한글화된 균형 평가도구들의 신뢰도와 타당도 분석

장호영 ( Ho-young Jang ),이정훈 ( Jeong-hoon Lee ),이석민 ( Suk-min Lee ) 대한물리의학회 2017 대한물리의학회지 Vol.12 No.4

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the reliability and validity of the Korean-version of the balance assessment tools. METHODS: Two reviewers of this study independently evaluated the titles of articles and abstracts of studies published until December 2016 through electronic databases (RISS, NDSL, KISS, DBpia) using the keywords “Balance or posture or postural control or postural stability”, “Test or assessment or measurement or outcome measure or assessment tool or measurement tool”, “Korean version”, “Reliability” and “Validity”. Regarding the questions considered suitable for the purpose of this study, consensus was reached after reading the full text. Selecting journals suitable for the purpose of the study, they were analyzed as data. RESULTS: The reviewers selected nine papers suitable for the purpose of this study, and Korean-version of the balance assessment tools, included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS), Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), Falls Efficacy Scale (FES), Tinetti-Balance scale, Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) scale, and Function In Sitting Test (FIST). Our study showed that the reliability and validity of the Korean-version of the balance assessment tools were high. CONCLUSION: The Korean-version of the balance assessment tools with high reliability and validity would enable physical therapists to make a more accurate evaluation of balance.

미국의 차세대 평가 PARCC와 Smarter Balanced 평가 비교 분석을 통한 평가 개선 방안

김성숙(Kim Sung sook),임해미(Rim Hae mee) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2015 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.15 No.7

본 연구는 결과 중심, 지식 중심의 평가로부터 과정 중심, 역량 중심 평가로 강조 점이 옮겨가는 시점에서, 대규모 학업성취도 평가에 구체적인 시사점을 제시하는 미 국 차세대 평가인 PARCC와 Smarter Balanced 평가를 분석하였다. PARCC와 Smarter Balanced 평가는 미국에서 새롭게 도입한 공통핵심성취기준의 성공적인 안착과 평가를 위해 도입된 것으로, 진단, 형성, 총합평가의 평가 체제를 갖는다. 두 평가는 모두 컴퓨터 기반 평가로 시행되며, 특히 Smarter Balanced 평가는 CAT 방 식을 따른다는 점이 특징적이다. 수학과 평가는 수학과 공통핵심성취기준의 수학적 내용과 수학적 실천을 고르게 평가하기 위해 증거기반설계에 기반하여 요구목표를 설정하고 증거진술을 토대로 과제를 개발하는 체계적인 절차를 거쳤다. 교육과정의 목표를 충실히 달성하여 학생 들의 진학 및 취업에 대한 준비도를 높이기 위한 PARCC와 Smarter Balanced 평가 의 특징을 탐색하는 것은 향후 우리나라의 대규모 평가를 도입하고 설계하는데 의 미 있는 시사점을 제공할 것으로 기대된다. This study analyzes the Next-Generation Comprehensive Assessment Systems of the United States, PARCC and Smarter Balanced Assessment. PARCC and Smarter Balanced Assessment were introduced to apply and estimate the Common Core State Standards successfully; they include three estimation categories - diagnostic, formative, and summative assessment. Those two assessments are computer-based; it is noticeable that the Smarter Balanced Assessment adopts CAT method in particular. To reasonably assess mathematical content and mathematical practice in PARCC and Smarter Balanced Assessment, the mathematics assessment has relied on systematic processes; for example, the evidence-centered design was applied to define claims and tasks developed based on evidence statements. We expect this study will provide insights to design and apply next large scale assessment in Korea by reviewing the practice for design and implementation of PARCC and Smarter Balanced Assessment which aim to help students prepare for their career path by achieving planned curricular goals.

국가수준 학업성취도 평가와 교실평가와의 연계 방안 탐색을 위한 국외 사례 연구

이명애 인하대학교 교육연구소 2021 교육문화연구 Vol.27 No.2

This study aims to contribute to improving National Assessment of Educational Achivement(NAEA) into the Assessment for Learning by exploring linkage between NAEA and classroom assessment. To this end, the cases of National Certificate of Educational Achievement of New Zealand, National Curriculum Assessment of England, and Smarter Balanced Assessment of the United States were analyzed and implications were drawn. The common point in three cases was that the quality of education was continuously managed by strengthening the connection between evaluation and national curriculum. In addition, it is possible to more accurately grasp the level of academic achievement of students because the national evaluation and classroom evaluation are linked to the same or similar standards to establish a mutual exchange system. The suggestions are as follows. First, research and policy support are needed to reinforce the formative function of NAEA and to explore the possibility of linking with classroom assessment. Second, it is necessary to consider linking the evaluation results of NAEA and the grade of the Achievement Standards-based Assessment. Third, in the course of curriculum development, the national curriculum and evaluation must be more elaborately linked. Fourth, there is a need for systematic and specific plans to enhance teachers' evaluation expertise. 본 연구는 국가수준 학업성취도 평가와 교실평가와의 연계 방안을 탐색함으로써 국가수준 학업성취도 평가를 수업과 연계하여 학생들의 학업을 돕는 평가로 개선하는데 기여하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 뉴질랜드의National Certificate of Educational Achievement, 영국의 National Curriculum Assessment 및 미국의 Smarter Balanced Assessment 사례를 분석하고 시사점을 도출하였다. 국외 사례에서 공통적인 점은 평가와 국가 교육과정의 연계 강화를통해 지속적으로 교육의 질 관리를 해 나간다는 것이었다. 또한 국가수준 평가와 교실평가가 동일하거나 유사한기준에서 연계되어 상호 비교 가능한 체제를 구축하고 있어 학생의 학업 성취수준 파악을 보다 정확하게 할 수있었다. 연구 결과에 터하여 첫째, 국가수준 학업성취도 평가의 형성적 기능을 강화하고 교실평가와의 연계 가능성을모색하기 위한 연구와 정책적 지원이 필요하다. 둘째, 국가수준 학업성취도 평가의 평가 결과와 성취평가제의 등급을연계하는 것을 고려해 볼 필요가 있다. 셋째, 교육과정 개발 과정에서 국가 교육과정과 평가가 더 정교하게 연계되어야한다. 넷째, 교사의 평가 전문성 신장을 위한 체계적이고 구체적인 방안 마련이 필요하다는 것을 논의하였다.

Predicting Hydrologic Response to Climate Changes for Safety Assessment of Geological Disposal System

Minjeong Kim,Heejae Ju,Jung-Woo Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

The timescale of safety assessment for a geological disposal system is considered up to hundreds of thousands of years when the radionuclides in spent nuclear fuel decay to levels comparable to natural radioactivity. During this long period, a variety of climate changes are expected to occur, including variations in temperature and precipitation as well as long-term sea level changes and glacial cycles. These climate changes can either directly affect water balance components or indirectly affect water balance by altering terrain and vegetation that have an impact on water balance. Water balance is a significant element of safety assessment, because it affects the radionuclide transport via groundwater flow, which in turn affects the radiological risk to humans and other biotas. Therefore, it is important to understand the hydrologic response to climate changes for proving the long-term safety of the disposal system. To this end, this study performed hydrological simulations using the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) for several climate change scenarios. SWAT is the watershed-scale hydrological model developed by the USDA-ARS (United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service) and has been widely used to quantify the water balance in a watershed. It calculates the hydrologic cycle based on the water balance equation with different physical processes for water balance components such as evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge. This study assumed several climate change scenarios (e.g., variations in temperature and precipitation, sea level change, and formation of permafrost) and analyzed how the components of the water balance would respond under different scenarios and which scenarios would have the greatest impact on the water balance. These findings can provide valuable insights for future long-term safety assessments on the Korean Peninsula and can also be used as input data for the biosphere module of APro (Adaptive process-based total system performance assessment framework).

Assessment of Lower Limb Motor Function, Ambulation, and Balance After Stroke

Yoo Yeun Jie,임성훈 대한뇌신경재활학회 2022 뇌신경재활 Vol.15 No.2

Restoration of ambulation is important for stroke patients. Valid and reliable methods are required for the assessment of lower limb functional status. We reviewed the psychometric properties of methods employed to assess lower extremity motor function, ambulation, and balance, with a focus on stroke patients. We define “motor function” as the ability to produce bodily movements when the brain, motor neurons, and muscles interact. “Ambulation” is defined as the ability to walk with or without a personal assistive device, and “balance” as the ability to maintain stability (without falling) during various physical activities. The Motricity Index and Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremities assess the motor function of the lower limbs. The Functional Ambulation Category, 10-m Walk Test, and 6-minute Walk Test assess ambulation. The Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, Functional Reach Test, and Trunk Impairment Scale explore balance. All these tests exhibit high-level validity and have good inter-rater and test-retest reliabilities. However, only 3 methods have been formally translated into Korean. The methods discussed here can be used for standardized assessment, personalized goal setting, rehabilitation planning, and estimation of therapeutic efficacy.

Fall- and BBS-related differences in muscle strength and postural balance of the elderly

Choi, Jin-Seung,Kang, Dong-Won,Seo, Jeong-Woo,Kim, Dae-Hyeok,Yang, Seung-Tae,Tack, Gye-Rae The Society of Physical Therapy Science 2016 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY SCIENCE Vol.28 No.9

<P>[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in muscle strength and postural balance between fallers and non-fallers. We also compared the difference between normal and impaired balance groups using the same subjects and the same variables. [Subjects and Methods] Seventy-one healthy elderly females (age: 75.1 ± 75 years; weight: 57.3 ± 57 kg; height: 150.1 ± 15 cm) who had high levels of physical activity participated [25 fallers (FG) vs. 46 non-fallers (NG); and 52 healthy balance group (HBG) and 19 impaired balance group (IBG) subjects]. To compare the groups, the muscle strengths of 9 muscle groups, and 20 variables of the instrumented standing balance assessment (2 area variables, 9 time-domain variables, and 9 frequency-domain variables) were assessed. [Results] The FG and NG could only be categorized based on the frequency-domain variables of the instrumented standing balance assessment. On the other hand, there were significant differences between HBG and IBG in height, 6 muscle strength, and 2 time-domain variables of the instrumented standing balance assessment. [Conclusion] These results suggest that muscle strength and standing balance are reflected in physical balance ability (i.e., BBS); however they are in sufficient for determining the actual occurrence of falls.</P>

총괄평가의 개념과 방법, 그리고 가상 사례 적용

박창희 세종연구소 2020 국가전략 Vol.26 No.4

This article introduces the concept and methodology of ‘net assessment’ and applies it to a sample case for improving our understanding. Net assessment can simply be defined as evaluation of military balance between opposing countries or parties. Through comparing military capabilities, we can acknowledge where we stand in the long-term competition with our competitor. That is, we can identify whether we are strong or weak in the balance, and, if we are strong, what our strengths and opponents weaknesses are, and also, if we are weak, what our weaknesses and opponent’s strengths are. These are the strategic asymmetries where we can exploit areas of opportunity in the long run, while taking early action to mitigate our vulnerabilities. Still, we are not accustomed to the concept of net assessment and its methodology. Net assessment, however, is the logical process of thinking that should be preceded before the planning of national defense. If we consider that neighboring countries could be a threat in the future, we should carefully look at what kind of threat it would be, what is the problem, whether we can dominate the threat or not, how we can overcome such threat if we are weak in the future. Net assessment will provide insights to our strategic thinking and force building, and enable innovative development of our defense planning. 이 글은 국가안보 및 국방을 기획하는데 필요한 ‘총괄평가(net assessment)’에 대해 소개하고 이를 가상 사례에 적용해 본다. 즉, 총괄평가의 개념이 무엇이고 왜 필요한지, 그리고 총괄평가를 실시하는 방법에는 무엇이 있는지를 살펴보고, 그러한 방법에 따라 미래에 한반도 주변에서 발생할 수 있는 군사적 충돌 사례를 샘플로 한국과 주변국 간의 군사력 균형을 시험적으로 평가하고자 한다. 총괄평가는 상대와의 경쟁에서 전략적 우위를 달성하고 유지하기 위해 군사력 균형(military balance)을 비교하는 것이다. 피아 군사력을 비교함으로써 우리는 상대국에 비해 어떠한 위치에 서 있는지를 파악할 수 있다. 우리가 유리한지 불리한지, 우리가 유리하다면 무엇이 강점이고 상대의 약점은 무엇인지, 우리가 불리하다면 무엇이 약점이고 상대의 강점은 무엇인지를 알 수 있다. 그럼으로써 피아 ‘전략적 비대칭성(strategic asymmetries)’을 발견하고 우리의 강점을 이용하여 적의 약점을 공략하는 ‘경쟁전략(competitive strategy)’을 발전시킬 수 있다. 즉, 총괄평가는 우리가 다른 국가들과의 경쟁에서 우위를 차지하는데 필요한 핵심적인 문제를 찾고 대안을 모색하는 과정으로 볼 수 있다. 우리는 아직 총괄평가라는 용어의 의미와 기법에 대해 잘 이해하지 못하고 있다. 군사력 균형을 어떻게 평가하여 국방기획과 연계할 것인지에 대해서는 더더욱 모르고 있다. 그러나 총괄평가는 우리의 안보와 국방을 기획하는데 반드시 선행되어야 할 논리적 사고의 과정이다. 우리는 막연하게 미래에 주변국이 우리 안보에 위협이 될 것이라고 생각하지만, 구체적으로 어떠한 위협이 문제인지, 왜 그러한지, 특정한 분쟁 상황에서 우리가 우세한지 열세한지, 만일 열세하다면 어떻게 극복해야 하는지를 따져 보아야 한다. 그래야만 국방기획에 논리가 설 수 있다. 총괄평가는 향후 우리 군의 전략기획 및 전력기획의 도약적이고 혁신적인 발전, 나아가 효율적인 국방을 기획하기 위해 반드시 필요한 전략적 사고를 제공할 수 있다.

한국형 작업균형 평가(Occupational Balance Assessment)의 동시타당도 연구

홍소영,홍덕기 대한지역사회작업치료학회 2020 대한지역사회작업치료학회지 Vol.10 No.2

목적 : 본 연구는 한국형 작업균형 평가(Occupational Balance Assessment: OBA)의 동시타당도를 검증하고자 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2019년 10월 1일부터 10월 25일까지 1016명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 자료 수집은 OBA와 작업균 형 설문지(Occupational Balance Questionnaire11: OBQ11)를 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 기술통계와 피어슨 상관관계 분석을 실시하였다. 결과 : OBA의 세 가지 영역별 점수와 OBQ11의 총점 간에 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(p<.01). 세 가지 영역 모두 양의 상관관계로 분석되었다. 시간사용 영역(r=.554)과 작업빈도 영역(r=.574)은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 작 업특성 영역의 하위요인(중요도 r=.582, 목표성취 r=.633, 즐거움 r=.649, 건강 r=.650)은 대부분 높은 상관관계로 분 석되었다. 결론 : OBA는 작업균형을 평가하기 위해 타당한 평가도구임을 검증하였다. 향후에는 임상적 유용성을 위해 작업균형 에 대한 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있는 연구가 필요할 것이다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to establish the concurrent validity of the Korean Occupational Balance Assessment(OBA) tool. Methods : This study was conducted on 1016 people from October 1 to October 25, 2019. Data collection was performed using OBA and Occupational Balance Questionnaire11(OBQ11). The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation. Results : There was a significant correlation between the scores of the three areas of OBA and the total score of OBQ11(p<.01). All three areas were analyzed with positive correlations. The time use area (r = .554) and occupation frequency area (r = .574) were found to be correlated. Most of the sub-factors in the occupation characteristics area (importance r = .582, goal achievement r = .633, enjoyment r = .649, health r = .650) were analyzed with high correlation. Conclusion : OBA has proven to be a valid and reliable assessment tool for measuring occupational balance. Further research needs to provide guideline on occupational balance for usefulness in clinical area.

밸런스 핸들 장치를 이용한 상지 운동 기능의 근전도 신호 분석

이충근(C. K. Lee),송기호(K. H. Song),안재용(J. Y. An),신성욱(S. W. Shin),정성택(S. T. Chung) 한국재활복지공학회 2016 재활복지공학회논문지 Vol.10 No.4

편마비 환자의 상지 운동 기능 재활 치료에 대한 지속적인 관심과 훈련의 정량적인 평가를 위한 다양한 장치가 요구되고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 거치대와 핸들, 밸런스 볼을 결합한 밸런스 핸들장치를 개발하였다. 피험자 7명을 대상으로, 개발된 상지 훈련 장치를 기울일 때 주요 상지 근육에 대한 근전도신호의 변화를 측정하여 재활 훈련 장치로 사용이 가능한지에 대한 유효성을 검토하였다. 밸런스 핸들 장치를 앞뒤로 기울였을 때의 상지 신전·굴곡 운동 동작과 좌우 기울임을 이용한 상지 운동 동작에서 근 수축과 이완이 기준이 되는 주동근과 길항근에서 근 활성화 신호를 분석하였다. 실험결과, Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA)의 신전 · 굴곡 운동 평가 항목에서 편마비 환자의 상지 운동 기능 평가에 이용되는 이두근, 삼두근, 삼각근에서 근 활성화 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 개발된 장치를 활용하여 편마비 환자의 상지 재활 훈련에 도움이 될 수 있다고 볼 수 있다. Rehabilitation of upper limb motor function of hemiplegic patient must maintain interest and demand a device for a quantitative evaluation of rehabilitation training. In this paper, we developed the device that is composed of arm cradle, handle, and balance ball for rehabilitation exercise. We have performed experiment for validity as to whether to use the rehabilitation device when tilting the upper extremity training device developed to measure changes in the EMG signal to the main upper limb muscles for 7 healthy volunteers. We have analyzed muscle activation signals on agonist and antagonist as a reference in the muscle contraction and relaxation in the upper limb extension and flexion when the balance–handle device is tilted to front-rear and left-right. The experimental results showed that a tendency of muscle activation of biceps, triceps, and deltoid used in upper limb motor function of hemiplegic patients from extension and flexion evaluation items of Fugl-Meyer Assessment(FMA). These results may be helpful for rehabilitation training for upper limb motor function of hemiplegic patients by utilizing a developed unit.

The development and evaluation of a program for leg-strengthening exercises and balance assessment using Kinect

Choi, Jin-Seung,Kang, Dong-Won,Seo, Jeong-Woo,Kim, Dae-Hyeok,Yang, Seung-Tae,Tack, Gye-Rae The Society of Physical Therapy Science 2016 JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL THERAPY SCIENCE Vol.28 No.1

<P>[Purpose] In this study, a program was developed for leg-strengthening exercises and balance assessment using Microsoft Kinect. [Subjects and Methods] The program consists of three leg-strengthening exercises (knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip extension) and the one-leg standing test (OLST). The program recognizes the correct exercise posture by comparison with the range of motion of the hip and knee joints and provides a number of correct action examples to improve training. The program measures the duration of the OLST and presents this as the balance-age. The accuracy of the program was analyzed using the data of five male adults. [Results] In terms of the motion recognition accuracy, the sensitivity and specificity were 95.3% and 100%, respectively. For the balance assessment, the time measured using the existing method with a stopwatch had an absolute error of 0.37 sec. [Conclusion] The developed program can be used to enable users to conduct leg-strengthening exercises and balance assessments at home.</P>