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Rosmarinus officinalis Extract Suppresses Propionibacterium acnes–Induced Inflammatory Responses
Tsung-Hsien Tsai,Lu-Te Chuang,Tsung-Jung Lien,Yau-Rong Liing,Wei-Yu Chen,Po-Jung Tsai 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.4
Propionibacterium acnes is a key pathogen involved in the progression of acne inflammation. The development of a new agent possessing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity against P. acnes is therefore of interest. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract on P. acnes–induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that ethanolic rosemary extract (ERE) significantly suppressed the secretion and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in P. acnes–stimulated monocytic THP-1 cells. In an in vivo mouse model, concomitant intradermal injection of ERE attenuated the P. acnes–induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation. Since ERE suppressed the P. acnes–induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation and mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, the suppressive effect of ERE might be due, at least partially, to diminished NF-κB activation and TLR2-mediated signaling pathways. Furthermore, three major constituents of ERE, carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid, exerted different immumodulatory activities in vitro. In brief, rosmarinic acid significantly suppressed IL-8 production, while the other two compounds inhibited IL-1β production. Further study is needed to explore the role of bioactive compounds of rosemary in mitigation of P. acnes–induced inflammation.
Peer Effects on Corporate Cash Holdings: Evidence from Vietnam
Nghia Huu Nguyen,Wei-Hsien Li 한국재무학회 2022 財務硏究 Vol.35 No.2
This research examines corporate cash holdings in Vietnam, an emerging market, and finds reverse peer effects on them - that is, a firm’s level of cash holdings negatively relates to those of its peers. We also note the reverse peer effects are stronger for firms facing less competition and with low intangibility. Because the Vietnam market has noticeably lower competition and investment in innovation than in developed economics like the U.S., our evidence supports the role of competition and innovation investment in driving cash holdings’ peer effects and complements the literature that mostly focuses on developed economies. Our findings are consistent with the notion that some firms strategically accumulate cash to drive their competitors’ cash level lower when they are in less competitive industries or when they have lower innovation investments. Thus, the existing competition or innovation environment is crucial when modeling the cash holding behavior among industry peers. However, our tests on the preemptive motive for peer effects on cash holdings are inconclusive. Lastly, our results also support heterogeneity across countries in peer mimicking behavior and contributes to the cash holdings literature for the Vietnam market.
The back contact modification in high-efficiency Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ solar cells by a thin MoO₃ layer
Septia KHOLIMATUSSADIAH,Cheng-Ying CHEN,Wei-Chao CHEN,Yi-Rung LIN,Shao-Hung LU,Meng-Chia HSIEH,Jan-Kai CHANG,Chih-I WU,Ruei-San CHEN,Kuei-Hsien CHEN,Li-Chyong CHEN 한국진공학회 2016 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.2016 No.8