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Reinterprething The History of Life From a Design Perspective
Wells, Jonathan 선문대학교 통일사상연구원 1997 통일사상 연구논총 Vol.3 No.-
Therefore, I begin by assuming that human beings are the intended outcome of the history of life. It follows that the history of life was planned from the outset to provide a temperate environment and nourishing food for us, requiring the establishment of complex, self-sustaining ecosystems. It also follows that the first human beings were born into a world already populated by human-like mammals capable of raising them from birth. This, in turn, required other animals as precursors, implying that what Darwinists regard as a contingent pattern is actually a necessary progression, at least in general outline. Like Copernicus's shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric solar system, the shift from denying to affirming design is a conceptual change with far-reaching implications for our understanding of objective reality. A design perspective accounts for at least some of the anomalies confronting Darwin's theory, and could lead to more fruitful research programmes in biology.
Wells Mike,Yende Penelope 대한응급의학회 2024 Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine Vol.11 No.2
Objective The use of pediatric length-based weight estimation tapes with precalculated drug doses is advocated by major Advanced Life Support organizations, but concerns have been raised on the accuracy of these systems. The objective of this systematic review was to collect, review, evaluate, and create a synthesis of the current literature to establish whether there is high-quality evidence for use of length-based tapes in accurate drug dose administration. A further objective was to compare these tapes with other dosing aids. Methods Eligible studies were identified and analyzed if they were peer reviewed, full text articles containing original data. Studies including any form of length-based precalculated drug dosing methodology in children aged 0 to 18 years were included. Results Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The most studied of the tapes was the Broselow tape in 16 studies (88.9%). When these tapes were used on their own without additional reference material, they produced a substantial number of potentially harmful dosing errors (>20% error). No tape was superior to another. Using the tapes was better than using no dosing aid but was inferior to using both comprehensive drug dosing guides and novel color-coded medication administration systems. Conclusion There was no high-quality evidence that the use of length-based tapes with precalculated drug doses leads to accurate drug dosing. However, comprehensive drug dosing systems were more effective at reducing dosing errors than were length-based tapes on their own. The confounding effect of weight estimation accuracy on drug dosing accuracy has not been sufficiently studied.