극자외선 영역에서 곡면 DOEs에 관한 연구

최성을,이용우,권명희,김용후,Choi, Sung-Eul,Lee, Yong-Woo,Kwon, Myung-Hoi,Kim, Yong-Hoo 한국광학회 2005 한국광학회지 Vol.16 No.4

본 연구에서는 여러 형태의 회절광학요소의 field performance를 조사하였다. Zemax 프로그램을 이용하여 다섯 개의 회절광학요소, 즉 투과형 평면 DOE, 투과형 곡면 DOE, 반사형 포물면 DOE, 반사형 평면 DOE, 그리고 반사형 곡면 DOE를 설계하였다. 그리고 이들 회절광학요소에 극자외선 파장인 13 nm와 가시광선 파장인 632.8 nm를 적용시켰다. 이들 DOEs에 사입사 조명시의 회절 한계 하에서의 시야각의 크기 및 파장에 따른 특성, 그리고 주된 수차의 형태를 상호분석 비교하였다. 회절한계 하에서 투과 및 반사 형태 모두에서 곡면 DOEs의 시야각이 평면 DOEs의 시야각보다 훨씬 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 사입사 경우에 평면 DOEs와 포물면경의 주된 수차는 코마이며, 곡면 DOEs의 주된 수차는 비점수차와 상면만곡의 혼합된 형태로 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 측정을 통하여 얻은 시야각의 크기와 수차의 종류가 이론적인 결과와 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 극자외선영역에서 평면형 DOEs에 비해 곡면형 DOEs의 field angle의 증가율이 가시광선에서보다 더 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. Field performance of several different types of diffractive optical elements(DOEs) has been carried out. Using Zemax model, we have designed five different types of DOEs, such as transmissive flat-DOE, transmissive curved-DOE, reflective flat-DOE, reflective curved-DOE and parabolic mirror, We have applied two different wavelengths, i.e., 13 m(EUV) and 632.8 nm(visible) to above DOEs. Off_axis dominate aberrations and the diffraction limiting (Rayleigh limit) field angles have been investigated and compared at both wavelengths for each DOE. At diffraction limit, field angle of curved-DOEs was much greater than that of flat-DOEs for both transmission and reflective types. We also showed that dominated off_axis aberration of flat-DOEs was coma, but that of curved-DOEs was mixture of astigmatism and curvature of field. The measured field angle and expected OPD aberrations were well coincided with theoretical ones. Increasing the ratio of field angle with wavelength was more effective in curved-DOEs than flat-DOEs.

고분자전해질연료전지에서 선형주사전압전류측정법(LSV)의 분석방법에 따른 수소투과전류밀도 비교

오소형 ( Sohyeong Oh ),황병찬 ( Byungchan Hwang ),이무석 ( Mooseok Lee ),이동훈 ( Donghoon Lee ),박권필 ( Kwonpil Park ) 한국화학공학회 2018 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.56 No.2

고분자전해질 연료전지(PEMFC)의 고분자막 열화정도는 주로 수소투과전류밀도로 평가한다. 수소투과전류밀도는 선형주사전압전류측정법(Linear Sweep Voltammetry, LSV)으로 측정하는데 DOE프로토콜과 NEDO프로토콜이 분석방법에 차이가 있다. 본 연구에서는 PEMFC 구동 및 가속 열화 시험 과정에서 두 프로토콜을 적용해 수소투과 전류밀도를 비교하였다. DOE 방법에 의한 LSV 방법에서는 주사속도(scan rate) 변화가 수소투과 전류밀도에 영향을 주지만 NEDO 방법에서는 주사속도가 수소투과전류밀도에 영향을 주지 않았다. 고분자막 가습/건조 15,000사이클 평가과정에서 DOE 방법은 막의 열화를 민감하게 측정하였으나 NEDO방법은 DOE방법에 비해 막의 열화가 덜 민감하게 나타났다. Degree of membrane degradation in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) is mainly evaluated by the hydrogen crossover current density. The hydrogen crossover current density is measured by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), which differs from the DOE protocol and the NEDO protocol. In this study, two protocols were compared during PEMFC operation and accelerated stress test. In the LSV method by the DOE method, the scan rate change affects the hydrogen crossover current density, but the NEDO method does not affect the hydrogen crossover current density. In the course of 15,000 cycles of polymer membrane wet/dry cycle, the DOE method was sensitive to membrane degradation, but the NEDO method was less sensitive to membrane degradation than the DOE method.

단매와 대칭 2매로 구성된 DOE 렌즈의 광학성능 비교 및 분석

이환선,임천석,조재홍 한국광학회 2002 한국광학회지 Vol.13 No.3

본 논문에서는 단매와 대칭 2매로 구성된 DOE렌즈를 1/3인치 이미지 센서(크기 4.8mm $\times$ 3.6mm)에 대해 F/2.8, 전장길이(이미지 면 포함 거리) 6.8mm로 최적 설계하였고 그 광학성능 및 각종 특성치들을 비교, 분석하였다. 그 결과 단매 DOE렌즈의 단점으로 여겨지는 유효직경 내의 많은 회절링의 수, 설계차수 외로 파장별 회절되는 광에 의해 화면에 나타나는 플레어 및 색번짐, 큰 왜곡수차 등을 대칭 2매의 렌즈를 사용함에 의해 최소가 되도록 할 수 있었다. In this paper, we design single and symmetrical double lenses with DOE. The specifications are the following : Image area is 4.8 mm $\times$ 3.6 mm, F/# is 2.8 and the overall length (from first lens surface to image plane) is 6.8mm. After comparing the optical performance and characteristic values, we determine that symmetrical double lenses are superior to single lenses. Symmetrical double lenses have the merits of fewer zones, weaker flare, and smaller distortion than single lenses.

Pregnancy diagnosis in goat by using vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography

Md. Aziz Ali,Md. Faruk Islam,S M Latifur Rahman,Begum Fatema Zohara 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2020 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.35 No.4

The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.

교육지원청 개편에 대한 정책집행자의 대응과 인식

박수정,나민주 한국교육정치학회 2014 敎育政治學硏究 Vol.21 No.4

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the responses and perception of policy implementers in regards to the reorganization of the District Office of Education (DOE). This study also aims to present the tasks of DOE and the implications on policy processes. In 2010, the Ministry of Education changed the name of the DOE and promoted the policies that emphasized the DOE’s function to support education fields and that enhanced the consulting supervision. For this study, supervisors and officials from the Metropolitan and Provincial Offices of Education (MPOE) and DOE were interviewed. The main findings are as follows. The name and structure of DOE has changed, but the policy implementers who performed their tasks and worked are the same as in the past. They expressed strong dissatisfaction with the centralized policy and the implementation of plans which were considered poor the distinctive nature of education and schooling. The supervisors and officials showed somewhat negative reactions, but some positive outcomes and spontaneous changes in efforts have been promoted. The educational thinking was confused with the interests of their own. Based on these findings, policy implementers’behavior and compliance are discussed, and the tasks for DOE and some implications for policy process are presented. 이 연구는 교육지원청 개편에 대한 정책집행자의 대응 양상과 인식의 특성을 분석함으로써, 교육지원청 개편에 대한 과제와 정책과정에 대한 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 정부는 2010년 9월 1일자로 현장지원 강화를 위해 지역교육청을 교육지원청으로 이름을 바꾸면서, 교육지원청의 기능과 조직을 개편하고, 컨설팅장학을 수행하도록 하였다. 교육청 구성원을 면담 조사한 결과, 교육지원청 개편에 대한 교육청의 대응은 구조는 바꾸었지만 업무는 과거와 마찬가지로 수행하면서 실질적으로 변화하지 않은 모습을 보였고, 중앙집권적 추진과 교육의 특성을 배제한 개편에 대하여 강한 거부 반응을 나타냈다. 그러나 현장지원 마인드는 제고되었고, 일부 긍정적인 성과와 자발적인 변화 노력도 나타났다. 전반적으로 교육지원청 개편에 대하여 부정적인 정서가 팽배하였고, 교육적 사고와 이해관계가 혼재된 양상을 보였다. 연구결과를 바탕으로, 정책집행자의 행태와 순응에 대하여 논의하고, 교육지원청 개편에 대한 과제와 정책과정에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다.

시・도교육청의 교육지원청 개편 사례 분석

윤명선,박수정 충남대학교 교육연구소 2019 교육연구논총 Vol.40 No.2

This study analyzes the case in which the Ministry of Education revised the function of the Local Education Authority (LEA) in 2010 and the case in which the Metropolitan and Provincial Offices of Education (MPOE) reorganized the District Offices of Education (DOE). This suggests the implications for the DoE’s function and role in strengthening the support for the future schools. To do this, this study analyzed the cases of the DOEs belonging to the Seoul, Gyeonggi, Gangwon and Gyeongnam MPOEs in terms of the background, the purpose, the contents, and the synthesis. The main results are as follows: First, in terms of the background, three of four MPOEs revised their DOEs to support 'the innovation education'. Second, in terms of the purpose, all four of the MPOEs aimed at 'the school support' and changed with time, but the detailed purpose varied, according to the MPOEs. Third, in terms of the contents, each MPOE focused on different ways such as 'the restructuring of the work and organization of the educational profession', 'the operation of the school support center', 'the operation of the scholarship administration team', and 'the operation of the demonstration education support office for the administrative innovation'. Fourth, comprehensively, in the Seoul MPOE’s case, which revised its DOEs most recently, it showed that the Seoul MPOE was expanding its scope, including the revision of the former MPOEs. Based on this analysis and discussion, this study suggests the implications for the direction of the DOE for the school support by establishing an organic cooperation system between the Education Department and the Administrative Department in the DOE. 이 연구는 2010년 교육부의 지역교육청 기능개편 후 시 도교육청 차원에서 교육지원청을 자체적으로 개편한 사례를 분석하고 그 특징을 밝힘으로써, 향후 학교 지원 강화를 위한 교 육지원청의 기능과 역할에 대한 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 서울, 경기, 강원, 경남교육청의 교육지원청 개편 사례를 선정하고, 이를 배경, 목적, 내용, 종합 측면에서 분석 하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 배경 측면에서 3개 교육청이 ‘혁신교육’을 뒷받 침하기 위해 교육지원청을 개편하였다. 둘째, 목적 측면에서는 4개 교육청 모두 ‘학교 지원’을 목적으로 하면서도 세부적인 목적은 시 도별로 다양하였고, 시기에 따라 변화하는 모습을 보 였다. 셋째, 내용 측면에서는 ‘교육전문직 업무 및 조직 재구조화’, ‘학교지원센터 운영’, ‘장학 행정팀 운영’, ‘행정혁신 시범교육지원청 운영’ 등 시 도별로 다른 방식에 초점을 두었다. 넷 째, 종합적으로 볼 때, 가장 최근에 교육지원청을 개편한 서울시교육청의 사례는 이전 교육청 들의 개편 내용을 포함하면서 그 영역을 확대하고 있었다. 이러한 분석 결과와 논의를 토대 로 교육지원청 내의 교육 부서와 행정 부서의 유기적인 협조체제 구축 등 학교 지원을 위한 교육지원청의 운영 방향에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다.

Pregnancy diagnosis in goat by using vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography

Ali, Md. Aziz,Islam, Md. Faruk,Rahman, SM Latifur,Zohara, Begum Fatema The Korean Society of Animal Reproduction and Biot 2020 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.35 No.4

The present study was conducted in a goat farm for pregnancy diagnosis by using vaginal cytology and B-mode real time ultrasound using 5 MHz probe by transabdominal method. Seventeen pregnant does were used for this study. The objective of the study was to determine the earliest day of pregnancy and describe the chronological characteristics of pregnancy from day 22 to day 40 for vaginal cytology and day 25 to day 60 for ultrasonography of gestation. The differences among the average percentage of cell value in different age of pregnancy were significant (p < 0.05). The average percentage of intermediate cells (81.12%) was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than superficial (9.41%), keratinized (7.10%) and neutrophil (2.61%) on 22-40th days of pregnancy. In case of real time B-mode ultrasonography, the gestational sac was observed only in three does out of seventeen (17.6 %) at 25-30 days whereas the placentomes and heart beat of the foetus were first detected at 31-35 days in six does (35.3%). The foetal leg buds were first visualized at 36-40 days in four does (23.5%) whereas the foetal vertebral column was first observed at 36-40 days of gestation in only three does (17.6%). In conclusion, vaginal cytology and trans-abdominal ultrasonography can be used for detection of early pregnancy in does.

Design of optimized DOE to convert gaussian beam to uniform·beam for holographic application

Hwnag, Eun-Seop,Jeong, Hyen-Seop,Kim, Nam 충북대학교 컴퓨터정보통신 연구소 2006 컴퓨터정보통신연구 Vol.14 No.3

In this paper, the design of two diffractive optical elements for converting the Gaussian beam to the uniform beam using the simulation Tool(Code-V) is presented. DOEs, which are thin optical elements, are useful for mobile camera, thin lens system and optical system. We proposed an uniform design for holographic application using two DOEs. First, the general concept and theory in DOEs are presented. Second, the beam tracking process for uniform shaping is illustrated by applying DOE theory. In mathematical processing by the simulation, the DOE factor for making the beam distribution is obtained using the Code-V Tool. As a result, the uniform beam using optimized system is obtained.

고분자전해질연료전지에서 수소투과도 측정법의 비교

오소형,윤재원,이대웅,박권필 한국화학공학회 2019 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.57 No.4

Hydrogen permeability is widely used to evaluate the polymer membrane durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC). Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) is mainly used to measure hydrogen permeability easily. There are many differences in LSV measurement method among researchers, and it is often difficult to compare the results. Therefore, in this study, we tried to confirm the accuracy by comparing the hydrogen permeability of LSV method and gas chromatograph which is difficult to measure but accurate value. The LSV method used the DOE and NEDO methods. When the hydrogen permeability was measured by varying the temperature and the relative humidity, the DOE LSV method showed an accuracy of less than 5% in the error range compared with the GC method. In the NEDO LSV method, the error was reduced when the hydrogen permeation current density was determined at the current value of 0.3 V as the DOE method. 고분자전해질 연료전지(PEMFC)의 고분자막 내구성을 평가하는데 수소투과도가 많이 사용되고 있다. 수소투과도를쉽게 측정하는 방법으로 선형 주사 전압 측정법(Linear Sweep Voltammetry, LSV)이 주로 사용된다. 연구자마다 LSV 측정 방법에 차이가 있어 연구 결과를 비교하기가 어려울 때가 많다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 측정하기 어렵지만 정확한값이라고 할 수 있는 기체 크로마토그래프에 의한 수소투과도와 DOE와 NEDO의 LSV 방법을 비교하여 정확성을 확인하고자 하였다. 온도와 상대습도를 변화시키며 수소투과도를 측정해 비교했을 때, DOE LSV 방법이 GC 방법과 비교해 오차 범위 5%이하의 정확성을 보였다. NEDO LSV 방법은 DOE방법과 같이 0.3V의 전류 값으로 수소투과전류밀도를 결정했을 때 오차는 감소하였다.

Effect of Strategic Feed Supplementation during Gestation on Intake, Blood-biochemical Profile and Reproductive Performance of Goats

Rastogi, Ankur,Dutta, Narayan,Sharma, K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.12

Effect of strategically supplemented pregnancy allowance was ascertained during different phases of gestation on the reproductive performance of does. Gravid does (18) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments HH, HL and LH in a completely randomized block design. All does were provided wheat straw ad libitum and supplemented with concentrate mixture at the rate of $20g/kgW^{0.75}$ from 0-60 days post-mating. Subsequently, HH group was given concentrate at the rate of $40g/kgW^{0.75}$ from 61 d post-mating to term. HL group was offered concentrate from 61-90 d post-mating and 121d post mating to term at the rate of $20g/kgW^{0.75}$ and from 91-120 d post-mating at the rate of $40g/kgW^{0.75}$. LH group was provided with concentrate from 61 to 120 d post-mating and 121 to term at the rate of 20 g and $40g/kgW^{0.75}$, respectively. Mean total dry matter and concentrate intake ($g/kgW^{0.75}$) was significantly higher on HH in comparison to comparable intake of HL and LH treatments, however, wheat straw followed the reverse trend. Haematological and biochemical parameters except serum glucose, total serum protein and A:G ratio did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. The gross gain in weight, products of pregnancy at 21 weeks of gestation, pregnant does average daily gain, birth weight of kids and survivability of kids were significantly lower in treatment HL in comparison to comparable values for HH and LH treatments. The net gain in gravid does was significantly higher in treatment HH than the comparable values obtained in HL and LH treatments. The last month of pregnancy was found to be nutritionally most sensitive period of gestation for native goats.