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Economic Reforms in North Korea and Viet Nam
Wladimir Andreff 서울대학교 경제연구소 1989 Seoul journal of economics Vol.2 No.1
Socialist-oriented developing countries, among which North Korea and Viet Nam, are in a state of economic crisis. Economic reforms attempt to cope with the crisis. The North Korean reform aims at perfecting the existing directive planning, following the same path as East Germany. Viet Nam is implementing a reform more open to market mechanism, like in Hungary or in China. This paper elaborates further on these two models of economic reform concerning planning, state enterprise management, price formation, institutional arrangements, private sector, foreign trade and foreign direct investment. In both models state control over the economy is reduced though unevenly.
Economic Models of French Amateur Soccer Clubs. From One Crisis to the Other: Which Transformation?
Mickael Terrien,Bastien Dufau,Yann Carin,Wladimir Andreff 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2023 Journal of Global Sport Management Vol.8 No.3
This article presents economic models at work in French amateur soccer clubs playing National 1 and National 2 tiers. Teams’ sporting performance and clubs’ financial results as well as their revenue and expenditure statistical distribution are analysed by means of Principal Component Analysis. Then a k-means methodology is implemented in view to defining archetypical clusters that characterise French amateur soccer clubs during the 2008-2020 period. The latter span of time opens a window of opportunity for understanding transformations in club economic models since the subprime crisis and up to current global economic recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic. Following the club taxonomy, a comparative static analysis shows that more amateur soccer clubs are in more satisficing financial shape at the dawn of the sanitary crisis than when they have been facing the subprime crisis. The so-called “virtuous modesty” cluster includes a greater number of clubs in 2019/20 than in 2008/09.