Women’s Participation in Politics: A Case Study of Balochistan

Ajmal Khan,Hussan Ara,Muhammad Kamran Taj 아시아사회과학학회 2023 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.10 No.3

This research examines the issue of women's participation in politics in Balochistan, with a focus on the barriers and challenges they face in actively engaging in political affairs. Balochistan, a province in Pakistan, presents a unique case where women's participation in politics is significantly lower compared to other democratic states. Despite constitutional guarantees of equal rights and opportunities for women, their representation in political decision-making processes remains marginal. This study investigates the factors contributing to this under-representation, including illiteracy, traditional and patriarchal societal norms, cultural barriers, economic dependency, and the male-dominated structure of political parties. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing interviews and oral testimonies with key stakeholders, including female members of the Provincial Assembly, social activists, lawyers, councilors, and women organization administrators. Thematic analysis of the collected data reveals a lack of political activism among women and limited efforts by political parties to promote women's empowerment. The study recommends a multifaceted approach to address these challenges, including educational reforms, legal protections against discrimination, political reforms such as increasing reserved seats and promoting merit-based selection, social and cultural transformation through awareness campaigns, and economic empowerment of women. The findings of this research contribute to the existing body of knowledge on women's political participation and provide insights and recommendations to enhance women's empowerment and foster a more inclusive and democratic political environment in Balochistan.

The Baloch nationalism in Pakistan: Articulation of the ethnic separatism after the end of the Cold War

Hoshang Noraiee 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2020 Journal of Eurasian Studies Vol.11 No.1

The tribal structures of the society in Balochistan has strongly influenced Baloch nationalism in Pakistan. The Baloch nationalism has been shaped in the process of widespread politico-tribal rivalry, in the context of a week state in Pakistan interacted with the post-cold war conditions marked by the absence of the Soviet Union hegemonic power, and the processes of globalization. In this framework, the attitudes, scope, and directions of the Baloch nationalism, in this area, have shifted. The radical nationalism predominantly has become more aggressive, more exclusionary, more puritan, and more ethnically oriented. It has become more relaxed in using unethical and deceitful means such as indiscriminate killing, kidnapping, ransom; arm trafficking, and sometimes some of the nationalists, if not directly, gaining benefit from the drug trafficking, and banditry to achieve their objectives. Considering the geopolitical conditions in the whole region, particularly in Pakistan and Afghanistan; and the strength of tribal-sardari values associated with inter and intra rivalries, it is not surprising to find a peculiar situation in Balochistan. This research is mainly based on literature review, but also some limited conversations with a few anonymous informants and contacts with some of the Baloch political and community organizations and activists.

Various Aspects, Patterns and Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Patients of Balochistan

Baloch, Abdul Hameed,Shuja, Jameela,Daud, Shakeela,Ahmed, Muneer,Ahmad, Adeel,Tareen, Mehrullah,Khan, Farah,Kakar, Muhammad Azam,Baloch, Dost Mohammad,Kakar, Naseebullah,Naseeb, Hafiz Khush,Ahmad, Jam Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.8

Purpose: Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy of females throughout the world with one million new cases each year. In Pakistan, the burden of breast cancer disease is high with late stage presentation being a common feature, more than half being stage III or stage IV. The objective of this study was to study various aspects, patterns and risk factors in breast cancer patients of Balochistan. Method: Present study was performed on 134 patients of breast cancer who were registered in CENAR. The patients were interviewed by providing a questionnaire. Informed consent was taken from all the patients who took part in this study after explanation of the study aims. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated andbiopsy reports were obtained from patients files. All the cases were classified with respect to age, gender, ethnic group (Baloch, Pashtoon, Punjabi, Afghani, Hazara) BMI, cancer type, cancer grade, hormonal status, side of the cancer, fertility and marital status. Results: Out of 134 patients, the most common ethnic group was Pashtoon with a total of 42 and the common age group was 41-50 years with a total of 51. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was the most common type, accounting for in 128 patients (95.5%) followed by invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Conclusion: Pashtoon was the most common ethnic group, IDC was common type and most of the patients had an ER/PR positive hormonal status.

Novel Nonsense Variants c.58C>T (p.Q20X) and c.256G>T (p.E85X) in the CHEK2 Gene Identified dentified in Breast Cancer Patients from Balochistan

Baloch, Abdul Hameed,Khosa, Ahmad Nawaz,Bangulzai, Nasrullah,Shuja, Jamila,Naseeb, Hafiz Khush,Jan, Mohammad,Marghazani, Illahi Bakhsh,Kakar, Masood-ul-Haq,Baloch, Dost Mohammad,Cheema, Abdul Majeed,A Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.3

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring and leading cause of cancer deaths among women globally. Hereditary cases account 5-10% of all the cases and CHEK2 is considered as a moderate penetrance breast cancer risk gene. CHEK2 plays a crucial role in response to DNA damage to promote cell cycle arrest and repair DNA damage or induce apoptosis. Our objective in the current study was to analyze mutations in the CHEK2 gene related to breast cancer in Balochistan. A total of 271 individuals including breast cancer patients and normal subjects were enrolled. All 14 exons of CHEK2 were amplified and sequenced. The majority of the patients (>95%) had invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs), 52.1% were diagnosed with tumor grade III and 56.1% and 27.5% were diagnosed with advance stages III and IV. Two novel nonsense variants i.e. c.58C>T (P.Q20X) and c.256G>T (p.E85X) at exon 1 and 2 in two breast cancer patients were identified in the current study. Both the variants identified were novel and have not been reported elsewhere.

Novel Nonsense Variants c.58C>T (p.Q20X) and c.256G>T (p.E85X) in the CHEK2 Gene Identified in Breast Cancer Patients from Balochistan

Baloch, Abdul Hameed,Khosa, Ahmad Nawaz,Bangulzai, Nasrullah,Shuja, Jamila,Naseeb, Hafiz Khush,Jan, Mohammad,Marghazani, Illahi Bakhsh,Kakar, Masood-ul-Haq,Baloch, Dost Mohammad,Cheema, Abdul Majeed,A Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.7

Breast cancer is very common and the leading cause of cancer deaths among women globally. Hereditary cases account for 5-10% of the total burden and CHEK2, which plays crucial role in response to DNA damage to promote cell cycle arrest and repair or induce apoptosis, is considered as a moderate penetrance breast cancer risk gene. Our objective in the current study was to analyze mutations in related to breast cancer. A total of 271 individuals including breast cancer patients and normal subjects were enrolled and all 14 exons of CHEK2 were amplified and sequenced. The majority of the patients (>95%) were affected with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 52.1% were diagnosed with grade III tumors and 56.2% and 27.5% with advanced stages III and IV. Two novel nonsense variants i.e. c.58C>T (P.Q20X) and c.256G>T (p.E85X) at exon 1 and 2 in two breast cancer patients were identified, both novel and not reported elsewhere.

A Multi-Group Analysis of Risk Management Practices of Public and Private Commercial Banks

Khurram REHMAN,Hadi Hassan KHAN,Bilal SARWAR,Noor MUHAMMAD,Wahab AHMED,Zia Ur REHMAN 한국유통과학회 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.11

The study examines the relationship between credit risk and operational risk (understanding of risk management, risk identification, risk assessment and control, and risk monitoring) on risk management practices followed by private and public sector commercial banks. The cross-sectional data method was used to check the impact of risk management practices. Data was collected from the bank employees and a total of 284 respondents were finally selected for further analysis. Measurement Invariance of Composite Models analysis is used to test the quality of the measurement model for sub-samples, and multi-group analysis is used for path analysis in sub-sample through PLS-SEM. The findings of the study as the total sample show that both types of banks are managing adequate and significant risk management practices. On the other hand, sub-groups’ results show private sector banks are more momentous than public sector banks. Risk identification is significantly different at the sub-group level, which shows public sector banks are more concentrating on this type of risk. Understanding of risk management has no significant effect on both types of banks and risk assessment & control for public sector banks, and there is a difference in the risk management practices among private and public sector commercial banks.

VALUE OF BARLEY GRAIN AND COTTONSEED CAKE AS SUPPLEMENTS TO FOURWING SALTBUSH, AND THE LIVE WEIGHT GAINS AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF SHEEP FED THE DIETS

Rehman, Atiq-ur,Thompson, E.F.,Rafique, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1996 Animal Bioscience Vol.9 No.6

Fifteen sheep were used in a trial which compared the feeding value of whole barley gain and cottonseed cake as supplements to a basal diet of leaves of fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). Diet SB contained 700 g (air-dry matter) of saltbush alone, diet SB + BG contained 700 g SB with 400 g whole barley grain and diet SB + CS contained 700 g SB with 400 g cottonseed cake. The digestibility of the dry matter of diets SB (69%) and SB + CS (70%) were lower (p < 0.001) than of diet SB + BG (76%). Sheep offered SB alone daily lost 80g whereas those fed the other diets gained 11 g (SB + CS) or 17 g (SB + BG) per day. Daily water consumption of the sheep offered the three diets was similar (p > 0.05), but their water consumption was higher (p < 0.001) than that of sheep offered daily 700 g wheat straw and 200 g barley grain. The results indicate that, at the levels of feeding used, barley grain and cottonseed cake had similar value as supplements to fourwing saltbush harvested in summer. The addition of the supplement allowed the sheep to gain some live weight. However, the presence of saltbush leaves in the diet resulted in higher water intakes by the sheep.