朝鮮時代 文科及第者의 分館實態에 관한 硏究 - 1623년~1720년 시기를 중심으로 -

이창걸 국민대학교 한국학연구소 2009 한국학논총 Vol.31 No.-

This is to study the appointment tendency of passers of the Munkwa Examination (文科及第者, Civil Service Examination) to the temporary office positions (Bungwanjik, 分館職) in Samgwan (三館, Three Influential Offices) before they were trusted with first official duty in the government of Joseon dynasty. The temporary post is similar to the internship of these days. I made research on the appointment patterns of the passers of civil service examination to the temporary posts of Three Influential Offices (Bungwanjik, 分館職) and the periods needed for the promotion to their highest governmental posts (最高職) from the initial office duties (初職) with sample group. As we can see in any other researches, the promotion process is not easy as a bureaucrat in Joseon dynasty. At the time being temporarily appointed as intern in Samgwan (三館, Three Influential Offices), meaning Seonggyungwan(成均館), Seungmunwon(承文院) and Gyoseogwan (校書館), the passers were already discriminated. Gyoseogwan Bungwan official (校書館 分館者) were shut out of the route to key positions of the government. Those Gyoseogwan (校書館) officials were mainly born of concubine and from the northwestern provinces of Joseon. Mostly, they were appointed to the positions outside the capital (外官職) and other marginal governmental offices. Their elevation route looks very simple relatively to the other groups. On the other side, Seungmunwon (承文院) was regarded as more important government division than Gyoseogwan (校書館) even in the time of temporary appointment to the Three Influential Offices (三館分館). The passers of the Munkwa Examination who were appointed to the Seungmunwon (承文院), generally inhabited in Hanseongbu (漢城府, capital area of Joseon), were descendants of good families in power. Those who were appointed to the Seonggyungwan were descendants of Ruling Elites inhabiting in local areas of Joseon (在地士族). The Gyoseogwan (校書館) officials were obviously treated discriminatingly than Seungmunwon and Seonggyungwan. While Seungmunwon (承文院) officials advanced to Seungjeongwon (承政院), Yemungwan (藝文館), Sejasigangwon (世子侍講院), Uigeumbu (義禁府), and offices outside the capital (外官職) as their first office duties (初職) and Seonggyungwan (成均館) officials advanced mainly to Seonggyungwan (成均館), Seungjeongwon (承政院), Six Ministries (六曹), and offices outside the capital (外官職), and the Gyoseogwan (校書館) officials were mostly ordained to the offices outside the capital (外官職). In the temporary appointment and promotion process thereafter of the Munkwa examination (文科) passers, family background (出身背景) and the lineages class (門地) were the most important factor. Those who were appointed as Seungmunwon (承文院) officials built up the power bloc (權力同盟) through their superior family power and marital connection (婚姻網). Comparing to the Seungmunwon Bungwan officials (承文院 分館者), the Seonggyungwan Bungwan officials (成均館 分館者) were inferior in family background(出身背景) and influence(影響力). The Gyoseogwan Bungwan officials' (校書館 分館者) were in lowest class for family lineage(門地). The passers who were residing in Hanseongbu(漢城府) were mostly appointed to Seungmunwon and Seonggyungwan in their internship period. They were positioned at Chamha Cheongyojik(參下 淸要職), for example Seungjeongwon(承政院), Seonggyungwan(成均館), Samsa(三司) and Sejasigangwon(世子侍講院) as their first office duties. 본 논문은 조선시대 문과급제자들의 分館 실태와 그 경향성을 살펴보려고 하였다. 문과 급제자들 중에서 일정한 부분을 표본으로 추출하여, 이들의 분관유형과 분관직에서 初職으로 임명되는 시기, 그들의 초직에서 최고관직으로 이르기까지 소요되는 기간을 추정하여 보았다. 실제 이들의 관직 승진 조사에서 드러난 것은 기존의 연구와 마찬가지로 조선시대에 관료들의 승진과정이 순탄하지 않음을 알 수 있다. 또 三館으로 分館되는 시점에서 성균관, 승문원, 교서관에서 이미 차별화가 되고 있었다. 교서관은 핵심관직으로 승진하는 과정에서 배제되어 왔으며 교서관 분관자에는 서북지역의 인물과 庶子 출신이 포함되어 있었으며, 이들의 관직임명에 있어서 대부분은 外官職과 기타 주변부(Marginal) 관직에 임명되고 있었다. 관직의 경로도 비교적 단순한 유형을 보여주고 있다. 반면 승문원은 교서관에 비해 분관되는 시점에서 이미 핵심 관직으로 주목받고 있었다. 승문원에 분속되는 급제자들은 주로 한성부에 거주하며 그들의 가문과 威勢가 매우 높은 名文家들의 후예임이 밝혀졌고 성균관 분관자들은 지방에 거주하고 있는 在地士族의 후예였으며 校書館 分館者들은 承文院과 成均館 分館者에 비해 철저하게 차별받았다고 할 수 있다. 승문원 분관자는 승정원ㆍ예문관ㆍ세자시강원ㆍ의금부ㆍ외관직 등의 초직에 진출한 반면, 성균관 분관자들은 사헌부ㆍ성균관ㆍ승정원ㆍ육조ㆍ외관직 등에 주로 진출하였다. 교서관 분관자는 주로 周邊部 外官職에 보임되고 있었다. 급제자들의 분관과 그들의 관직 승진에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 출신배경이 중요한 역할을 한다는 점도 파악할 수 있었다. 승문원 분관자의 父祖들은 그들의 우세한 가문의 영향력과 ‘혼인’을 매개로 한 ‘婚姻網’으로 權力同盟(Power Bloc)을 지속적으로 구축하였으며, 성균관 분관자들은 승문원 분관자의 출신배경과 영향력에는 크게 떨어지는 경향이 있었다. 교서관 분관자는 출신배경이 매우 미미하였다. 한성부 거주자는 승문원과 성균관에 주로 분관되었으며 初職入仕에서는 承政院, 成均館, 三司와 世子侍講院 등 ‘參下 淸要職’에 주로 임명되었다.

고려시대 현령(縣令)과 현위(縣尉)의 임명과 운영의 변화

최은규 한국역사연구회 2022 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.124

Hyeon’ryeong(縣令) and Hyeon’wi(縣尉) personnel were assigned to local units that were designated as Hyeon(縣), and not to other units like Ju(州), Bu(府) and Gun(郡). They served a crucial function of their own in the Goryeo local administration. The Hyeon’ryeong prefects held the rank of 7-pum, alongside other Hyeon officials such as Sarok Chamgunsa(司錄參軍事) and Jangseogi(掌書記, both manned by personnel on their first ever governmental assignments), while the Hyeon’wi officers held the rank of 8-pum. All these posts were also considered as assignments given to officials who recently entered the government for the first time. It means these posts were these officials’ first ever post, and also the “first ever local post(‘Chosa We’gwan-jik, 初仕外官職’)’ they got. But there are certain questions that come to mind. If Hyeon’ryeong and Hyeon’wi were both indeed Chosa We’gwan-jik posts, the order of rank between them would have become another issue. And there seems to have been changes in the nature of both these posts. First of all, Hyeon’wi posts were provided as Chosa We’gwan-jik to personnel who entered the government for the first time, either after passing a civil exam or through the Eumseo(蔭敍) route. But during the Goryeo period’s latter half, when dynastic affairs were under interferences of the Mongol Yuan (元) Empire, Hyeon’wi posts were abolished, and to the local Hyeon units only the Hyeon’ryeong prefects were assigned. To the Hyeon’ryeong post, unlike Hyeon’wi, officials who had already served their Chosa We’gwan-jik posts -or even Gweonmu posts- were assigned. We can see there was a clear difference between the ones assigned as Hyeon’ryeong and the ones assigned as Hyeon’wi, in terms of their experience and their overall career. And the Hyeon’ryeong prefects clearly outranked other Chosa We’gwan-jik figures, like the aforementioned Sarok Chamgunsa and Jangseogi. During the period of Yuan interference, Hyeon’ryeong prefects served as sole leaders of the local Hyeon units. But there were some changes made to their status, and how they operated. Newcomers to the government preferred staying in the capital to being forced to report to local assignments, while the Pan’gwan(判官) officers in Ju(州), Bu(府), Gun(郡) units were abolished (just like the Hyeon’wi officers in Hyeon units), and the number of Sok-hyeon(屬縣, Hyeon units without prefects) units continued to diminish, as they were turned into ‘real’ Hyeon units (with prefects). In the ending days of Goryeo, alongside the Gammu(監務) system, the Hyeon’ryeong prefects were targeted in local reform discussions. In retrospect, amongst other local posts, Hyeon’ryeong was the one that went through the most changes.

조선초기 관직 구조연구

한충희 ( Chung Hee Han ) 대구사학회 2004 대구사학 Vol.75 No.-

The offices of the early Choson Dynasty succeeded the office system in the late Koryo. They could be classified into the office inside the capital, the office outside the capital, the civil office, the military office, the office of Dang Sang, the office of Dang Ha, the office of Chain Sang, the office of Cham Ha, the regular office, and the additional office. In accordance with amending, and complementing the office inside the capital, the office outside the capital, the regular office, the additional office, the civil office, the military office, the practical office, the unpractical office, the salaried office, the unsalaried office, the chamberlain, and the honourable office, the office structure was subdivided, and systematized from the founding of the Choson to 1484(the 14th year in the reign of King Seong Jong). The purpose of this systematization was to strengthen the royal authority, to improve the ruling system, to carry out the national policies, to spare the operational expenses, and to consolidate the officials with various duties. Therefore, the size of the officials was enlarged. The number of the civil officials, the military officials, and the officials with various duties was increased from 5,000, or 6,000 to more than 8,700. And the number of the regular officials, and the additional officials was increased from more than 600 to more than 6,200. The office structure was legally systematized in The great laws of Gyeong Guk. The code of laws was included the civil officials of more than 1,700, the military officials of more than 5,160, the officials with various duties of more than 1,800, the regular officials of more than 5,600, and the additional officials of more than 590.

고려시대 감무(監務)의 운영과 그 특징 - 임명 사례의 분석을 중심으로 -

최은규(崔?奎) 한국역사연구회 2020 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.118

The dispatching of Gammu officers to local regions during the reign of Goryeo King Yejong has been understood as a supplementary measure taken to complement the Goryeo dynasty’s local administrative structure, as at the time not all local Gun and Hyeon units received officials from the central. It was a unique aspect of Goryeo local administration, and has attracted interests of many researchers. According to prior studies, King Yejong utilized such Gammu officers in stabilizing the refugee population and launching the Jurchen campaign. Then his successor King Injong, after going through the insurrection of Yi Ja-gyeom and Myocheong, tried to utilize them in his efforts of restoring stability in local regions which was crucial for active local governance. Later, the Military regime used them to protect their own power, while the Neo-Confucian scholars in subsequent days wanted to build a strong central ruling authority with those Gammu officers. We can see Gammu was an integral part in Goryeo local ruling, so it was only natural that the reason their number gradually increased over the years, and what kind of results entailed, have been the constant topic of previous historiography. And it is the theme of this article as well. The Gammu post was bestowed to officials who just entered the government either by successfully applying for the civil official examination or with birth merits acquired through their ancestors’ service. People were assigned to such post as their first ever governmental assignment. Yet, after the Military regime increased the number of Gammu officers their status also deteriorated. During the period when Goryeo was enduring political interference from the Mongol Yuan empire, people who were either to be demoted, or became a governmental official at a fairly old age, or was from a local region and only became an official by a recommendation, served as Gammu officers. At the end of the Goryeo dynasty, the Neo-Confucian scholars found that unacceptable, and tried to declare only scholar/officials, who entered the government through the civil exam, were eligible for the Gammu officer seat.