The proposed DSCG structure was simulated and tested by the sentaurus TCAD(Synopsys. Inc) tool and confirmed the reduction of interference effect. To demonstrate the performance improvement of the proposed architecture, we analyzed cell-to-cell interference in 3- bit multi-cells and made quantitative analysis on the reduction of cell-to-cell interference resulting from the application of DSCG. In the analysis, we compared and estimated benefits expected from the application of DSCG by calculating Cell-to-Cell Distance(CTCD), pass voltage, etc. Lastly, we confirmed the above 90% reduction of the Cell-to- Cell interference using the DSCG structure.