合口呼와 撮口呼 韻母의 分類體系 및 表記方式 改善案 提言

裵銀漢(Eun-Han Bae) 중국어문논역학회 2016 中國語文論譯叢刊 Vol.0 No.38

본 논문은 漢語拼音方案 <韻母表>의 韻母 分類體系에 나타난 문제점을 분석하고, 이에 대한 개선안을 제시함으로써, 중국어 발음 학습의 합리성과 효율성을 제고하는데 목적을 둔다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 개선안은 크게 두 가지 부분으로 구성된다. 첫째는 合口呼 韻母와 撮口呼 韻母의 分類體系에 대한 개선안이고, 둘째는 合口呼 韻母와 撮口呼 韻母의 表記方式에 대한 개선안이다. 合口呼 韻母와 撮口呼 韻母의 分類體系에 대한 개선안으로는, 현행 漢語拼音方案 <韻母表>에서 齊齒呼 위치에 배열된 /ionɡ/을 國際音聲記號([yŋ])와 注音符號(ㄩㄥ) 등의 기타 表音方案과 실제 音價에 부합하는 撮口呼로 분류해야 한다는 결론을 도출하였다. 또한, 開口呼 위치의 /onɡ/은 國際音聲記號([uŋ])와 注音符號(ㄨㄥ) 등의 기타 表音方案과 실제 音價에 근거하여 音素 ‘[u]’(ㄨ)를 포함하고 있는 合口呼 韻母로 분류하였다. 한편, 聲母가 부가된 경우의 韻母 /onɡ/은 零聲母 형태의 표기방식인 /uenɡ/과 동일한 韻母의 相補的 關係임을 증명하여, /onɡ/이 合口呼로 분류되어야 하는 이론적 근거를 보완할 수 있었다. 合口呼 韻母와 撮口呼 韻母의 表記方式에 대한 개선안으로는, /onɡ/과 /ionɡ/의 漢語拼音 표기방식을 /unɡ/과 /ünɡ/으로 수정해야 한다는 결론을 도출하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 개선안에 근거하여 韻母 /onɡ/과 /ionɡ/의 表記方式을 각각 /unɡ/과 /ünɡ/으로 수정하면, /u/⋅/uɑ/⋅/uo/⋅/uɑi/⋅/uei(ui)/⋅/uɑn/⋅/uen(un)/⋅/uɑnɡ/⋅/uenɡ(unɡ)/으로 구성되는 合口呼와 /ü/⋅/üe/⋅/üɑn/⋅/ün/⋅/ünɡ/으로 구성되는 撮口呼 韻母의 分類體系에서 完整性을 제고할 수 있으며, 실제 音價에 근거한 漢語拼音 表記方式의 合理性과 體系性을 보완할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems shown in Vowels Categorization of Hanyu-Pinyin-Fangan"s Vowels Table, suggest an improved alternative, and increase the rationality and effectiveness of Chinese pronunciation learning methods. The suggestion provided by this paper largely consists of two main parts. First is an improvement of Categorization of Hekou-Hu and Cuokou-Hu, and second is an improvement of Notation System of Hekou-Hu and Cuokou-Hu. In regard to the suggested improvement of Categorization of Hekou-Hu and Cuokou-Hu, we have concluded that the /ionɡ/ placed in position Qichi-Hu of Hanyu-Pinyin-Fangan"s Vowels Table must be categorized as Cuokou-Hu corresponding with Phonetic value, depending on the notation method of International Phonetic Alphabet([yŋ]) and Zhuyin-Fuhao(ㄩㄥ). Also, the /onɡ/ in position Kaikou-Hu was categorized as Hekou-Hu including the phoneme ‘[u]’(ㄨ) depending on International Phonetic Alphabet([uŋ]) and Zhuyin-Fuhao(ㄨㄥ). And the /onɡ/ added with Initials was proved to be in the complementary relations of Vowels which is identical to the /uenɡ/ of form as a Non-Initials, and this supplements the theoretical basis of categorizing it as Hekou-Hu. As for the suggested improvement of Notation System of Hekou-Hu and Cuokou-Hu, we have concluded that the notation method of /onɡ/and /ionɡ/ of Hanyu-Pinyin Notation System should be changed to /unɡ/and /ünɡ/. On the basis of this paper’s suggestion the Improvement of the Categorization and Notation System, the rationality of the classification system and the notation method of Hekou-Hu and Cuokou-Hu is considered.

중국어(中國語) 운모(韻母) /iong/의(義) 음가(音價) 분석(分析) 및 분류(分類) 문제(問題) 고찰

배은한 한국중문학회 2013 中國文學硏究 Vol.0 No.50

This study purposed to analyze the phonetic value and categorization of a Yunmu(韻母) which is written in /iong/ under the Hanyu-Pinyin(漢語□音) notation system.Because /iong/ is located in the Qichi-Hu(齊齒呼) section of the Yunmu-Table(<漢語□音方案.韻母表>), it is recognized as the combination of phonemes /i/./o/./ng/. Due to the limitations of the Hanyu-Pinyin(漢語□音) notation system and the placement of the phoneme under the Jieyin(介音) /i/ can be used as the basis for analyzing /iong/ as the Qichi-Hu(齊齒呼). However, this article illustrated that /i/ and /o/ do not accurately represent the phonemes for their real phonetic values. For example, /io/ replaces /u/ because it is more convenient to use the Hanyu-Pinyin(漢語□音) notation system. Based on this analysis result, this study modified /ong/ into the Hekou-Hu(合口呼) which was categorized as the Kaikou-Hu(開口呼) in the Yunmu-Table(<漢語□音方案ㆍ韻母表>), and modified /iong/ into the Cuokou-Hu(撮口呼) which was categorized as the Qichi-Hu(齊齒呼), and this study has enhanced the systemicity of the Yunmu(韻母) arrangement in the Revised Yunmu-Table(改訂 韻母表). Along with the improvement of the Yunmu(韻母) categorization, the Hanyu-Pinyin(漢語□音) notation system which is noted as /ong/ and /iong/ is also changed into /ung/ and /ung/, so the reflection of real phonetic value, the systemicity of notation and consistency could be improved.This study concluded that the modification of the Hanyu-Pinyin(漢語□音) notation for /iong/ into the form /ung/, as well as the IPA notation can be specified as [yŋ]. From the conclusion, one might find it difficult to recognize /iong/ as the Qichi-Hu(齊齒呼) because of the Hanyu-Pinyin(漢語□音) notation system`s limitations. However, it does help to eliminate the confusion regarding the phonetic values of [yŋ], often referenced as [iuŋ].[yaŋ].[yuŋ] in other theses.

한어병음 ‘iong’ 운모의 撮口呼 귀속 문제에 대한 논의

김태은(Kim, Tae-Eun),이현선(Lee, Hyun-Sun) 중국문화연구학회 2018 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.41

This paper is about the belonging of yunmu ‘iong’ to cuokou hu, which is one type of the Si Hu. Some scholars argue that yunmu ‘iong’ belongs to cuokou hu, and they present its sound value as /yŋ/, while some show that its sound value is /iuŋ/ or /yuŋ/. However, /yŋ/ is very different from the real sound of yunmu ‘iong’ in Mandarin, so the argument that yunmu ‘iong’ belongs to cuokou hu is a kind of unreasonable analysis. Based on the Hanyu Pinyin Fangan(The Scheme of the Chinese phonetic Alphabet) and Hanyu Fangyin Zihui(The vocabulary of Chinese dialects), we argue that the sound value of yunmu ‘iong’ should be transcribed as /iuŋ/, which can support the opinion that yunmu ‘iong’ belongs to qichi hu. In addition, a survey, which asks Mandarin speakers’ intuition of yunmu ‘iong’, was conducted and the result shows that they feel the [i] in yunmu ‘iong’ has more lip roundness than a usual [i], but the pronunciation is still not [y]. Besides, Duanmu(2007) also presented the sound value of yunmu ‘iong’ as /iuŋ/ on the underlying level and as [iʷ] on the surface level. When we consider all of the materials and research about the current sound of yunmu ‘iong’, it can be concluded that the sound value of yunmu ‘iong’ is /iuŋ/ on the phonemic level, and it has more lip roundness in the real pronunciation. If Si Hu only considers the glide of yunmu, yunmu ‘iong’ can be classified into qichi hu. However, we think that the necessiry of Si Hu in the explanation of Mandarin yunmu is in doubt. Nevertheless, if Si Hu must be used in the explanation of Mandarin yunmu, yunmu ‘iong’ should be treated as a special type of yunmu, which cannot belong to any type of Si Hu.

중국어(中國語) 음운체계(音韻體系) 변화(變化) 과정(過程)에 반영(反映)된 촬구호(撮口呼)의 형성(形成) 과정(過程) 연구(硏究)

배은한 한국중문학회 2017 中國文學硏究 Vol.0 No.66

The objective of this study is to analyze the formation process of `Cuokou-Hu`, also referred to as the `Phoneme [y]`, and derive a rational conclusion as to when and in which document the `Phoneme [y]` was first formed. Previous studies generally recognize the separation of Ju-Yu Rhyme and Hu-Mo Rhyme categories reflected in Yunlueyitong, during the midst of the 15th century, as substantial evidence for the formation of the `Phoneme [y]`. Besides this general theory, others suggest that the Dong-Zhong Rhyme category`s [yŋ], Jiang-Yang Rhyme category`s [yaŋ], Yu-Mo Rhyme category`s [y], Zhen-Wen Rhyme category`s [yn], Xian-Tian Rhyme category`s [yεn], Che-Zhe Rhyme category`s [yε], Geng-Qing Rhyme category`s [yŋ(y□ŋ)], etc. reflected in Zhongyuanyinyun in the early 14th century or the rhyme categories system reflected in Wufangyuanyin in the midst of the 17th century are also evidence of the formation process of the `Phoneme [y]`. In other words, academic circles are not in mutual consensus on when the `Phoneme [y]` was actually first formed. This study develops the analyses of previous studies to suggest a new theory on when the `Phoneme [y]` was formed though an in-depth phonological analysis of the separation of Ju Zimuyun and Gu Zimuyun reflected in Gujinyunhuijuyao in the late 13th century. It thoroughly reviews the Xiaoyuns as described in Ju Zimuyun and Gu Zimuyun of Gujinyunhuijuyao, using the Xiaoyuns as described in the Yu Rhyme and Mo Rhyme categories of Hongwuzhengyun as a comparative reference. Based on this analysis, this study suggests new evidence for when the `Phoneme [y]` was formed, unprecedented in previous studies. Thus, the separation of Ju Zimuyun and Gu Zimuyun reflected in Gujinyunhuijuyao in the early 13th century represents the earliest documented evidence of the formation of the `Phoneme [y]`, also referred to as `Cuokou-Hu`.

A Study on the Analysis of Phonetic Value of Chinese Syllable /ionɡ/ and Its Categorization

Eunhan Bae 한국중어중문학회 2014 中語中文學 Vol.58 No.-

『四聲通解』의 魚語御韻과 模姥暮韻에 인용된 『蒙古韻略』과 『蒙古字韻』의 비교 연구

曲曉雲 ( Qu Xiaoyun ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.94

本文對崔世珍在≪四聲通解≫魚語御韻和模姥暮韻標註≪蒙古韻略≫何音的字與≪蒙古字韻≫做的比較分析結果如下: 1) 除了「遽」等字的訓民正音轉寫「:뀨」應改為「·뀨」、「貯」等字的訓民正音轉寫「쥬」應改為「:쥬」、「戍」等字的訓民正音轉寫「슈」應改為「·슈」外, ≪四聲通解≫魚語御韻和模姥暮韻所引≪蒙古韻略≫小韻字讀音與≪蒙古字韻≫完全一致。但≪蒙古韻略≫和≪蒙古字韻≫在收錄字上存在不同。 2) 漢語[-əw]音的≪蒙古字韻≫八思巴字轉寫為/-uw/, ≪蒙古韻略≫的訓民正音轉寫為/-əw/。八思巴字轉寫/-uw/與漢語拼音的/-ou/類似, 訓民正音的轉寫與IPA標記一致。 3) 「醵」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有平聲 [giu]和入聲 [giεw]二音, 但在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有去聲[giu]一音;「柱」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有上聲 [dʒiu]一音, 在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有上聲 [t∫iu]和去聲 [giu]二音;「紵」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有上聲 [dʒiu]一音, 在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有上聲 [t∫iu]一音。「輸」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有平聲 [∫iu]一音, 在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有去聲 [∫iu]一音。 4) ≪四聲通解≫的收錄字以≪洪武正韻≫為基準, 在≪洪武正韻≫、≪蒙古韻略≫均收錄並且在二書中的讀音一致的收錄在先, 不標註≪蒙古韻略≫何音;二書讀音不一致的漢字收錄在其後, 并標註≪蒙古韻略≫何音。崔世珍在≪四聲通解≫裡添加了≪洪武正韻≫未收錄的「續添字」, 一些「續添字」也見於≪蒙古字韻≫, 本文推測, 這樣的「續添字」可能也收錄在≪蒙古韻略≫。 5) ≪蒙古字韻≫和≪蒙古韻略≫有魚母一聲紐, 八思巴字轉寫為/’-/, 有別于喩母的/j-/, 但是崔世珍的轉寫均為/ㅇ/, 所以二母的實際音值均為零聲母[ø-]。 6) ≪蒙古字韻≫魚韻(≪蒙古韻略≫魚語御韻) 有[-u]、[-iu]兩個韻母, 但是[-iu]中的[i]受其後圓唇母音u的影響, 實際音值為接近圓唇[y]的一個音, 所以八思巴字轉寫為/ė/, 訓民正音裡無這樣的元音, 並且帶有圓唇性質的[i]與純粹的[i]在音位上不構成對立, 所以訓民正音轉寫為[i]。通過≪蒙古字韻≫魚韻(≪蒙古韻略≫魚語御韻) 的八思巴字和訓民正音的轉寫, 證明漢語的[y]韻母在≪蒙古字韻≫(≪蒙古韻略≫) 成書的時代還未產生。 7) 崔世珍在≪四聲通解≫魚語御韻和模姥暮韻引用的包括「迂」在內的≪古今韻會≫的記錄均與≪古今韻會擧要≫一致。花登正宏(1997:71) 主張從崔世珍的注釋可以證明崔世珍所見「韻會」為≪古今韻會≫, 而非≪古今韻會擧要≫, 這一主張是錯誤的。 Choi Se-Jin makes a comparative analysis of the pronunciation of some words marked “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” in “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae” Yú (魚), Yǔ (語), Yù (御) and Mú (模) Mǔ (姥) Mù (暮) Rhyme. This paper makes a comparative analysis of these words and “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, and the results are as follows: 1) The Chinese [-əu] sound is translated into /-uw/ in the Phags-pa character of “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”. The Hunminjeongeum of “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” is translated into /--əw /. The transliteration of the Phags-pa character /-uw/ is similar to the /-ou/ of Hanyu Pinyin, and the transliteration of the Hunminjeongeum is consistent with the IPA mark. 2) “醵” has 平聲 [giu] and 入聲 [giεw] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, but there is 平聲 [giu] and 入聲 [giεw] and 去聲 [giu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; “柱” has 上聲 [dʒiu] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”,but there is 上聲 [dʒiu] and 上聲 [t∫iu] and 去聲 [giu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; “紵” has 上聲 [dʒiu] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, but there is 上聲 [dʒiu] and 上聲 [t∫iu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; “輸” has 平聲 [∫iu] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, but there is 平聲 [∫iu] and 去聲 [∫iu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; 3) The included words of “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae” are based on “Hongwu Zhengyun”. The words with the same pronunciation in Hongwu Zhengyun and “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” are included first, and The words with inconsistent pronunciation in the two books are included later, and marked with he Yin of “Mongolian Rhyme”. Choi Se-Jin added “續添字” which is not included in “Hongwu Zhengyun” in “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae”, some of which can also be found in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”. This paper speculates that such “續添字” may also be included in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe”. 4) “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” and “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” have 魚母, and the Basiba character is /’- /, which is different from the 喩母’s / j- /, but Choi Se-Jin’s transliteration is /ㅇ/, So the actual sound values of the two initials are both zero consonants [ø-]. 5) The “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” Rhymes of Yú (魚) (“Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” Rhymes of Yú (魚), Yǔ (語), Yù (御)) has two vowels [-u] and [-iu], but the [i] in [-iu] is affected by the subsequent lip vowel u, and the actual sound value is close to that of the lips [y], so the Phags-pa character is pronounced as /ė/, Hunminjeongeum does not have such a vowel, And there is no phoneme opposition between the lip-sensitive [i] and the essential [i], so the Hunminjeongeum is called [i]. Through the transliteration of the Phags-pa and Hunminjeongeum of the “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” Rhymes of Yú (魚) (“Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” Rhymes of Yú (魚), Yǔ (語), Yù (御)), Prove that [y] vowels were not generated at the time of “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” (“Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe”)’s writing. 6) Cui Shizhen’s records of “Gu Jin Yun Hui”, including “迂”, are consistent with the “Gu Jin Yun Hui Ju Yao”. Masahiro Hanato (1997:71) argued that it can be clarified from Cui Shizhen’s notes that the “rhyming meeting” seen by Cui Shizhen is “ancient and modern rhyming meeting” rather than “ancient and modern rhyming meeting”, which is wrong.