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Review : Enzyme Based Biosensors for Detection of Environmental Pollutants- A Review
( Vinod Kumar Nigam ),( Pratyoosh Shukla ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2015 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.25 No.11
Environmental security is one of the major concerns for the safety of living organisms from a number of harmful pollutants in the atmosphere. Different initiatives, legislative actions, as well as scientific and social concerns have been discussed and adopted to control and regulate the threats of environmental pollution, but it still remains a worldwide challenge. Therefore, there is a need for developing certain sensitive, rapid, and selective techniques that can detect and screen the pollutants for effective bioremediation processes. In this perspective, isolated enzymes or biological systems producing enzymes, as whole cells or in immobilized state, can be used as a source for detection, quantification, and degradation or transformation of pollutants to non-polluting compounds to restore the ecological balance. Biosensors are ideal for the detection and measurement of environmental pollution in a reliable, specific, and sensitive way. In this review, the current status of different types of microbial biosensors and mechanisms of detection of various environmental toxicants are discussed.
Generation of single stranded DNA with selective affinity to bovine spermatozoa
Vinod, Sivadasan Pathiyil,Vignesh, Rajamani,Priyanka, Mani,Tirumurugaan, Krishnaswamy Gopalan,Sivaselvam, Salem Nagalingam,Raj, Gopal Dhinakar Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.10
Objective: This study was conducted to generate single stranded DNA oligonucleotides with selective affinity to bovine spermatozoa, assess its binding potential and explore its potential utility in trapping spermatozoa from suspensions. Methods: A combinatorial library of 94 mer long oligonucleotide was used for systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) with bovine spermatozoa. The amplicons from sixth and seventh rounds of SELEX were sequenced, and the reads were clustered employing cluster database at high identity with tolerance (CD-HIT) and FASTAptamer. The enriched nucleotides were predicted for secondary structures by Mfold, motifs by Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation and 5' labelled with biotin/6-FAM to determine the binding potential and binding pattern. Results: We generated 14.1 and 17.7 million reads from sixth and seventh rounds of SELEX respectively to bovine spermatozoa. The CD-HIT clustered 78,098 and 21,196 reads in the top ten clusters and FASTAptamer identified 2,195 and 4,405 unique sequences in the top three clusters from the sixth and seventh rounds, respectively. The identified oligonucleotides formed secondary structures with delta G values between -1.17 to -26.18 kcal/mol indicating varied stability. Confocal imaging with the oligonucleotides from the seventh round revealed different patterns of binding to bovine spermatozoa (fluorescence of the whole head, spot of fluorescence in head and mid- piece and tail). Use of a 5'-biotin tagged oligonucleotide from the sixth round at 100 pmol with 4×10<sup>6</sup> spermatozoa could trap almost 80% from the suspension. Conclusion: The binding patterns and ability of the identified oligonucleotides confirms successful optimization of the SELEX process and generation of aptamers to bovine spermatozoa. These oligonucleotides provide a quick approach for selective capture of spermatozoa from complex samples. Future SELEX rounds with X- or Y- enriched sperm suspension will be used to generate oligonucleotides that bind to spermatozoa of a specific sex type.
Vinod Kumar,Ramesh Chand Bansal,Raghuveer Raj Joshi 대한전기학회 2008 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.6 No.5
While the matrix converter has many advantages that include bi-directional power flow, a size reduction, a long lifetime, and sinusoidal input currents, it is vulnerable to the input voltage disturbances, because it directly exchanges the input voltage to the output voltage. So, in this paper, a critical evaluation of the effect of various abnormal voltage conditions like unbalanced power supply, balanced non-sinusoidal power supply, input voltage sags and short time blackout of power supply on matrix converter fed induction motor drives is presented. The operation under various abnormal conditions has been analyzed. For this, a 230V, 250VA three phase to three phase matrix converter (Me) fed induction motor drive prototype is implemented using DSP based controller and tests have been carried out to evaluate and improve the stability of system under typical abnormal conditions. Digital storage oscilloscope & power quality analyzer are used for experimental observations.
Vinod Mokale,Naik Jitendra,Sutar Yogesh,Khairnar Gokul 한국약제학회 2014 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.44 No.4
The work investigates the development andoptimization of chitosan-alginate beads containing Losartanpotassium (LP) through ionotropic/external gelationtechnique using 32 factorial design. The effect of polymerblendconcentrations i.e. chitosan and sodium alginate onthe drug encapsulation efficiency (DEE%), and cumulativedrug release after 20 h (R20h %) was optimized. The DEE%of all these beads was within the range of 67.12 ±1.97–89.81 ± 1.52 % with sustained in vitro drug releaseof 80.98–97.13 % over 20 h. The in vitro drug release fromthese beads was followed first order kinetic model. Thebeads were also characterized by FE-SEM, FTIR and XRDanalysis. The swelling of chitosan–alginate beads containingLP were influenced by the pH of the test medium. Chitosan coated alginate beads were developed as oralsustained delivery carriers for LP in order to improvepatient compliance, to reduce side effects associated with itand also to reduce the dose/dosing frequency in the managementof hypertension.
Vinod Taxak,Satyender Pal khatkar,Sonika Singh,Sheetal Lohra,Avni Khatkar 대한금속·재료학회 2015 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.11 No.3
A color tunable terbium doped GdSrAl3O7 nanophosphor has been synthesized at low temperature using solution combustion synthesis. The photoluminescent properties of nanophosphors have been explored by analyzing their excitation and emission spectra alongwith their decay curves. The emission spectra exhibit dominating green light at 544 nm due to 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb3+ ions in GdSrAl3O7 on excitation by UV light of 239 nm. Furthermore, the luminescence in Gd(1-x)SrAl3O7: xTb3+ nanophosphors shifted from blue to green color by properly tuning the concentration of terbium ions. Decay curves indicate that non-radiative cross-relaxation is primarily responsible for concentration quenching phenomenon in the GdSrAl3O7 host. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that single tetragonal phased nanophosphor could be readily obtained at low temperature 550°C. The smooth surfaced nanocrystals with particle size of 45 - 50 nm have also been examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All these features augmented the probability of GdSrAl3O7: Tb3+ nanophosphor for potential applications in optical devices.