Hear nothing, see nothing, say nothing: Can states reduce the risk of armed conflict by banning census data on ethnic groups?

Håvard Strand,Henrik Urdal 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 International Area Studies Review Vol.17 No.2

Can states reduce the risk of violent political conflict by simply refusing to collect or publish dataon their ethnic makeup and change? This study addresses a neglected aspect of the ethnic conflictliterature and provides the first systematic empirical study of the significance of recording ethnicaffiliation in censuses for the risk of armed conflict. A general empirical regularity noted in theethnic heterogeneity and civil war literature is that ethnicity is associated with a somewhat higherrisk of conflict in bipolar societies. However, few quantitative studies focus on how changes in therelative strength of groups may affect the risk of civil war. Some recent literature indicates thatdifferential growth may destabilize heterogeneous democracies internally. In democratic societies,political power is distributed according to popular support in elections. A changing balancebetween groups may thus alter the distribution of power in regimes where ethnic, linguisticor religious divisions to a certain extent determine voting behavior, and this may potentiallylead to political instability and ultimately civil conflict. We argue that the relationship betweendifferential growth and instability and violence may be even more important in semidemocracieswith electoral systems, but with weak and inconsistent political institutions. We start from thepremise that, for differential growth to become a potential driver of instability and violent conflict,information about such change has to be recorded with a national census and actually published. In a cross-national time-series study we investigate whether countries publishing identity datafrom censuses are at a greater risk of experiencing low-intensity armed conflict. We find thatthe effect of publishing data on group size is indeed mediated through political institutions. Incountries with stable institutions, publication of population identity data is associated with alower risk of conflict, whereas unstable institutional arrangements are associated with an increaseconflict risk when publishing such data.

25 Years of Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review

( Daniel S Strand ),( Daejin Kim ),( David A Peura ) 대한소화기학회 2017 Gut and Liver Vol.11 No.1

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were clinically introduced more than 25 years ago and have since proven to be invaluable, safe, and effective agents for the management of a variety of acid-related disorders. Although all members in this class act in a similar fashion, inhibiting active parietal cell acid secretion, there are slight differences among PPIs relating to their pharmacokinetic properties, metabolism, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical indications. Nevertheless, each is effective in managing gastroesophageal reflux disease and uncomplicated or complicated peptic ulcer disease. Despite their overall efficacy, PPIs do have some limitations related to their short plasma half-lives and requirement for meal-associated dosing, which can lead to breakthrough symptoms in some individuals, especially at night. Longeracting PPIs and technology to prolong conventional PPI activity have been developed to specifically address these limitations and may improve clinical outcomes. (Gut Liver 2017;11:27-37)

Do human rights violations increase the risk of civil war?

Kjersti Skarstad,Håvard Strand 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2016 International Area Studies Review Vol.19 No.2

Despite the fact that there are strong assumptions surrounding the effects of human rights violations on the risk of civil war, very few researchers have tested the relationship in an empirical and systematic manner. By drawing on both human rights- and civil war research, this article presents an integrated human rights peace and conflict theory. The effects of rights violations are tested by applying quantitative research methods. The main finding is that violations of economic and social rights and physical integrity rights increase the risk of civil war, while violations of other civil and political rights play only a minor role.

파마슈티칼 케어 : 약사가 효과적이고 안전한 약물요법으로 환자 치료에 기여하는 전문적 수행업무

Cipolle, Rovert J.,Strand, Linda M.,Morley, Peter C. 한국병원약사회 1997 병원약사회지 Vol.14 No.4

파마슈티칼 케어는 약사가 환자의 약물치료의 요구에 책임을 지는 업무이며, 또한 이러한 업무수행에 책임을 지우는 업무이다. 이러한 업무 수행과정에서 환자가 긍정적인 결과를 얻도록 책임질 수 있는 약물요법이 제공된다. 파카슈티칼 케어의 이론이 약사들이 계속 수행할 수 있는 업무로 발전도리 수 있는지를 검토하기 위한 연구가 3년동안 여러 연구소에서 수행되었다. 10개의 약국에서 실무자들이 미네소타 파마슈티칼 케어 연구에 동참하였다. 새로운 업무 이론을 포함하는 새로운 전문적 업무가 개발되었으며, 환자중심적인 치료과정이 정의되었고, 행정적인 지원 체계도 개발되었다. 이러한 새로운 파마슈티칼 케어 업무는 환자에게 약물치료의 필요를 결정하고 그것을 수행하는데 있어서 약사가 책임을 지는 일차의료모형이다. 이러한 업무의 이론은 약물과 관련된 유병률 및 사망률의 주된 사회적 문제에 대처하기 위하여 만들어졌고, 환자를 중심으로 하는 치료과정에 기초를 두고 있으며, 약사의 책임을 분명하게 정의하고 있다.

Ethno-political favouritism in maternal health care service delivery: 3 Micro-level evidence from sub-Saharan Africa, 1981–2014

Ole Magnus Theisen,Håvard Strand,Gudrun Østby 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2020 International Area Studies Review Vol.23 No.1

It is commonly held that political leaders favour people of the same ethnic origin. We test this argument of ethno-political favouritism by studying variations in the usage of maternal health care services across groups in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). More specifically, we link geo-referenced individual-level data from the Demographic and Health Surveys on 601,311 births by 399,908 mothers in 31 countries during the period 1981–2014 with data on the settlement of ethnic groups and their political status. Our results indicate that women benefit from the shift that brings co-ethnics into power, increasing the probability of receiving maternal health care services. The effect strengthens with increased competitiveness around elections. We advance the current literature in four important ways. Firstly, we undertake the first analysis that utilizes shifts in ethno-political status for the same individual, effectively eliminating competing time-invariant explanations to that of shifts in ethno-political status. Secondly, since SSA governments often incorporate multiple groups, we test the effect of patronage on being co-ethnic with cabinet members in general, and not only the president. Thirdly, health services constitute the public good most desired by citizens of SSA. Our measure captures a vital health service that is highly desired across groups. An increase in usage likely reflects genuine trickle-down effects of having co-ethnics in power, a crucial ingredient in building popular support for ethnic patrons. Fourthly, we show that electoral competition is an important conditioner of ethno-political favouritism.

Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review

Raihan K,Khan,Mark A,Strand 한국역학회 2018 Epidemiology and Health Vol.40 No.-

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road dust on human health. A PubMed search was used to extract references that included the words “road dust” and “health” or “fugitive dust” and “health” in the title or abstract. A total of 46 references were extracted and selected for review after the primary screening of 949 articles. The respiratory system was found to be the most affected system in the human body. Lead, platinum-group elements (platinum, rhodium, and bohrium), aluminum, zinc, vanadium, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the components of road dust that were most frequently referenced in the articles reviewed. Road dust was found to have harmful effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. To determine the complex mechanism of action of various components of road dust on the human body and the results thereof, the authors recommend a further meta-analysis and extensive risk-assessment research into the health impacts of dust exposure.

The Disbursement Pattern of Japanese Foreign Aid: A Reappraisal

John P. Tuman,Jonathan R. Strand,Craig F. Emmert 동아시아연구원 2009 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.9 No.2

Three perspectives on the determinants of Japan's official development assistance (ODA) program are often represented as distinct, valid explanations of the aid program. Yet few studies have attempted to simultaneously test the hypotheses generated from all three perspectives in a global study of Japanese aid flows. This study seeks to improve the understanding of the Japanese ODA program by addressing some of the gaps in the existing literature. Providing a comprehensive analysis, the article investigates the effects of different political and economic variables on Japanese aid disbursement in eighty-six countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East from 1979 to 2002. The findings of the study make several contributions to the literature. First, the results provide strong support for the claim that humanitarian concerns, as measured by poverty and human rights conditions in recipient countries, are important determinants of aid allocation. Second, although much of the previous literature has hypothesized that Japan's aid program seeks to promote Japan's economic interests, little empirical support for this view is found in the present study. Likewise, the disbursement pattern of ODA was associated with only a limited number of US security interests; US economic interests are shown to have no effect on ODA.

Road dust and its effect on human health: a literature review

Raihan K. Khan,Mark A. Strand 한국역학회 2018 Epidemiology and Health Vol.40 No.-

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of road dust on human health. A PubMed search was used to extract references that included the words “road dust” and “health” or “fugitive dust” and “health” in the title or abstract. A total of 46 references were extracted and selected for review after the primary screening of 949 articles. The respiratory system was found to be the most affected system in the human body. Lead, platinum-group elements (platinum, rhodium, and bohrium), aluminum, zinc, vanadium, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the components of road dust that were most frequently referenced in the articles reviewed. Road dust was found to have harmful effects on the human body, especially on the respiratory system. To determine the complex mechanism of action of various components of road dust on the human body and the results thereof, the authors recommend a further meta-analysis and extensive risk-assessment research into the health impacts of dust exposure.

Foreign Policy Alignment with the War on Terror: The Case of Japan's Foreign Aid Program

John P. Tuman,Jonathan R. Strand,Majid Shirali 동아시아연구원 2017 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.17 No.3

Many scholars have suggested that Japan aligned its foreign policy with the US War on Terror. Part of Japan’s alignment is said to have involved disbursement of foreign aid to support the US in Afghanistan and Iraq, and with other security interests associated with the War on Terror. To date, however, there has been little empirical study of this question. Employing a data set on Japanese aid to 133 countries between 1995 and 2008, we examine the War on Terror and Japanese ODA. We find that Japanese aid was aligned with some security interests in the War on Terror, but the effects were mixed.

Associations between income and survival in cholangiocarcinoma: A comprehensive subtype-based analysis

Calvin X. Geng,Anuragh R. Gudur,Jagannath Kadiyala,Daniel S. Strand,Vanessa M. Shami,Andrew Y. Wang,Alexander Podboy,Tri M. Le,Matthew Reilley,Victor Zaydfudim,Ross C. D. Buerlein 한국간담췌외과학회 2024 Annals of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery Vol.28 No.2

Backgrounds/Aims: Socioeconomic determinants of health are incompletely characterized in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). We assessed how socioeconomic status influences initial treatment decisions and survival outcomes in patients with CCA, additionally performing multiple sub-analyses based on anatomic location of the primary tumor. Methods: Observational study using the 2018 submission of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-18 Database. In total, 5,476 patients from 2004−2015 with a CCA were separated based on median household income (MHI) into low income (< 25th percentile of MHI) and high income (> 25th percentile of MHI) groups. Seventy-three percent of patients had complete follow up data, and were included in survival analyses. Survival and treatment outcomes were calculated using R-studio. Results: When all cases of CCA were included, the high-income group was more likely than the low-income to receive surgery, chemotherapy, and local tumor destruction modalities. Initial treatment modality based on income differed significantly between tumor locations. Patients of lower income had higher overall and cancer-specific mortality at 2 and 5 years. Non-cancer mortality was similar between the groups. Survival differences identified in the overall cohort were maintained in the intrahepatic CCA subgroup. No differences between income groups were noted in cancer-specific or overall mortality for perihilar tumors, with variable differences in the distal cohort. Conclusions: Lower income was associated with higher rates of cancer-specific mortality and lower rates of surgical resection in CCA. There were significant differences in treatment selection and outcomes between intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Population- based strategies aimed at identifying possible etiologies for these disparities are paramount to improving patient outcomes.