True Digestibility of Phosphorus in Different Resources of Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs

Wu, X.,Ruan, Z.,Zhang, Y.G.,Hou, Y.Q.,Yin, Y.L.,Li, T.J.,Huang, R.L.,Chu, W.Y.,Kong, X.F.,Gao, B.,Chen, L.X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.1

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

First-principle Investigation of the d0 Half-metallic Properties in Full-Heusler Compounds CsAX2 (A = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba; X = N, and O)

Y. C. Gao,X. T. Wang 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.66 No.8

Based on the density functional theory within the generalized-gradient approximation, the electronic structure and magnetic properties of CsAX2 (A = Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba; X = N, and O) full- Heusler compounds have been studied. The spin-polarized calculations show that CsAN2/CsAO2 are newly designed d0 half-metals with an integer magnetic moment of 3 μB/1 μB in their ferrimagnetic ground states. Importantly, the strong spin-polarization of the p states of N and O atoms is found to be the origin of the magnetic moment and the half-metallicity. Also, the half-metallic gaps of CsAX2 are quite large, thus, the half-metallicity is robust against lattice distortion.

Experimental verification of a distributed computing strategy for structural health monitoring

Y. Gao,B.F. Spencer, Jr. 국제구조공학회 2007 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.3 No.4

A flexibility-based distributed computing strategy (DCS) for structural health monitoring (SHM) has recently been proposed which is suitable for implementation on a network of densely distributed smart sensors. This approach uses a hierarchical strategy in which adjacent smart sensors are grouped together to form sensor communities. A flexibility-based damage detection method is employed to evaluate the condition of the local elements within the communities by utilizing only locally measured information. The damage detection results in these communities are then communicated with the surrounding communities and sent back to a central station. Structural health monitoring can be done without relying on central data acquisition and processing. The main purpose of this paper is to experimentally verify this flexibility-based DCS approach using wired sensors; such verification is essential prior to implementation on a smart sensor platform. The damage locating vector method that forms foundation of the DCS approach is briefly reviewed, followed by an overview of the DCS approach. This flexibility-based approach is then experimentally verified employing a 5.6 m long three-dimensional truss structure. To simulate damage in the structure, the original truss members are replaced by ones with a reduced cross section. Both single and multiple damage scenarios are studied. Experimental results show that the DCS approach can successfully detect the damage at local elements using only locally measured information.

THE MEGAMASER COSMOLOGY PROJECT. IX. BLACK HOLE MASSES FOR THREE MASER GALAXIES

Gao, F.,Braatz, J. A.,Reid, M. J.,Condon, J. J.,Greene, J. E.,Henkel, C.,Impellizzeri, C. M. V.,Lo, K. Y.,Kuo, C. Y.,Pesce, D. W.,Wagner, J.,Zhao, W. American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal Vol.834 No.1

<P>As part of the Megamaser Cosmology Project, we present VLBI maps of nuclear water masers toward five galaxies. The masers originate in sub-parsec circumnuclear disks. For three of the galaxies, we fit Keplerian rotation curves to estimate their supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses, and determine (2.9 +/- 0.3) x 10(6)M(Theta) for J0437+2456, (1.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(7)M(Theta) for ESO 558-G009, and (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(7)M(Theta) for NGC 5495. In the other two galaxies, Mrk 1029 and NGC 1320, the geometry and dynamics are more complicated and preclude robust black hole mass estimates. Including our new results, we compiled a list of 15 VLBI-confirmed disk maser galaxies with robust SMBH mass measurements. With this sample, we confirm the empirical relation of R-out proportional to 0.3M(SMBH) reported in Wardle & Yusef-Zadeh. We also find a tentative correlation between maser disk outer radii and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer luminosity. We find no correlations of maser disk size with X-ray 2-10 keV luminosity or [O III] luminosity.</P>

Lattice Rotation Patterns and Strain Gradient Effects in Face-Centered-Cubic Single Crystals Under Spherical Indentation

Gao, Y. F.,Larson, B. C.,Lee, J. H.,Nicola, L.,Tischler, J. Z.,Pharr, G. M. AMERICAN SOCIETY MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 2015 Journal of applied mechanics Vol.82 No.6

「Review paper」 mechanical reliability of alloy-based electrode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries

Y. F. Gao,M. Cho,M. Zhou 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.5

Lithium alloys with metallic or semi-metallic elements are attractive candidate materials for the next-generation high-capacity rechargeable Li-ion battery anodes, due to their large specific and volumetric capacities. The key challenge in the application of these materials has been the very large volume changes, and the associated stress buildup and failure during insertion and extraction of lithium. While such stress buildup bears resemblance to the process of thermo-stress development, a phenomenon relatively well-understood, the physics involved in these alloy-based electrodes is much more complex in nature, more challenging to address, and richer in the variety of influencing factors. The reasons not only lie in the fact that the mechanical deformations are much larger, but also arise from the fact that the processes entail interactions among mass diffusion, chemical reactions, non-linear plastic flow and material property evolutions. In this paper, we present a review of some of the fundamental issues and the latest research related to the mechanical reliability of such alloy-based anode materials, with a focus on Li/Si, a material with the highest known theoretical energy storage capacity. The review primarily concerns continuum-level analyses, with relevant experimental data and atomistic-level results as input.

The interaction of two collinear cracks in a rectangular superconductor slab under an electromagnetic force

Gao, Z.W.,Zhou, Y.H.,Lee, K.Y. North-Holland 2010 Physica. C, Superconductivity Vol.470 No.15

The interaction of two collinear cracks is obtained for a type-II superconducting under electromagnetic force. Fracture analysis is performed by means of finite element method and the magnetic behavior of superconductor is described by the critical-state Bean model. The stress intensity factors at the crack tips can be obtained and discussed for decreasing field after zero-field cooling. It is revealed that the stress intensity factor decreases as applied field increases. The crack-tip stress intensity factors decrease when the distance between the two collinear cracks increases and the superconductors with smaller crack has more remarkable shielding effect than those with larger cracks.

Graded finite element simulation of thermal stress in inhomogeneous high-T_c superconductor

Gao, Z.W.,Zhou, Y.H.,Lee, K.Y. North-Holland 2010 Physica. C, Superconductivity Vol.470 No.22

YBa<SUB>2</SUB>Cu<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>y</SUB> is an orthotropic material with different material properties in a, b and c directions, such as Young's modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and thermal conductivity. It is assumed that the material properties of inhomogeneous high temperature superconductor (HTS) vary with different height coordinate and temperature. A model is presented in this paper to calculate the thermal stress of inhomogeneous HTS when temperature decreases from ambient to operating conditions (cryogenic temperatures). By fitting a second order polynomial to the experimental data, value of the material properties of inhomogeneous HTS can be obtained. Then, through the proposed graded finite element method, the coupled thermo-mechanical equations were solved numerically. The numerical results show that the temperature profiles distribute the function of time after soaking. It is notable that the temperature profile reaches steady in a very short period of time, so the thermal stress suddenly increases to a very high level for a bulk superconductor. It is also shown that the closer to the sample internal region it is, the larger the heat fluxes are. Besides, the maximum tensile stresses, i.e. the peeling stresses, occur near bottom corner of inhomogeneous HTS. It is intended that the model presented in this paper could be useful to researchers who are interested in mechanical properties of inhomogeneous HTS.

Theoretical Investigations of Electronic Structures, Magnetic Properties and Half-metallicity in Heusler Alloys Zr2VZ (Z = Al, Ga, In)

Y. C. Gao,X. T. Wang,H. Rozale,J. W. Lu 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.67 No.5

The electronic structures, magnetic properties and half-metallicity of Zr2VZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) bulk materials were investigated through first-principles calculations. Band structure calculations showed that Zr2VZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys with an AlCu2Mn-type structure were conventional ferrimagnents. However, Zr2VZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys with a CuHg2Ti-type structure were predicted to be half-metallic ferrimagnets that were quite robust against hydrostatic strain and tetragonal deformation. The total magnetic moment of the Zr2VZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys with a CuHg2Ti-type structure was 2 μB per formula unit and followed the conventional Slater-Pauling rule: Mt = 18 − Zt. (Mt is the total magnetic moment per unit cell and Zt is the valence concentration) Furthermore, the origin of the band gap in the Zr2VZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys was also well studied. All of these results indicate that these alloys, when they are successfully prepared, are good candidates for practical applications in spintronics.

Phase Stability, Band Gap, and Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Quaternary Heusler alloys FeMnScZ (Z = Al, Ga, In)

Y. C. Gao,Y. Zhang,X. T. Wang 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.66 No.6

By using the first-principles calculations, we have systematically investigated the phase stability,band gap, and electronic structures and magnetic properties of quaternary Heusler alloys FeMnScZ(Z = Al, Ga, In). We found that FeMnScZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys are half-metallic ferrimagnetsat their equilibrium lattice constants and retain a high spin polarization over a quite wide rangeof lattice distortions. The half-metallic band gap in the FeMnScZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys arisesfrom t1u-t2g splitting but not eu-t1u splitting. The total magnetic moments are 3 μB per unit cellfor FeMnScZ (Z = Al, Ga, In) alloys, following the Slater−Pauling rule with the total number ofvalence electrons minus 18 rather than 24. Moreover, all of these alloys have a negative formationenergy, which implies that they can be synthesized experimentally.