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A Cognitive Study of Interaction between Noun Boundaries and Articles in English
Kwanghee Lee 현대문법학회 2017 현대문법연구 Vol.94 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the semantic structure of the three types of English articles—indefinite, definite, zero articles―with respect to the supposedly flexible boundaries of English nouns under the framework of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991a, 1991b, 2000). To facilitate this, a new notion has been proposed: Boundedness Filter (BF), which is thought to play a decisive role in determining the activation or inactivation of noun boundaries in relation with the selection of corresponding articles. BF is supposed to operate in a variety of cognitive domains such as physical space for the indefinite article and psychological space for the definite article. This paper further claims that the count or mass-like property of a given noun is not fixed originally as prescribed in dictionaries or grammar books; rather, its boundary has a flexible feature depending upon the context in which it is used. This is why a common noun with its indefinite article as a boundary marker can sometimes be changed into a mass noun without any article. The BF and flexible characteristics of English noun boundaries can also be used to explain the reason that some apparently visible boundaries are not realized in physical space as indefinite articles.
Lee, Dong-Gyu,Jeong, Hwakyeung,Jeon, Ki-Wan,Zhang, Luojiang,Park, Kwanghee,Ryu, Sunmin,Kim, Jongwon,Lee, In Su The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.5 No.42
<▼1><P>Carbon thin-layer-coated manganese-oxide nanocrystals as an effective support for high-performance Pt electrocatalysts stabilized at a metal–metal oxide–carbon triple junction.</P></▼1><▼2><P>The use of the metal-oxide support has been proved to be an effective approach in the development of fuel-cell catalysts especially for improving the stability of Pt-based electrocatalysts, which is not attainable with conventional carbonaceous materials. Nonetheless, because of the intrinsic low electrical conductivity of pure metal-oxides, metal-oxide-supported systems have not been productive in terms of mass activity that is a primary criterion for the cost-effective electrocatalysts. This paper reports the fabrication of a unique Pt/Mn3O4–carbon triple-junction (TJ) structure, bearing a high density of Pt catalysts entirely sandwiched in between the nano-sized Mn3O4 core and surrounding carbon shell, which integrates the complementary advantages of metal-oxide and carbon supports and thus endows Pt catalysts with optimized electrocatalytic performance. In this study, the unexplored capacity of the Mn3O4 surface was found to accelerate the polymerization process of the surface attached dopamine molecule even under an ordinarily unreactive condition, which enabled the formation of a very thin and contiguous polydopamine layer. The resultant polydopamine film could be converted into a 1.8 nm-thin N-doped carbon layer with sufficiently high electrical conductivity, which allowed the Pt deposition during the galvanic replacement reaction to occur exclusively onto the manganese oxide surface covered underneath the carbon layer and therefore produced the TJ of Pt/Mn3O4–carbon. The resultant TJ structure exhibited the 10-fold enhanced mass activity in the oxygen reduction reaction compared with that of the Mn3O4-supported Pt, which is the highest mass activity for the ORR achieved with oxide-supported catalysts that has been reported so far, while preserving the sufficient durability.</P></▼2>
Introducing paired electric dipole layers for efficient and reproducible perovskite solar cells
Lee, Jong-Hoon,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Geunjin,Shin, Dongguen,Jeong, Song Yi,Lee, Jinho,Hong, Soonil,Choi, Jin Woo,Lee, Chang-Lyoul,Kim, Heejoo,Yi, Yeonjin,Lee, Kwanghee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Vol.11 No.7
<P>Elimination of charge trapping at defects is highly challenging for poly-crystalline organometal halide perovskites. Here, we report a new architecture for reinforcing the built-in electric field (<I>E</I>in) across the photoactive layer with a pair of strong electric dipole layers (EDLs). The paired EDLs significantly intensify the <I>E</I>in across the perovskite layer, resulting in suppressed charge trapping of photogenerated charges. As a result, our low-temperature processed P-I-N planar PeSC devices using the paired EDLs exhibit a higher power conversion efficiency (<I>η</I>max ∼ 19.4%) and a smaller device-to-device variation with a standard deviation (S.D.) of 0.70%, which far surpass those (<I>η</I>max ∼ 17.8%, S.D. ∼ 1.1%) of the devices with typical charge transport layers.</P>
Novel Film‐Casting Method for High‐Performance Flexible Polymer Electrodes
Lee, Byoung Hoon,Park, Sung Heum,Back, Hyungcheol,Lee, Kwanghee WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Advanced Functional Materials Vol.21 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A new film‐casting method for polymer electrodes is reported, in which thickness‐controlled drop‐casting (TCDC), using polyaniline doped with camphorsulfonic acid (PANI:CSA) is used. By combining the advantages of conventional spin‐casting and drop‐casting methods, and by rigorously controlling the film formation parameters, flexible polymer electrodes with high conductivity and excellent transmittance can be produced. The PANI:CSA electrodes cast by the TCDC method exhibited constant thickness‐independent conductivities of ∼600 S cm<SUP>−1</SUP> down to a film thickness of 0.2 μm, and a high optical transmittance of about 85% at 550 nm. Furthermore, the new casting method significantly reduced the sheet resistance (∼90 Ω/square) of the PANI:CSA electrodes compared with the conventional spin‐cast films, enhancing the performance of the devices deposited on plastic substrates. The flexible polymer light‐emitting diode produced a brightness of 6000 cd m<SUP>−2</SUP>, and the flexible polymer solar cell exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 2%, both of which were much higher than those of the devices fabricated by the conventional spin‐casting method.</P>
Kwanghee Lee,Il Moon,Seungnam Kim,Sunghyun Cho,Sungyun Her 한국재난정보학회 2014 한국재난정보학회 논문집 Vol.10 No.1
본 연구를 통하여 화학·방사능 재난 발생 시 통합대응이 가능한 민방위담당관을 위한 새로운 프로그램 패키지를 개발하였다. 개발을 위하여 화학재난 대응시스템과 방사능재 난 대응시스템을 통합하는 방향을 모색하였다. 이 프로그램은 625개의 화학 및 방사능 재난 시나리오를 탑재하고 있으며 이를 통해 재난에 대한 보다 체계적인 지역 공공보호 계획을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 실시간으로 재난 정보를 공유함으로써 재난으로부터 발생할 수 있는 피해를 최소화 할 수 있다. A new prototype software package has been developed by integrating two existing programs designed to predict and maneuver chemical and nuclear disasters in order to set up a response system for dealing with the combined two disasters. The protype is designed to be mainly used by civil defence officers, together with an identification of 625 scenarios of chemical and nuclear disasters. The package is expected to contribute to upgrade a more systematic regional public protection plan for chemical and nuclear disasters. In addition, it enables all relevant local divisions to share disaster information in real time, resulting in a minimization of possible fatal damages.
Lee, Kwanghee,Moon, Il,Kim, Seungnam,Cho, Sunghyun,Her, Sungyun 한국재난정보학회 2014 한국재난정보학회 논문집 Vol.10 No.1
A new prototype software package has been developed by integrating two existing programs designed to predict and maneuver chemical and nuclear disasters in order to set up a response system for dealing with the combined two disasters. The protype is designed to be mainly used by civil defence officers, together with an identification of 625 scenarios of chemical and nuclear disasters. The package is expected to contribute to upgrade a more systematic regional public protection plan for chemical and nuclear disasters. In addition, it enables all relevant local divisions to share disaster information in real time, resulting in a minimization of possible fatal damages. 본 연구를 통하여 화학 방사능 재난 발생 시 통합대응이 가능한 민방위담당관을 위한 새로운 프로그램 패키지를 개발하였다. 개발을 위하여 화학재난 대응시스템과 방사능재난 대응시스템을 통합하는 방향을 모색하였다. 이 프로그램은 625개의 화학 및 방사능재난 시나리오를 탑재하고 있으며 이를 통해 재난에 대한 보다 체계적인 지역 공공보호 계획을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한, 실시간으로 재난 정보를 공유함으로써 재난으로부터 발생할 수 있는 피해를 최소화 할 수 있다.