Detection of Inhibitors of Phenotypically Drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Using an In Vitro Bactericidal Screen

Ian M. Bassett,Shichun Lun,William R. Bishai,Haidan Guo,Joanna R. Kirman,Mudassar Altaf,Ronan F. O’Toole 한국미생물학회 2013 The journal of microbiology Vol.51 No.5

Many whole cell screens of chemical libraries currently in use are based on inhibition of bacterial growth. The goal of this study was to develop a chemical library screening model that enabled detection of compounds that are active against drug-tolerant non-growing cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An in vitro model of low metabolically active mycobacteria was established with 8 and 30 day old cultures of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis, respectively. Reduction of resazurin was used as a measure of viability and the assay was applied in screens of chemical libraries for bactericidal compounds. The model provided cells that were phenotypically-resilient to killing by first and second-line clinical drugs including rifampicin. Screening against chemical libraries identified proteasome inhibitors, NSC310551 and NSC321206, and a structurally-related series of thiosemicarbazones,as having potent killing activity towards aged cultures. The inhibitors were confirmed as active against virulent M. tuberculosis strains including multi- and extensively-drug resistant clinical isolates. Our library screen enabled detection of compounds with a potent level of bactericidal activity towards phenotypically drug-tolerant cultures of M. tuberculosis.

MC²: Subaru and<i>Hubble Space Telescope</i>Weak-lensing Analysis of the Double Radio Relic Galaxy Cluster PLCK G287.0+32.9

Finner, Kyle,Jee, M. James,Golovich, Nathan,Wittman, David,Dawson, William,Gruen, Daniel,Koekemoer, Anton M.,Lemaux, Brian C.,Seitz, Stella American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal Vol.851 No.1

<P>The second most significant detection of the Planck Sunyaev-Zel'dovich survey, PLCK G287.0+32.9 (z = 0.385), boasts two similarly bright radio relics and a radio halo. One radio relic is located similar to 400 kpc NW of the X-ray peak and the other similar to 2.8 Mpc to the SE. This large difference suggests that a complex merging scenario is required. A key missing puzzle for the merging scenario reconstruction is the underlying dark matter distribution in high resolution. We present a joint Subaru Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope weak-lensing analysis of the cluster. Our analysis shows that the mass distribution features four significant substructures. Of the substructures, a primary cluster of mass M-200c = 1.59(-0.22)(+0.25) x 10(15) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot dominates the weak-lensing signal. This cluster is likely to be undergoing a merger with one (or more) subcluster whose mass is approximately a factor of 10 lower. One candidate is the subcluster of mass M-200c = 1.16(-0.13)(+0.15) x 10(14) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot located similar to 400 kpc to the SE. The location of this subcluster suggests that its interaction with the primary cluster could be the source of the NW radio relic. Another subcluster is detected similar to 2 Mpc to the SE of the X-ray peak with mass M-200c =1.68(-0.20)(+0.22) x 10(14) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot. This SE subcluster is in the vicinity of the SE radio relic and may have created the SE radio relic during a past merger with the primary cluster. The fourth subcluster, M-200c = 1.87(-0.22)(+0.24) x 10(14) h(70)(-1) M-circle dot, is NW of the X-ray peak and beyond the NW radio relic.</P>

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE WATER TREATMENT AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEMS: LEACHATE TREATMENT FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND INDUSTRY LANDFILLS

( William Hogland ),( Pille Kängsepp ),( Lennart Mathiasson ),( Lennart Mårtensson ),( Staffan Bergström ),( Lars Thorneby ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.1

For accurate evaluation of treatment methods, it is crucial to obtain precise analytical methods for leachate. Only then is it possible to design and construct proper treatment methods. Experiences from four leachate treatment plants in Sweden have been gathered, with respect to the characterization of the efficiency of leachate treatment methods, considering different groups of pollutants, such as phenolic compounds, PCBs, PBDEs, and phthalates. Since leachate water samples contain many different compounds, identification of all the substances is an unrealistic aim. Therefore, it is better to study the improvements after a treatment procedure by measuring the total detected signal from groups of substances having similar properties. Acute and chronic toxicity tests using appropriate biological methods and the choice of organisms are presented, in addition to the LAQUA protocol used at the pilot plant in Kristianstad, Sweden. In acute toxicity tests of the leachate, a clear relationship between the immobility of Artemia larvae and increasing concentration of leachate was noted. This work is a first step to obtain knowledge to create tools for the construction of treatment plants for municipal solid waste and industrial waste leachate that will fulfil future demands with respect to environmental pollution.

Annealed Polycarbazole/Tin Oxide/Graphene Oxide Ternary Nano Composite: A Highly Efficient Photocatalyst for the Photodegradation of Congo Red Dye under UV and Natural Daylight Irradiations

M. Mubarak Ali,D. John Williams 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.6

PCz (polycarbazole)/SnO2/graphene oxide (GO) ternary nanocomposite, PTG, was successfully synthesized viafacile chemical route. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized in detail by using various advanced techniques. Theeffects of annealing on the micro structure, phase composition, and photocatalytic performance of PTG correlated withphotoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectrum were investigated. The UV-DRS spectra disclosethat the absorption is red shifted owing to the effect of annealing and the band gap of annealed PTG were decreased from3.60 eV to 3.47 eV. The surface area of annealed PTG is 36.50 m2/g which is 3.9 times higher than the unannealed (9.30 m2/g). The annealed PTG shows flake like morphology accompanied by low degree of aggregation and demonstrated superiorphotodegradation efficiency against congo red (CR) dye under UV (95.9 %) and natural day light (98.4 %) irradiations. Thephotodegradation rate (k) of annealed PTG is 0.06584 which is two times larger than that of unannealed under the identicalconditions. The radical trapping experiment demonstrated that the holes (h+) and superoxide (*O2−) played a dominant role inthe photodegradation of CR dye. Furthermore, the possible mechanism is established by identifying the radicals involved inphotodegradation. In addition, the material demonstrated excellent stability after five consecutive cycles with only a 4-6 %loss in photo catalytic efficiency. Total organic carbon analysis shows the removal percentage of 64.6 % (UV) and 76.9 %(natural daylight) towards CR dye. The work presented here provides new platform which throw light into the practicalapplications of the ternary based nano composite in the field of photocatalysis.

Postsynthetic Modification of a Metal–Organic Framework for Stabilization of a Hemiaminal and Ammonia Uptake

Morris, William,Doonan, Christian J.,Yaghi, Omar M. American Chemical Society 2011 Inorganic chemistry Vol.50 No.15

<P>In our study, we show by solid-state <SUP>15</SUP>N NMR measurements that an important zirconium metal–organic framework (UiO-66) with amino-functionalized links is composed of a mixture of amino and −NH<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>Cl<SUP>–</SUP> salt functionalities rather than all amino functionality to give a composition of Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>(OH)<SUB>4</SUB>(BDC-NH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>4</SUB>(BDC-NH<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>Cl<SUP>–</SUP>)<SUB>2</SUB> (UiO-66-A). UiO-66-A was postsynthetically modified to form a mixture of three functionalities, where the hemiaminal functionality is the majority species in UiO-66-B and aziridine is the majority functionality in UiO-66-C. UiO-66-A–C are all porous with surface areas ranging from 780 to 820 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g and have chemical stability, as evidenced by reversible ammonia uptake and release showing capacities ranging from 134 to 193 cm<SUP>3</SUP>/g.</P><P>Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>(OH)<SUB>4</SUB>(BDC-NH<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>4</SUB>(BDC-NH<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>+</SUP>Cl<SUP>−</SUP>)<SUB>2</SUB> (UiO-66-A), a crystalline porous framework, is synthesized as a result of the reaction of ZrCl<SUB>4</SUB> and 2-aminoterephthalic acid (H<SUB>2</SUB>BDCNH<SUB>2</SUB>). UiO-66-A was postsynthetically modified to form a mixture of three functionalities, where the hemiaminal functionality is the majority species in UiO-66-B and aziridine is the majority functionality in UiO-66-C. Furthermore, investigation of ammonia adsorption in UiO-66-A−C shows reversible ammonia adsorption in each framework, with the highest uptake observed in UiO-66-C.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/inocaj/2011/inocaj.2011.50.issue-15/ic200744y/production/images/medium/ic-2011-00744y_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ic200744y'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

MC²: MAPPING THE DARK MATTER DISTRIBUTION OF THE “TOOTHBRUSH” CLUSTER RX J0603.3+4214 WITH<i>HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE</i>AND SUBARU WEAK LENSING

Jee, M. James,Dawson, William A.,Stroe, Andra,Wittman, David,van Weeren, Reinout J.,Brü,ggen, Marcus,Bradač,, Maruš,a,Rö,ttgering, Huub American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.817 No.2

<P>The galaxy cluster RX J0603.3+4214. at z-0.225 is one of the rarest clusters boasting an extremely large (similar to 2 Mpc) radio. relic. Because of the remarkable morphology of the relic, the cluster is nicknamed the. 'Toothbrush Cluster.' Although the cluster's underlying mass distribution is one of the critical pieces of information needed to reconstruct the merger scenario responsible for the puzzling radio. relic morphology, its proximity to the Galactic plane b similar to 10 degrees has imposed significant observational challenges. We present a high-resolution weak-lensing study of the cluster with Subaru/Suprime Cam and Hubble Space Telescope imaging data. Our mass reconstruction reveals that the cluster is composed of complicated dark matter substructures closely tracing the galaxy distribution, in contrast, however, with the relatively simple binary X-ray morphology. Nevertheless, we find that the cluster mass is still dominated by the two most massive clumps aligned north-south with a similar to 3: 1 mass ratio (M-200 = 6.29(-1.62)(+2.24) x 10(14) M-circle dot and 1.98(-0.74)(+1.24) x 10(14) M-circle dot for the northern and southern clumps, respectively). The southern mass peak is similar to 2' offset toward the south with respect to the corresponding X-ray peak, which has a 'bullet'-like morphology pointing south. Comparison of the current weak-lensing result with the X-ray, galaxy, and radio. relic suggests that perhaps the dominant mechanism responsible for the observed relic may be a highspeed collision of the two most massive subclusters, although the peculiarity of the morphology necessitates involvement of additional subclusters. Careful numerical simulations should follow in order to obtain more complete understanding of the merger scenario utilizing all existing observations.</P>

Synthesis, Structure, and Metalation of Two New Highly Porous Zirconium Metal–Organic Frameworks

Morris, William,Volosskiy, Boris,Demir, Selcuk,Gá,ndara, Felipe,McGrier, Psaras L.,Furukawa, Hiroyasu,Cascio, Duilio,Stoddart, J. Fraser,Yaghi, Omar M. American Chemical Society 2012 Inorganic Chemistry Vol.51 No.12

<P>Three new metal–organic frameworks [MOF-525, Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>(OH)<SUB>4</SUB>(TCPP-H<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>; MOF-535, Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>(OH)<SUB>4</SUB>(XF)<SUB>3</SUB>; MOF-545, Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>8</SUB>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>8</SUB>(TCPP-H<SUB>2</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>, where porphyrin H<SUB>4</SUB>-TCPP-H<SUB>2</SUB> = (C<SUB>48</SUB>H<SUB>24</SUB>O<SUB>8</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>) and cruciform H<SUB>4</SUB>-XF = (C<SUB>42</SUB>O<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>22</SUB>)] based on two new topologies, <B>ftw</B> and <B>csq</B>, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. MOF-525 and -535 are composed of Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>(OH)<SUB>4</SUB> cuboctahedral units linked by either porphyrin (MOF-525) or cruciform (MOF-535). Another zirconium-containing unit, Zr<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>8</SUB>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>8</SUB>, is linked by porphyrin to give the MOF-545 structure. The structure of MOF-525 was obtained by analysis of powder X-ray diffraction data. The structures of MOF-535 and -545 were resolved from synchrotron single-crystal data. MOF-525, -535, and -545 have Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas of 2620, 1120, and 2260 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g, respectively. In addition to their large surface areas, both porphyrin-containing MOFs are exceptionally chemically stable, maintaining their structures under aqueous and organic conditions. MOF-525 and -545 were metalated with iron(III) and copper(II) to yield the metalated analogues without losing their high surface area and chemical stability.</P><P>Within this paper, three new metal−organic frameworks are synthesized and structurally characterized, MOF-525, -535, and -545, based on two new topologies, <B>ftw</B> and <B>csq</B>. MOF-525 has the highest Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area and MOF-545 has the largest pores of any zirconium-based MOF, 2620 m<SUP>2</SUP>/g and 36 Å, respectively. Most importantly, MOF-525 and -545 contain porphyrin sites, which are metalated with copper(II) and iron(III).</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/inocaj/2012/inocaj.2012.51.issue-12/ic300825s/production/images/medium/ic-2012-00825s_0002.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ic300825s'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Command Shaping Control for Micro-milling Operations

Joel Fortgang,William Singhose,Juan de Juanes Márquez,Jesus Perez 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2011 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.9 No.6

Micro milling requires both high speed and high accuracy in order to economically produce parts with features on the scale of 1 μm. Micro mills are smaller and more flexible than traditional large-scale machines. Therefore, vibration of the machine structure is a significant problem. Given that micro milling requires high positioning precision, even small vibrations in the controller dynamics are problematic. The small-scale operation has considerably lower tool/workpiece interaction forces than traditional-scale milling. These low cutting forces have minimal effect on the machine structural re-sponse. Therefore, the dominant dynamic factor in exciting vibration can be the machine tool motion, rather than the workpiece/tool interaction. Given this realization, properly shaping the motions of the micro mill is a promising approach to reduce vibration. This paper presents a nonlinear command-shaping technique to reduce the vibrations of a micro mill that can be implemented with a standard CNC controller. The robustness of this technique to modeling errors and disturbances is investigated. Theoretical proofs and experimental demonstrations of the command-shaping technique are presented. The improved performance from the command shaping enables higher throughput and improved accuracy of the micro mill.

윌리엄 보웬(William M. Bowen) : 학제적 지역연구의 지평을 열다

윌리엄 보웬(William M. Bowen),권성문(Sung Moon Kwon) 국토연구원 2016 국토 : planning and policy Vol.421 No.-

산업폐기물 매립지 침출수에서 중금속의 제거

( Pille Kangsepp ),( William Hogland ),( Lennart Mathiasson ),( Toomas Tenno ),( Lennart Mårtensson ),( Dahn Rosenqvist ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2002 APLAS Vol.2002 No.2

많은 실험실, pilot, full-스케일의 처리 시스템은 지난 수 십년동안 여러 형태의 폐수와 도시고형폐기물 매립지에서의 침출수의 적절한 정화 방법을 발견하기 위해서 실행되었다. 그러나 산업폐기물 매립지로부터의 침출수를 선정한 연구는 많지 않다. 전기 전자 장비와 재활용 산업(자동차의 처분 등)으로부터의 처리된 잔재물로 구성된 매립지나 투기지역 침출수의 처리방법의 발전이 제시된 논문의 주요한 주제이다. 전체적인 주제에서 한 부분인 중금속을 흡착하는 피트에 관련된 실험실 스케일의 실험에서, 예비 결과를 본 논문에 논의하였다. Estonia에서 진행된 일회적인 실험, 스웨덴의 컬럼 실험과 pilot plant 실험을 기초로 하여, 펄프와 종이공장에서의 재와 혼합된 피트는 구리, 철, 망간, 주석 등과 같은 금속을 충분히 제거할 수 있다는 것을 발견하였다. Many laboratory-, pilot- and full-scale treatment systems have been established in order to find optimal purification methods for different types of wastewater and leachate from municipal solid waste landfills during the last decades. However, only a few studies have been directed towards leachate from industrial landfills. Development of treatment methods for leachate from dumping sites or landfills that contain discarded electrical and electronic equipment and residues from the recycling industry (e.g. car wrecking) is the main task of the presented project. The composition of the leachate from these kinds of landfills is very complex, containing both heavy metals and organic pollutants such as PCBs, phthalates, flame- retardants and phenolic compounds. Only a part of the overall project, preliminary findings from laboratory tests concerning the ability of peat to adsorb heavy metals, is discussed in this paper. Based on batch experiments conducted in Estonia, and column tests and pilot plant studies in Sweden, it has been found that peat, in combination with ash from pulp and paper mills, can give adequate removal of such metal as copper, iron, manganese, tin and others.