Financial Liberalization, International Monetary Dis/order, and the Neoliberal State

Timothy A. Canova 東國大學校 大學院 法學科 商事法專攻 2005 商事法 세미나 Vol.19 No.-

War, Inhumane Acts and International Restorative Justice

Timothy Michael Kane(팀케인),Bo Hyuk Kim(김보혁) 인하대학교 법학연구소 2015 法學硏究 Vol.18 No.2

역사적으로 전쟁에서 국가에 의해 주도되는 국가행위(Act of State)에 의한 비인도적 위법행위(human rights violation or inhumane acts)가 때로 발생했다. 종전 후 전쟁 중 국가에 의해 자행된 비인도적 위법행위 대해서 국가책임(State responsibility)을 지게 되고 이러한 정의 실현의 과정을 거쳐 위법행위를 자행한 국가는 국제 사회에 복귀하고 국가위법행위의 희생자들의 상처도 치유의 길을 가게 된다. 국제사회는 UN ULC가 2001년에 채택한 “Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts”을 통해 전쟁중 국가에 의해 이루어진 비인도적 위법행위에 대한 책임문제를 다루지만 국제위법행위로 인한 피해가 원상회복이나 금전배상으로 전보될 수 없는 경우에 유책국은 이에 대해 위반사실인정, 유감의 표시, 공식사과 등과 같은 만족을 제공해야할 의무를 지는 동법 제37조의 규정으로는 피해국가로부터 신뢰회복의 감정적 측면을 치유하는데 한계가 있으며 이러한 측면은 2차대전 전후 두가지 상반된 사례를 통해 잘 나타난다. 독일은 2차대전 이후 지속적으로 나찌에 의해 저질러진 범죄에 대해 지속적으로 사죄하고 신뢰를 회복함으로써 국제사회에서 그 위상을 회복한데 반해 일본은 아직까지도 주변 국가들로부터 신뢰를 얻는데 실패하고 있으며 전쟁 범죄의 희생자들 역시 치유의 길을 가고 있지 못하다. 위의 두가지 상반된 사례는 전쟁 중 정부에 의해 저질러진 비인도적 위법행위 대해 가해자와 피해자 모두에게 치유의 기회를 주며 같은 범죄의 재발을 막고 전쟁 중 범죄를 저지른 국가가 국제사회로부터 신뢰를 회복할 수 있는 보다 나은 길은 과연 무엇인지에 대해 중요한 단초를 제공한다. 한편 현대 국가 가운데 국내 범죄율을 낮은 수준으로 유지하고 감소시키고 있는 나라는 일본이 유일하며 일본의 시스템은 정형적인 형법에 의존해서 범죄율을 낮추고 있는 것이 아니라 그들만의 준사법적인 정의 회복 시스템을 통해 이를 실현시키고 있다. 본 논문에서는 역설적으로 이러한 일본의 독자적인 준사법적 정의 회복 시스템을 분석해서 국가에 의한 비인도적 위법행위 사례에 적용해 보고 이러한 일본의 고유한 준사법적 정의 회복 시스템을 국제사회의 국가 위법행위 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대안으로서 사용할 것을 제안하고 있다. War often brings with it the most brutal and inhumane acts, at times on incredibly vast scales, often committed by governments of states. After the fighting stops, somehow justice must be served and scars healed. And somehow we have to find a way to reduce the likelihood of inhumane crimes from ever happening again. World War II ended in 1945 but nearly 7 decades later much is unhealed, for many justice has yet to be served and much resentment lingers. In international law there are multiple provisions for dealing with international wrongful acts committed by states and the after affects of war. UN ULC adopted "Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts" in 2001. The article 37 states that the state responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to give satisfaction for the injury caused by that act insofar as it cannot be made good by restitution or compensation. The satisfaction may consist in an acknowledgement of the breach, an expression of regret, a formal apology or another appropriate modality. Article 37 has its limit to heal emotive side of trust from the victim state because this process is not obligation sofaras the state wrongful act can be made by restitution or compensation. In the case of the after effects of World War II we have two almost parallel cases that had nearly opposite outcomes in regard to the process of restoration of trust, peace and healing in the international community: Germany and Japan. Germany has largely managed to restore its place in the international community while making amends with its victims. Japan has, to a considerable degree, fallen short of restoring trust with its neighbors and many victims still remained aggrieved. The question remains, is there a better way to restore international trust for countries which have committed inhumane actions by their government during a time of war and what would such a system look like? Tn the mean while, there is only one example of a large modern industrial democracy with a significantly declining domestic crime rate. That example is Japan. Japan does not achieve this through direct reliance upon its formal criminal law system. Instead Japan has achieved this through utilization of a quasi-formal system of restorative justice. In this paper, we analyze Japan’s quasi-formal system of restorative justice. What we find is that Germany followed a process that maps closely to Japan’s domestic system of restorative justice, while, ironically, Japan did not. We then take the process we extracted from analysis of Japan’s system of restorative justice and craft a proposed framework for a quasi-formal international restorative justice system. Perhaps this way we can arrive at our goals of restoration and reduction in inhumane act by state internationally.

Demonstration's of Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucratic Perpetuation in Supreme Court Decisions : Dred Scott v. Sandford.

Timothy Michael Kane,Kim Bohyuk 아주대학교 법학연구소 2015 아주법학 Vol.9 No.3

본 논문은 미대법원의 주요 판결 중 막스 베버의 기관 영속성 이론의 관점이 적용될 수 있는 판결에 관한 두 번째 논문이다. 역사적으로 미대법관들은 경우에 따라 그들을 임명한 정파의 입장과 다른 판결을 내리기도 했다. 본 논문은 미대법원의 법관들이 정파의 입장을 따르거나 벗어나는 판결을 내리는데 있어 고려하는 중요한 요소 가운데 하나를 사회학자인 막스 베버의 이론을 통해 논증하는 것에 목적을 둔다. 막스 베버가 주장한 “조직의 기관은 그자신의 존재와 존속을 정당화시키기 위해 힘쓴다”라는 명제를 바탕으로 본 논문은 미대법관들이 때때로 자신들이 속한 기관의 존속과 공고화를 판결의 중요한 요소로 두었음을 증명하려고 시도한다. 전편인 Marbury v. Madison 사례에서는 대법관들이 그들이 속한 기관의 존속을 위해 정파를 초월한 판결을 내려 기관의 존재 기반을 공고히 했었음을 논증했다면 본편에서는 Dred Scott v. Sandford 판결을 통해 대법관들이 전자의 판결과는 반대로 자신들이 뿌리를 둔 정파의 입장에서 벗어나지 못하고 이를 따르는 것이 기관과 국가 존속에 바람직하다는 판단을 내림으로써 결국 자신들이 속한 기관의 존재가치와 국가의 존속 모두를 위기에 처하게 했었음을 논증한다. This is the second installment in a series of papers that examine Supreme Court decisions as a process that contest partisanship against institution building (Demonstration's of Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucratic Perpetuation in Supreme Court Decisions was the first installment). In the first installment we examined the seminal case of Marbury v. Madison using this analysis method. In this installment we examine the seminal case of Dred Scott v. Sandford using the same approach. The Supreme Court dominates America’s legal establishment so predicting its decisions is important. The traditions of the court have endowed it with a teleological approach which makes predicting its decisions difficult. While Justices show a strong preference to vote along partisan lines, in key decisions they depart from their predictable partisanship for consistent, if not predictable, reasons: institution building. This paper argues that the Supreme Court behaves as Max Weber's social theory suggest: institutions tend to try to perpetuate themselves. The Supreme Court often makes decisions for the purpose of enhancing and perpetuating the Court itself. Because the Supreme Court is a national institution, institution building often means nation building. In Dred Scott the court attempts mistakingly attempts to align partisanship with institution building only for it to backfire, inflicting damage to the court and the nation from which it nearly did not recover.

EvaluationOf LoRaWAN In A Highly Dense Environment With Design Of Common Automated Metering Platform (CAMP) Based On LoRaWAN Protocol

Timothy D Paul,Vimalathithan Rathinasabapathy 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.5

Latest technological innovation in the development of compact lower power radios has led to the explosion of Internet of Things. With Wi-Fi, Zigbee and other physical layer protocols offering short coverage area there was a need for a RF protocol that had a larger coverage area with low power consumption. LoRa offers Long Range with lower power consumption. LoRa offers point to point and point to multipoint connections. with Single hop communication in place the need for routing protocols are eliminated. LoRa Wide Area Network stack can accommodate thousands of nodes under a single LoRa gateway with a single hop communication between the end nodes and LoRaWAN gateway. This paper takes an experimental approach to analyze the basic physical layer parameters of LoRa and the practical coverage offered by a LoRaWAN under highly dense urban conditions with variable topography. The insights gained from the practical deployment of the LoRaWAN network, and the subsequent performance analysis is used to design a novel public utility monitoring platform. The second half of the papers is designing a robust platform to integrate both existing wired sensor water meters, current and future generation wireless water meters. The Common Automated Metering Platform is designed to integrate both wired sensors and wireless (LoRaWAN and Wi-Fi) supported water meters. This integrated platform reduces the number of nodes under each LoRaWAN gateway and thus improves the scalability of the network. This architecture is currently designed to accommodate one utility application but can be modified to integrate multi-utility applications.

Understanding Sino-African Relations: Neocolonialism or a New Era?

Timothy S,Rich,Sterling Recker 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2013 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.20 No.1

What motivates increased relations between China and African countries? While Chinese interests in natural resources throughout Africa is well known, less attention is given to whether these interests are short-term or long-term in nature. We challenge the assumption of Chinese neocolonialism without portraying growing relations as void of problems for African development. Instead of viewing these relations from one of two polarized positions, we suggest that reality is somewhere in the middle, with the potential for deeper mutually beneficial relationships coexisting with some level of exploitation.

Emotional Literacy Program and its Effectiveness -Potential Policy Implication in South Korea-

Timothy Scott,백신철(Sin chul Back),최경식(Kyung Shick Choi) 한국범죄심리학회 2015 한국범죄심리연구 Vol.11 No.3

이 연구는 기존의 교정 및 재활 프로그램들이 재범률을 낮추는 것에 부적합하다는 주장들이 제기되고 있어, 그에 대한 대안으로 최근 주목을 받고 있는 정서문해력 프로그램의 활용도와 효과성에 대해 분석하는 것이 그 목적이다. 정서문해력프로그램은 평생 계속되는 폭력과 중독으로부터 수형자들이 희망적이고 건설적인 삶의 패턴을 가지고 사회에 잘 적응할 수 있도록 하는 재활을 목적으로 미국, 영국, 독일을 포함한 8 개국에서 현재 시행되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 전세계의 31개 학술지에 게제된 학술논문을 대상으로 메타분석 (Meta-Analysis)을 통해 정서문해력 프로그램의 활용에 대한 글로벌 트렌드를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 분석결과, 정서문해력 프로그램의 실효성에 대한 평가는 4 가지 요소 - 공감, 마음챙김, 자기조절, 자아존중감 - 가 주요 평가 대상으로 나타났으며, 끝으로 정잭적 제언에 대해 논의하였다. In recent years, implementing emotional literacy programs has been an emerging issue in the justice system; this is due to the fact that existing programs do not adequately minimize recidivism rates. Emotional literacy programs were recently introduced to change lifelong patterns of violence and addiction and to help people in building productive lives. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of emotional literacy programs reflecting 8 multi-nations. A meta-analysis was conducted to delineate the global trend of emotional literacy program usage in justice systems. The data were derived from 31 peer reviewed journal articles about empirical tests and evaluations of emotional literacy program. This study identified 4 major factors - empathy, mindfulness, self-regulation, and self-esteem - that influence the evaluation of the program reflecting justice system worldwide, and the potential policy implications are discussed at the last part of this research.

Losers’ Consent or Non-Voter Consent? Satisfaction with Democracy in East Asia

Timothy S. Rich 서울대학교행정대학원 2015 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.23 No.3

How do electoral outcomes influence views on democracy among East Asian countries? A sizable literature assesses differences between electoral winners and losers, but few cover East Asian cases. Using cross-national survey data from the Asian Barometer (ABS), this article analyzes the extent to which losers are less satisfied with democracy. Unlike much of the literature, this analysis also addresses a third category: those that did not vote. Empirical analyses controlling for demographic and institutional factors find that both losers and non-voters consistently have lower evaluations of democracy than winners, while losers appear to have less satisfaction than non-voters.

The Balance Between Data Flow and Privacy

Timothy J. Toohey 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2013 경제규제와 법 Vol.6 No.1

The trade-off between privacy and free Internet services in the United States (US) continues to evolve in a complex legal environment. Unlike many other countries, the US lacks a comprehensive or baseline privacy and data protection regime and instead relies on piecemeal legislation regarding certain sectors, such as health care or financial institutions. This paper examines several aspects of the evolving US privacy debate in the context of the history of the Fair Information Practice Principles (“FIPPs”) first articulated in 1973. The FIPPs, which gave rise to a “notice and consent” regime that attempts to adjust the balance between individuals and the enterprises that collect information about them, continue to influence privacy discussions and proposals, as seen by current US privacy proposals. Although the FIPPs never gave rise to comprehensive legislation in the US, they have formed the basis for enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), which is the US agency charged with consumer privacy matters. Utilizing its broad powers, the FTC has taken numerous actions against prominent companies that are alleged to have misrepresented their policies regarding protection of personal data. The FTC’s enforcement actions have raised the profile regarding privacy in the US and helped fill the void caused by the absence of comprehensive privacy legislation. They have also influenced two major federal privacy proposals in 2012. The first of these - Consumer Data Privacy in a Networked World by the Obama Administration - proposed a consumer privacy bill of rights for online activities based on a modified version of the FIPPs. The White House report suggested rights of individual control, transparency, respect for context, security, access and accuracy, focused collection and accountability that would be incorporated into voluntary codes of conduct enforced by the FTC. The second proposal - Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change from the FTC -- similarly does not propose specific legislation, but instead encourages companies to develop “best practices” to make “privacy the ‘default setting’ for commercial data practices” to give consumers greater control over the collection and use of their data. The FTC’s proposal encourages adoption of principles of “privacy by design” simplified consumer choice and transparency in data collection practices and is meant as a possible template for legislation. Developing and implementing a comprehensive privacy regime in the US continues to face many challenges. First, the US law generally does not recognize monetary value in a consumer’s personal data to allow for damages in a civil lawsuit. There is also considerable debate as to whether a consent-based regime based on the FIPPs remains viable in the Internet era, where individuals readily provide personal information in return for free services. Finally, there is major opposition to privacy legislation from companies with vested financial interests in the status quo that profit from use of consumers’ personal information. Notwithstanding these challenges, it is likely that pressure for adoption of baseline privacy protections in the US will continue to grow given consumers’ concerns with the use of their personal information online, evolving expectations regarding privacy because of rapid technological change, and the need for interoperability and consistency of privacy protections in an increasingly interconnected world.

Conspiracy Obsession in a Time of Revoulution

Timothy Tackett 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2003 人文科學 Vol.85 No.-

A Numerial General Equilibrium Model with Endogenous Formation of Trading Blocs

Timothy C.G. Fisher,Robert G. Waschik 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 2006 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.21 No.4