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Prospects for Canada’s Federalism in the 21st Century
Thomas R. Klassen(Thomas R. Klassen ) 한국캐나다학회 2007 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.13 No.1
When Canada was created in 1867 it was a union of essentially equal provinces, with federal powers balanced between the House of Commons and the Senate. The new country was closely tied to Great Britain, and Aboriginal peoples were excluded from the governance of Canada. Developments in the past 140 years including the increase in the scope of provincial activities call for reforms to Canada’s governance structures especially with regard to: 1) the head of state; 2) the Senate; 3) the Atlantic provinces; 4) the role of Aboriginal peoples; and 5) education policy. Reforms in these areas, including a “made-in-Canada” head of state, a transformation of the Senate, a review of how the Atlantic provinces might better collaborate, the inclusion of Aboriginal peoples in governance fora, and a greater federal role in education policy will prepare Canada for the challenge and opportunities of the 21st century.
Social Consensus in the Process of Pension Reform in Canada
( Thomas R. Klassen ) 한국보건사회연구원 2008 保健社會硏究 Vol.28 No.1
Social consensus is critical in reconciling equality and freedom, including the creation and on-going modification of the welfare state. Without sufficient consensus among the major societal groups and among citizens, reforms will not occur, or at least not last for long. In the past 25 years there have been numerous efforts to reform components of the three pillars of Canada`s pension regime. These pension reforms and role of social consensus is shaping outcomes are unique, reflecting the particular political and demographic conditions, and other characteristics of the nation. Nevertheless, there are three insights that can be drawn that areof value for South Korean policy makers and public administrators. First, frequent policy shifts or debates can undermine the necessary consensus and stability required for individuals, and organizations, to make longer term financial plans. Second, a modest mandatory public plan will tend to draw widespread acceptance, at least within a liberal welfare state. Third, a three pillarpension regime means that most Canadians do not rely solely on any one component of the pension regime. Consequently, social consensus can be reached more easily among the social partners and other stakeholders in under such conditions, compared to a nation with only one major pension program.
Devolution and Democracy: Labor Market Policy in Canada and the United Kingdom 1996-2006
Thomas R. Klassen,Donna Wood 한국행정학회 2008 International Review of Public Administration Vol.12 No.2
As a result of the devolution of labor market policy, new governance arrangements have arisen in the past decade in both Canada and the United Kingdom. These emerging relations are analyzed with respect to the degree to which they have facilitated the democratic engagement of stakeholders, citizens and legislators. Post devolution the Canadian federal system demonstrates decreased democratic engagement, while in the United Kingdom it has increased substantially. This is attributable to the competitive intergovernmental relationship in Canada, and the unwillingness on the part of federal and provincial politicians and officials to collectively engage with stakeholders and citizens. In contrast, intergovernmental relations in the early days of United Kingdom devolution are cooperative, due to the presence of civil service and political party accommodation processes not found in Canada. The European Union also contributes to democratic engagement in the United Kingdom, providing an opportunity for social partners and civil society to participate in policy making.
Retirement policies for an aging society: The case of Canada
( Thomas R. Klassen ) 연세대학교 사회과학연구소 2007 社會科學論集 Vol.38 No.1
Legalized mandatory retirement at age 65 is a longstanding feature of the Canadian labour market, and society. Although the highest court ruled in 1990 that such policies were legal, politicians are revising legislation to prevent involuntary retirement. As in several other Anglo Saxon countries, the combination of a strong emphasis on individual human rights - a feature of liberal market economies and liberal welfare regimes - as well as an aging population has prompted reforms to mandatory retirement policies. Labour unions have been the most opposed to removing mandatory retirement, fearing that workers will receive lower public and private pension benefits. However, a comparison with the United States, and several other nations, suggests that this need not necessarily be the case in Canada. Nevertheless, because of demographic shifts and life cycle changes, many Canadians workers-and those in other developed countries-can expect to work longer in the foreseeable than in the past.
Wyche, Thomas P.,Ruzzini, Antonio C.,Beemelmanns, Christine,Kim, Ki Hyun,Klassen, Jonathan L.,Cao, Shugeng,Poulsen, Michael,Bugni, Tim S.,Currie, Cameron R.,Clardy, Jon American Chemical Society 2017 ORGANIC LETTERS Vol.19 No.7
<P>Three new dentigerumycin analogues are produced by Streptomyces sp. M41, a bacterium isolated from a South African termite, Macrotermes natalensis. The structures of the complex nonribosomal peptide synthetase polyketide synthase (NRPS/PKS) hybrid compounds were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Both cyclic and linear peptides are reported, and the genetic organization of the NRPS modules within the biosynthetic gene cluster accounts for the observed structural diversity.</P>
Macrotermycins A–D, Glycosylated Macrolactams from a Termite-Associated <i>Amycolatopsis</i> sp. M39
Beemelmanns, Christine,Ramadhar, Timothy R.,Kim, Ki Hyun,Klassen, Jonathan L.,Cao, Shugeng,Wyche, Thomas P.,Hou, Yanpeng,Poulsen, Michael,Bugni, Tim S.,Currie, Cameron R.,Clardy, Jon American Chemical Society 2017 ORGANIC LETTERS Vol.19 No.5
<P>Bioassay-guided metabolomic analyses led to the characterization of four new 20-membered glycosylated polyketide macrolactams, macrotermycins A-D, from a termite-associated actinomycete, Amycolatopsis sp. M39. M39's sequenced genome revealed the macrotermycin's putative biosynthetic gene cluster. Macrotermycins A and C had antibacterial activity against human-pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and, of greater ecological relevance, they also had selective antifungal activity against a fungal parasite of the termite fungal garden.</P>