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보통화의 3성 연성변화에 있어서의 인지와 음운 체계의 상호 작용
Huang Tsan,金永贊(역) 중국어문논역학회 2016 中國語文論譯叢刊 Vol.0 No.38
본 논문은 중국어 보통화의 3성의 성조 연성 변화의 기제를 인지의 관점에서 설명하고 있다. 중국어 모어 청자 집단과 영어 모어 청자 집단에 대하여 ‘same/different’ 식별 과제를 부여하여 보통화 성조를 고찰하였다. MDS 분석, 사후 검정, 독립 표본 T 검정 등으로 데이터를 분석한 결과 중국어 모어 청자에 대하여 다음과 같은 사실을 알았다. 3성은 1성, 4성보다 2성에 더 가까운 것으로 인지되며 이는 3성의 연성 변화 형태로 2성이 선택되는 이유가 인지적으로 용인되었기 때문이라는 가설을 뒷받침하는 증거가 된다. 3성과 2성의 거리를 영어 모어 화자보다 훨씬 더 짧은 것으로 인지했다. 또한 3성과 2성의 쌍만이 다른 쌍과 유의하게 다르다고 여겼다. 성조 곡선을 분할 불가능한 단위로 다루면서 중요한 음성적 단서들은 무시했다. 이러한 결과들은 음운 체계와 인지의 상호 작용이 존재한다는 것과 양자의 상호 작용이 언어의 음운 구조에서의 변화를 제약한다는 것을 명백하게 말해 준다. This paper tried to elucidate the mechanism of the third tone sandhi in Chinese Putonghua from the angle of “perception.” We examined Chinese Putonghua tones by assigning a “same”/ “different” discrimination task to a Chinese listener group and an English listener group. After conducting data analysis through MDS analysis, post-hoc test and independent samples T-test, we got findings about the Chinese listeners as follows. T3 is perceived as closer to T2 than it is to T1 or T4, which supports our hypothesis that T2 is chosen as the sandhi form for T3 because such a change is perceptually tolerated. The Chinese listeners perceived the distance between T3 and T2 much closer than the English listeners did. And they found only T3/T2 pairs significantly different. They considered the tone contour as an indivisible unit and ignored important phonetic cues. These results clearly indicate that there exists some interplay between phonology and perception and this interaction constrains changes in the phonological structure of the language.
Development of a 2-Chamber Culture System for Impedimetric Monitoring of Cell-cell Interaction
Kin Fong Lei,Meng-Tsan Tsai,Ming-Hong Zhong,Chia-Hao Huang,Ngan-Ming Tsang,Ming-Yih Lee 한국바이오칩학회 2017 BioChip Journal Vol.11 No.2
In cancer research, study of cell-cell interaction is important to understand tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Conventionally, transwell system was adopted and cell proliferation was quantified by end-point bio-assays. The operations are labor-intensive and time-consuming while studying of the dynamic cellular responses of cell-cell interaction. Although impedance measurement was suggested to be a promising technique to monitor cellular responses, electrodes cannot be integrated into the transwell for the measurement purpose. In this work, a 2-chamber culture system incorporated with impedance measurement technique was developed to quantitatively study cell-cell interaction. The chamber was composed of 2 sub-chambers separated with a barrier. By this design, two types of cells could be independently cultured and concurrently monitored under common medium supplied. Cell-cell interaction was demonstrated by aberrant cell proliferation induced by the EGF secreted from the transfected cells cultured on another sub-chamber. Real-time and non-invasive monitoring of cell-cell interaction was successfully demonstrated. This work provides a practical solution for monitoring the dynamic cellular responses of cellcell interaction during the culture course. It is a reliable and convenient platform and facilitate more quantitative assessments in cancer research.