경남지방 수집종 올챙이고랭이의 ALS 저해 제초제에 대한 저항성 기작

심수용(Soo Yong Shim),최성환(Sung Hwan Choi),김재호(Jae Ho Kim),정정성(Jung-Sung Chung),가유강(WeiQiang Jia),박기웅(Kee Woong Park),이증주(Jeung Joo Lee) 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2020 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.9 No.4

본 연구는 경상남도 8개의 시군에서 수집한 20개의 올챙이고랭이 수집종의 ALS 저해 제초제에 대한 저항성 정도를 확인하고, 그 원인을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 여러 올챙이고랭이 수집종들 가운데 고성28번은 penoxsulam 및 flucetosulfuron에 대해 매우 높은 저항성을 나타냈다. als 유전자 염기서열 분석 결과 고성28번 수집종에서는 돌연변이가 발견되지 않았다. 또한, ALS의 in vitro 활성 측정 결과, 고성28번은 penoxsulam에 대해 감수성을 나타낸 통영238번과 큰 차이가 없었다. 한편 고성28번에 대하여 P450 inhibitor인 fenitrothion의 전처리 시 penoxsulam과 flucetosulfuron에 대한 감수성이 현저하게 증가하였다. 상기의 결과로부터 ALS 저해 제초제에 대한 고성28번의 저항성은 als의 돌연변이나 효소 활성의 증가에 의한 것이 아니고, P450의 NTSR에 의한 것으로 사료되었다. 한편 flucetosulfuron에 대한 함안135 및 통영 238번의 낮은 저항성은 als 유전자의 Pro197이 Ser 및 Ala으로 돌연변이된 것에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 상기의 연구는 ALS저해형 제초제에 대한 올챙이고랭이의 비작용점 저항성과 관련된 최초의 보고이며, 올챙이고랭이의 제초제 저항성 관련 연구를 위한 중요한 참고자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. This study was conducted to determine the degree of resistance and resistance mechanism to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides in Scirpus juncoides biotypes collected in eight cities and counties in Gyeongsangnam-do. Among the S. juncoides biotypes, Goseong28 biotype was highly resistant to penoxsulam and flucetosulfuron. Based on the als gene sequencing, no mutation was found in the Goseong28 biotype. When the ALS activity of Goseong28 biotype was compared with Tongyeong238 biotype which was susceptible to penoxsulam, no significant difference was found. On the other hand, the sensitivity to penoxsulam and flucetosulfuron in the Goseong28 biotype was significantly increased in pretreatment of fenitrothion, a P450 inhibitor. It was considered that the resistance to the ALS-inhibiting herbicide in the Goseong28 biotype was not due to the mutation of als or an increase in enzymatic activity, but due to the non-target site resistance (NTSR) of P450. The low resistance to flucetosulfuron in Haman135 and Tongyeong238 was considered to be due to mutations of Pro197 of the als gene to Ser and Ala. This is the first report related to the NTSR in the S. juncoides to ALS-inhibiting herbicides, and may be used as an important reference material for studies related to the herbicide resistance in S. juncoides.

ALS지원제도 한·일 비교연구

정희경,허숙민 한국지체.중복.건강장애교육학회 2015 지체.중복.건강장애연구 Vol.58 No.2

The purposes of this study were to identify the differences of both countries' support systems by analyzing the support systems on ALS patients and their families and to seek improvement measures based on them. The improvement measures based on the result of the analysis are; First, it needs to reduce the standard of people who are responsible for dependents for the support of ALS patients. The support of ALS patients which are severe incurable disease and their families should be focused on the degree of severity and necessity rather than their income or property. For this, it should make sure that the actual support is made by reducing the standard of people who are responsible for dependents. Second, it needs to figure out exact current situation on ALS patients and seek for the development of detailed and various support systems and services for them. The combined medical service and welfare should be supplied to increase the quality of life rather than medical centered support that are supplied currently. Third, the support system needs to be arranged as they are happening sporadically. It needs to rearrange the delivery system in activating government oriented studies and clinical tests on ALS patients and supplementing the function of help line which is operated to build the information and data related to rare incurable diseases. Fourth, as it showed that the range of support was expended but the budget was reduced, it is thought that it needs to be secure the financial stability by inducing the social agreement or prepare special support funds. Fifth, the policy should be improved based on voices of parties concerned. Thus, the policy should be improved according to their opinions and voices of groups concerned such as ASL Association and for that, it needs to foster and support of groups concerned. 본 연구는 한국과 일본의 ALS환자와 그 가족들에 대한 지원체계를 Gilbert와 Terrell의 산출분석틀을 이용하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 양국 지원체계의 차이점을 규명하고, 개선방안을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 분석결과를 바탕으로 개선방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, ALS환자들에 대한 지원을 위해 부양의무자 기준을 축소해야 할 필요가 있다. 중증의 난치성 질환인 ALS환자와 그 가족에 대한 지원은 소득이나 재산이 아니라 중증 및 필요의 정도에 따른 지원이어야 한다. 이를 위해서는 우선적으로 부양의무자 기준을 축소하여 보다 실질적인 지원이 이루어질 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다. 둘째, ALS환자에 대한 정확한 실태를 파악하고 이들에 대한 구체적이고 다양한 지원체계와 서비스개발에 대한 모색이 필요하다. 현재 제공되는 의료중심의 지원이 아닌 삶의 질을 높일 수 있도록 의료와 복지가 연계되어 제공되어야 한다. 셋째, 현재 산발적으로 이루어지고 있는 지원체계의 정비가 필요하다. ALS환자에 대한 정부주도의 연구나 임상실험을 활성화할 뿐만 아니라 현재의 희귀난치성 질환 관련 정보와 데이터의 구축을 위해 운영 중인 헬프라인의 기능도 보완하는 등 전달체계의 재정비가 필요하다. 넷째, 지원의 폭은 확대하고 있으나 예산은 감축하고 있는 것으로 나타났으므로, 사회적 합의의 도출을 통해 재정적 지원을 확보하거나, 특별후원금 등을 마련·적립하여 재정적 안정성을 확보할 필요가 있는 것으로 사료된다. 다섯째, 정책은 당사자들의 목소리가 바탕이 되어 개선되어야 한다. 따라서 당사자의 의견과 ALS협회와 같은 당사자 단체들의 목소리를 통해 정책개선이 되어야 하며, 이를 위해 당사자 단체의 육성과 지원이 필요하다.

여기신호의 상관관계 기반 joint coding을 이용한 MPEG-4 audio lossless coding 인코더 복잡도 감소 방법

조충상(Choong Sang Cho),김제우(Je Woo Kim),김병호(Byeong Ho Choi) 大韓電子工學會 2010 電子工學會論文誌-SP (Signal processing) Vol.47 No.3

오디오 신호를 무손실 압축하여 휴대용 멀티미디어 기기에서 최고의 오디오 품질을 제공하는 기기들이 등장하고 있으며, 무손실 오디오 압축을 위한 기술에서는 2006년 MPEG-4 audio lessless coding(ALS)와 MPEG-4 scalable lossless coding(SLS)가 국제 표준으로 채택 되었다. 2009년에는 MPEG에서 최대 스테레오 음원까지만 지원하는 MPEG-4 ALS simple profile을 정의하였다. 표준화된 무손실 오디오 코덱이 휴대용 멀티미디어 기기에서 널리 이용되기 위해서는 휴대용 멀티미디어 기기에서 가장 널리 쓰이는 스테레오 조건에서 낮은 복잡도를 보여야 한다. 하지만 기존 연구에서는 MPEG-4 ALS의 압축률을 향상시키거나, 혹은 다채널 환경에서의 복잡도를 개선하기 위한 연구들이 주로 이루어졌다. 본 논문에서는 MPEG-4 ALS 인코더의 복잡도와 압축률을 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 MPEG-4 ALS simple profile 조건에서 MPEG-4 ALS 인코더의 복잡도를 개선하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 분석 결과 MPEG-4 ALS 인코더의 analysis 블록에서 전체 복잡도의 75% 발생하므로, 기존의 연구에서 개발된 저 복잡도 필터를 인코더에 적용하여 복잡도를 감소시키며, joint coding의 압축 효율과 여기 신호의 상호상관계수의 관계를 기반으로 joint coding 결정 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법과 저 복잡도 필터가 포함된 MPEG-4 ALS 인코더의 성능은 MPEG-4 conformance test 파일과 일반 음악 파일을 이용하여 복잡도 및 압축률로써 평가된다. 실험 결과 제안된 방법이 적용되었을 경우 압축률은 유사하면서 인코더 복잡도가 24% 감소한다. 이를 통해 본 논문에서 제안된 방법이 MPEG-4 ALS 인코더의 복잡도 감소에 탁월한 성능을 가짐을 보였다. Portable multi-media products which can service the highest audio-quality by using lossless audio codec has been released and the international lossless codecs, MPEG-4 audio lossless coding(ALS) and MPEG-4 scalable lossless coding(SLS), were standardized by MPEG in 2006. The simple profile of MPEG-4 ALS, it supports up to stereo, was defined by MPEG in 2009. The lossless audio codec should have low-complexity in stereo to be widely used in portable multi-media products. But the previous researches of MPEG-4 ALS have focused on an improvement of compression ratio, a complexity reduction in multi-channels coding, and a selection of linear prediction coefficients(LPCs) order. In this paper, the complexity and compression ratio of MPEG-4 ALS encoder is analyzed in simple profile of MPEG-4 ALS, the method to reduce a complexity of MPEG-4 ALS encoder is proposed. Based on an analysis of complexity of MPEG-4 ALS encoder, the complexity of short-term prediction filter of MPEG-4 ALS encoder is reduced by using the low-complexity filter that is proposed in previous research to reduce the complexity of MPEG-4 ALS decoder. Also, we propose a joint coding decision method, it reduces the complexity and keeps the compression ratio of MPEG-4 ALS encoder. In proposed method, the operation of joint coding is decided based on the relation between cross-correlation of residual and compression ratio of joint coding. The performance of MPEG-4 ALS encoder that has the method and low-complexity filter is evaluated by using the MPEG-4 ALS conformance test file and normal music files. The complexity of MPEG-4 ALS encoder is reduced by about 24% by comparing with MPEG-4 ALS reference encoder, while the compression ratio by the proposed method is comparable to MPEG-4 ALS reference encoder.

Interaction Between Acid-Labile Subunit and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes

Choi, Kyung-Yi,Lee, Dong-Hee Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2002 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.35 No.2

The acid-bible subunit (ALS) associates with the insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-I or II, and the IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in order to form a 150-kD complex in the circulation. This complex may regulate the serum IGFs by restricting them in the vascular system and promoting their endocrine actions. Little is known about how ALS binds to IGFBP3, which connects the IGFs to ALS. Xenopus oocyte was utilized to study the function of ALS in assembling IGFs into the ternary complexes. Xenopus oocyte was shown to correctly translate in vitro transcribed mRNAs of ALS and IGFBP3. IGFBP3 and ALS mRNAs were injected in a mixture, and their products were immunoprecipitated by antisera against ALS and IGFBP3. Contrary to traditional reports that ALS interacts only with IGF-bound IGFBP3, this study shows that ALS is capable of forming a binary complex with IGFBP3 in the absence of IGF When cross-linked by disuccinimidyl suberate, the band that represents the ALS-IGFBP3 complex was evident on the PAGE. IGFBP3 movement was monitored according to the distribution between the hemispheres. Following a localized translation in the vegetal hemisphere, IGFBP3 remained in the vegetal half in the presence of ALS. However, the mutant IGFBP3 freely diffused into the animal half, despite the presence of ALS, which is different from the wild type IGFBP3. This study, therefore, suggests that ALS may play an important role in sequestering IGFBP3 polypeptides via the intermolecular aggregation. Studies using this heterologous model will lead to a better understanding of the IGFBP3 and ALS that assemble into the ternary structure and circulate the IGF system.

ALS-linked mutant SOD1 proteins promote Aβ aggregates in ALS through direct interaction with Aβ

Jang, Ja-Young,Cho, Hyungmin,Park, Hye-Yoon,Rhim, Hyangshuk,Kang, Seongman Academic Press 2017 Biochemical and biophysical research communication Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Aggregation of ALS-linked mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a hallmark of a subset of familial ALS (fALS). Recently, intracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) is detected in motor neurons of both sporadic and familial ALS. We have previously shown that intracellular Aβ specifically interacts with G93A, an ALS-linked SOD1 mutant. However, little is known about the pathological and biological effect of this interaction in neurons. In this study, we have demonstrated that the Aβ-binding region is exposed on the SOD1 surface through the conformational changes due to misfolding of SOD1. Interestingly, we found that the intracellular aggregation of Aβ is enhanced through the direct interaction of Aβ with the Aβ-binding region exposed to misfolded SOD1. Ultimately, increased Aβ aggregation by this interaction promotes neuronal cell death. Consistent with this result, Aβ aggregates was three-fold higher in the brains of G93A transgenic mice than those of non Tg. Our study provides the first direct evidence that Aβ, an AD-linked factor, is associated to the pathogenesis of ALS and provides molecular clues to understand common aggregation mechanisms in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, it will provide new insights into the development of therapeutic approaches for ALS.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> ALS-linked mutant SOD1 proteins directly interact with Aβ. </LI> <LI> Conformational change of misfolded SOD1 induces exposure of specific β-strand as an Aβ-binding region. </LI> <LI> Interaction with misfolded SOD1 and Aβ promotes Aβ aggregation and neuronal cell death. </LI> <LI> Pathological relevance of the interaction of Aβ and G93A for ALS: Misfolded SOD1 enhances Aβ aggregates in the brain of ALS transgenic mice. </LI> </UL> </P>

The alteration of serine transporter activity in a cell line model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Lee, Na-Young,Kim, Yunha,Ryu, Hoon,Kang, Young-Sook Academic Press 2017 Biochemical and biophysical research communication Vol. No.

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The alteration of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine levels is associated with the pathogenesis of sporadic ALS and mutant SOD1 (G93A) animal model of ALS. However, the exact mechanism of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine transport is not known in ALS. To better understand the distribution of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine in ALS, we determined the activity and the expression of serine transporter in a motor neuronal cell line model of ALS (NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells). The uptake of [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine was significantly lower in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells than in control NSC-34 and NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>wt</SUP> cells. In contrast, the uptake of [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine, precursor of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine, was markedly increased in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells compared to control NSC-34 and NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>wt</SUP> cells. Both [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine and [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptake were saturable in these cells. The estimated Michaelis-Menten constant, <I>K</I> <SUB>m</SUB>, for <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine uptakes was higher in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells than in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>wt</SUP> cells while the <I>K</I> <SUB>m</SUB> for <SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptake was 2 fold lower in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells than in control cells. [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine and [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptakes took place in a Na<SUP>+</SUP>-dependent manner, and both uptakes were significantly inhibited by system ASC (alanine-serine-cysteine) substrates. As a result of small interfering RNA experiments, we found that ASCT2 (SLC1A5) and ASCT1 (SLC1A4) are involved in [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine and [<SUP>3</SUP>H]<SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptake in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells, respectively. The level of SLC1A4 mRNA was significantly increased in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> compared to NSC-34 and NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>wt</SUP> cells. In contrast, the level of SLC7A10 mRNA was relatively lower in NSC-34/hSOD1<SUP>G93A</SUP> cells than the control cells. Together, these data suggest that the pathological alteration of <SMALL>D</SMALL>- and <SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptakes in ALS is driven by the affinity change of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-and <SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptake system.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The alteration of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine levels is associated with the pathogenesis of ALS. </LI> <LI> The uptake of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine is reduced in a motor neuronal cell line model of ALS. </LI> <LI> In contrast, the uptake of <SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine, precursor of <SMALL>D</SMALL>-serine, was markedly increased in a motor neuronal cell model of ALS. </LI> <LI> The alteration of <SMALL>D</SMALL>- and <SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptakes in ALS is driven by the affinity change of <SMALL>D</SMALL>- and <SMALL>L</SMALL>-serine uptake system. </LI> </UL> </P>

편마비 환자에서 전방형과 후방형 플라스틱 단하지 보조기의 효과 비교

박소연(Park So-yeon),박정미(Park Jung-mi) 한국전문물리치료학회 2002 한국전문물리치료학회지 Vol.9 No.3

Asymmetrical stance posture, balance, and gait disturbance are common problems in hemiplegic patients. Posterior leaf springs (PLS) are frequently prescribed to correct these problems. Recently, anterior leaf springs (ALS) have also been prescribed, but only limited studies have been performed to investigate the effects of ALS. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three conditions, i.e., wearing an ALS, wearing a PLS, and not wearing an AFO (ankle foot orthosis),; on 1) the distribution of weight bearing on the affected side, 2) standing balance, and 3) the gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. Eleven hemiplegic patients (10 men and 1 woman) participated in this study. The data were analyzed by the Friedman test. The results were as follows: 1) More weight bearing on the affected leg was observed in the ALS and PLS conditions than in the condition without an AFO. No significant difference between the ALS and PLS conditions was found. 2) There were statistically significant differences in the composite equilibrium scores (CES) among the three conditions. The CES in the PLS condition was significantly higher than in the ALS condition or the condition without an AFO. 3) Gait patterns improved significantly in the ALS and PLS conditions. No statistically significant difference between the ALS and PLS conditions was found. These results suggest that both ALS and PLS effectively improve the distribution of weight bearing on the affected side, standing balance, and gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. Further study using three-dimensional kinematic analysis and dynamic electromyography is needed to support these findings.

Prion-like Mechanism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: are Protein Aggregates the Key?

Lee, Shynrye,Kim, Hyung-Jun The Korean Society for Brain and Neural Science 2015 Experimental Neurobiology Vol.24 No.1

<P>ALS is a fatal adult-onset motor neuron disease. Motor neurons in the cortex, brain stem and spinal cord gradually degenerate in ALS patients, and most ALS patients die within 3~5 years of disease onset due to respiratory failure. The major pathological hallmark of ALS is abnormal accumulation of protein inclusions containing TDP-43, FUS or SOD1 protein. Moreover, the focality of clinical onset and regional spreading of neurodegeneration are typical features of ALS. These clinical data indicate that neurodegeneration in ALS is an orderly propagating process, which seems to share the signature of a seeded self-propagation with pathogenic prion proteins. <I>In vitro</I> and cell line experimental evidence suggests that SOD1, TDP-43 and FUS form insoluble fibrillar aggregates. Notably, these protein fibrillar aggregates can act as seeds to trigger the aggregation of native counterparts. Collectively, a self-propagation mechanism similar to prion replication and spreading may underlie the pathology of ALS. In this review, we will briefly summarize recent evidence to support the prion-like properties of major ALS-associated proteins and discuss the possible therapeutic strategies for ALS based on a prion-like mechanism.</P>

Regulation of the Expression of the Catabolic Acetolactate Synthase by Branched Chain Amino Acids in Serratia marcescens

Joo, Han-Seung,Kim, Soung-Soo Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1999 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.32 No.2

In Serratia marcescens, acetolactate produced by the catabolic acetolactate synthase (ALS) is converted into acetoin, its physiological role of which is to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis. In this study, the expression mode of catabolic ALS by aeration and branched-chain amino acids was examined by the ELISA method. The amount of catabolic ALS decreased approximately 93% under aerobic conditions. We also showed that the expression of catabolic ALS decreased approximately 34 % and 65 % in the presence of 2.5 mM and 10 mM leucine, respectively. The repression of catabolic ALS by leucine has not been reported previously. In contrast to leucine, catabolic ALS levels increased approximately 13% and 38% by treatment with 2.5 mM and 10 mM isoleucine, respectively, while valine alone did not have any significant effect on the synthesis of catabolic ALS. The amount of catabolic ALS was also reduced to approximately 32% and 45% in the presence of 10 mM Leu+Ile and Leu+Ile+Val, respectively. The regulatory mode of the Serratia catabolic ALS suggests that catabolic ALS may also have a role in supplying acetolactate as an intermediate of valine and leucine biosynthesis in addition to the maintenance of internal pH.

Regulation of the Expression of the Catabolic Acetolactate Synthase by Branched Chain Amino Acids in Serratia marcescens

Kim, Soung Soo,Joo, Han Seung The Korea Science and Technology Center 1999 BMB Reports Vol.32 No.2

In Serratia marcescens, acetolactate produced by the catabolic acetolactate synthase(ALS) is converted into acetoin, its physiological role of which is to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis. In this study, the expression mode of catabolic ALS by aeration and branched-chain amino acids was examined by the ELISA method. The amount of catabolic ALS decreased approximately 93% under aerobic conditions. We also showed that the expression of catabolic ALS decreased approximately 34% and 65% in the presence of 2.5 mM and 10 mM leucine, respectively. The repression of catabolic ALS by leucine has not been reported previously. In contrast to leucine, catabolic ALS levels increased approximately 13% and 38% by treatment with 2.5 mM and 10 mM isoleucine, respectively, while valine alone did not have any significant effect on the synthesis of catabolic ALS. The amount of catabolic ALS was also reduced to approximately 32% and 45% in the presence of 10 mM Leu+Ile and Leu+Ile+Val, respectively. The regulatory mode of th-e Serratia catabolic ALS suggests that catabolic ALS may also have a role in supplying acetolactate as an intermediate of valine and leucine biosynthesis in addition to the maintenance of internal pH.