이덕무(李德懋)의 명대문학(明代文學) 비평에 대한 일고찰

이학당 ( Xue Tang Li ),위홍 ( Hong Wei ) 한국실학학회 2011 한국실학연구 Vol.0 No.21

본고에서는 이덕무의 명대문학 비평 중에서 의고파와 공안파의 대표 작가들에 대한 비평을 위주로 검토를 하였다. 조선후기 저명한 문학비평가인 이덕무는 명대 문단에 대해서 깊이 있게 파악하고 있었다. 그는 우선 명대 문단에서 가장 큰 영향력을 발휘했던 의고파의 대표 인물들에 대해서 많은 기술을 하였다. 그가 남긴 명대 문학비평 자료에서 가장 많이 언급된 인물은 바로 이반룡과 왕세정이다. 그들의 시(詩), 문(文)뿐만 아니라 의고파의 문학이론에 대해서도 깊이 있는 비평을 가하였다. 둘째는 공안파의 대표인물인 원굉도에 대한 중점적인 검토이다. 원굉도의 시와 문에 대하여 흥미있게 감상하고 인용했으며 공안파가 제창한 ``독서성령(獨抒性靈)``의 문학주장에 대해서도 의고파와 견주면서 논평하기도 하였다. 이덕무는 청나라 당대의 문단보다는 오히려 명대의 문단에 대하여 더 많은 관심을 갖고 주목하여 다양한 논술과 비평 내용을 남겼다. 이덕무는 왜 명대 문인들과 그들의 문학을 이렇듯 중요시하였는가. 그 이유는 다음과 같은 세 가지 측면에서 분석할 수 있다. 첫째, 이덕무의 정통 사상과 의리 정신에서 찾을 수 있다. 그는 연암을 대표로 하는 북학파의 일원으로서 북학사상을 공유한 것이 사실이다. 그러나 이덕무는 연암과 마찬가지로 내심에는 아직 명대가 한족이 통치하는 정통국가이고 청나라는 이방인이 잠시 중국을 장악하는 이민족 국가에 불과하다는 생각을 가지고 있었다. 둘째, 이덕무는 중국의 문학 발전에 있어, 명대 문학 자체의 특성에 주목하여, 이 시기의 문학에 대하여 특별한 관심을 가지게 됐다고 생각한다. 셋째, 명대의 많은 문학이론과 그 성과들이 이덕무 본인의 심미(審美)취향, 창작 실천과 맞아떨어졌다고 할 수 있다. 물론 문학론에 있어서 전후 칠자와 공안파는 서로 대립적인 것이다. 그렇지만 각자의 문학론은 꼭 누가 옳고 누가 그르다고 할 수 없을 것이다. 이덕무의 전후칠자 및 공안파의 주장에 대한 평가도 공정하고 객관적이다. 개인적인 취향에 있어서 이 두 부류의 주장과 겹치는 면이 적지 않아, 그들 주장의 심층적인 면에 대해서 더욱 연구해보려는 의도가 있었다고 본다. Lee Demoo(1741~1793)is a famous scholar in the late Joseon Dynasty. As a literary critic, most of Chinese scholars and works he mentioned is about Ming Dynasty, which shows his great attention on the literary world of Ming Dynasty. Some relevant discussion and critical content can be looked as precious data for researching on his literary thought. In the literary world of Ming Dynasty, all kind of new literary current took shape by carrying on previous work, such as classicist school who advocated learning from ancients by QianHouQiZi, anti-classicist School who advocated innovation by Gong an School, Tang-Song School and Jing Ling School. Also the artistic expression means are more rich and varied, and prose, poem and drama competed with each other for beauty. The reasons he pays attention to the literary world of Ming Dynasty focused on three aspects-traditional ideology and argumentation, characteristics of the literary world, the inosculation of his aethestic standard and creation practice to the theory and literature achievements in Ming Dynasty. Lee Demoo thinks highly of the literary theory and achievements in literary world of Ming Dynasty. There are two features of his criticism on literature of that period. First of all, the style of his criticism developed from subjectivity to objectivity, from what we can realize the process of his increased knowledge and experience in literature of Ming Dynasty. Secondly, he made some key criticism by classifying on works or viewpoints of representative figures, such as Lee Panlong and Wang Shizhen in QianHouQiZi School, Yuan Hongdao in Gong an School, Zhong Xing in JingLing School and Critic, Jing Shengtan. The content of his criticism on literature of Ming Dynasty focused on three aspects. The first one is criticism on writer. For example, he summarized some writers` biography and clarified their poems viewpoints and achievements in Mini Biography of Poems Observed, such as Liu Ji, Song Lian, Gao Bing, Li Dongyang in the early of dynasty, Li Mengyang, He Jingming and Li Panlong in the middle period, Gu Yanwu and Zhu Yizun in transitional period. Second, criticism on various kinds of schools. The main issue of fact in literature of Ming Dynasty is about the classicist and anti-classicist. He gave highly appreciate to the vigorous and hsingling literature of the classicist school, while pointing out the disadvantages because of persistent on their own concept. The third is criticism on novels. He did some specific analysis on Zhong Xing`s comment about Water Margin and Jin Shengtan`s novel notion when he wrote his SuiJingXiTan. He did a certain textual research on Shi Naian`s novel from the standpoint of social origin theory, and approved its artistic quality. However, he proposed the useless and harmful theory of novel when he compared novel to the other literary forms, which showed his limitation on literary concept.

Numerical investigations on cavitating flows with thermodynamic effects in a diffuser-type centrifugal pump

Tang Xue-lin,Bian Li-yuan,Wang Fu-jun,Li Xiao-qin,Hao Man 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.6

A cavitation model with thermodynamic effects for cavitating flows in a diffuser-type centrifugal pump is developed based on the bubble two-phase flow model. The proposed cavitation model includes mass, momentum, and energy transportations according to the thermodynamic mechanism of cavitation. Numerical simulations are conducted inside the entire passage of the centrifugal pump by using the proposed cavitation model and the renormalization group-based k −ε turbulent model coupled with the energy transportation equation. By using the commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT 6.3, we have shown that the predicted performance characteristics of the pump, as well as the pressure, vapor, and density distributions in the impeller, agree well with that calculated by the full cavitation model. Simulation results show that cavitation initially occurs slightly behind the inlet of the blade suction surface, i.e., the area with maximum vapor concentration and minimum pressure. The predicted temperature field shows that the reduction in temperature restrains the growth of cavitating bubbles. Therefore, the thermodynamic effect should be treated as a necessary factor in cavitation models. Comparison results validate the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical technique in simulating cavitation flows in centrifugal pumps.

Prognosis of Eight Chinese Cases of Primary Vaginal Yolk Sac Tumor with a Review of the Literature

Tang, Qiong-Lan,Jiang, Xue-Feng,Yuan, Xiao-Ping,Liu, Yong,Zhang, Lin,Tang, Xiao-Feng,Zhou, Jia-Jia,Li, Hai-Gang,Fang, Jian-Pei,Xue, Lin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.21

Background: Primary vaginal yolk sac tumor is a rare malignancy in the pediatric population, and a diagnostic challenge and appropriate initial treatment remains unsolved. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features, treatment and prognosis of this tumor. Materials and Methods: Eight cases of primary vaginal yolk sac tumor were reported with a literature review. Results: There were 4 pure yolk sac tumor cases and four mixed germ cell tumors containing yolk sac tumor element, including two cases with embryonal carcinoma and two cases with embryonal carcinoma and dysgerminoma. Partial vaginectomy was performed in four cases and all patients received chemotherapy. 85 cases in literatures were reviewed and 9 cases were misdiagnosed. Follow-up data was available in 77 cases and 5-year overall survival rate was 87.6%. 5-year survival rate of biopsy with chemotherapy, conservative surgery with chemotherapy and radical surgery with chemotherapy was 91.1%, 100% and 28.6%, respectively (p<0.001). Compared to cases without relapse or metastasis after initial treatment, patients with relapse or metastasis had a shorter overall survival (35.6% vs 96.6%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Mixed germ cell tumor containing yolk sac tumor element was not uncommon and partial vaginectomy may be a good choice for primary vaginal mixed yolk sac tumor type to eradicate local tumor cells and provide complete information for pathological diagnosis and postoperative adjuvant therapy.

Asiatic Acid Induces Colon Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis through Mitochondrial Death Cascade

Tang, Xue-Lian,Yang, Xin-Ying,Jung, Hyun-Ju,Kim, Sung-Yeon,Jung, Suk-Yul,Choi, Du-Young,Park, Won-Cheol,Park, Hyun Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2009 Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin Vol.32 No.8

<P>Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. The triterpenoid compound asiatic acid derived from the tropical medicinal plant <I>Centella asiatica</I> displays cytotoxic activity on fibroblast cells and several other kinds of cells. The present work studies asiatic acid-mediated growth inhibition of cancer cells and the underlying mechanism. Asiatic acid markedly inhibited cancer cell proliferation. Apoptosis of SW480 human colon cancer cells was induced by asiatic acid as shown by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation and nuclear chromatin condensation experiments. Through increasing mitochondrial membrane permeability and cytochrome <I>c</I> release from mitochondria into cytosol, asiatic acid induced caspase-9 activity, which further activated caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage resulting in irreversible apoptotic death in the tumor cells. Taken together, these results suggest that mitochondrial death apoptosis cascade plays very important roles in asiatic acid-induced cancer apoptosis.</P>

자우주제 : 노가재(老稼齋)의 예술소양(藝術素養)과 연행(燕行) 문화교류(文化交流)

( Xue Tang Li ),( Hua Wei Zhao ),( Hong Wei ) 동방한문학회 2014 東方漢文學 Vol.0 No.58

조선후기 문인으로서 노가재는 연행을 통해 청나라의 정치사회와 경제발전 상황, 문화풍속 등을 두루 견문하였다. 그는 조선 선비로서의 긍지를 가지고 연행에 나섰으며 문명인의 모습을 보여주면서 자각적으로 문화 교류의 사절 역할을 담당하였다. 이번 연행의 성과물로써 삼대 연행록의 白眉로 평가받는 『老稼齋燕行日記』를 전대의 여타 연행록들과 구별짓는 중요한 특색은 노가재가 예리한 안목과 뛰어난 필치로 청나라의 사회상을 그려낸 것이다. 본 논문은 노가재의 남다른 예술적 자질을 특히 주목하고, 그가 연행 과정에서 견문한 연예, 환술 등 청나라 민간 문화예술에 대한 기술을 종합 분석하여 이 연행일기의 한중문화교류사상의 의미를 새로이 부각할 것을 목적으로 한다. 이렇기 위하여 먼저 노가재의 예술적 지향과 재능을 고찰한 다음 예술 부문을 나누어 연행과정에서의 견문과 기록 내용을 구체적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 노가재의 남다른 예술적 소양이 그의 기행문의 예술적 분위기를 특히 농후하게 하였다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그는 연행일기에서 적지 않은 편폭으로 청나라 민간 예술인들의 연예와 환술, 공예품 등 문화예술과 관련한 기술을 남겼다. 이러한 내용들은 청나라의 문화사를 규명하는데 중요한 역사 자료로 활용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 조선지식인의 청나라 문화에 대한 인식 태도를 알아보는데도 중요한 의미를 갖는다. From a young age, Kajae began to try some art activities such as literary creation and music art, which gave him a unique artistic accomplishment and enthusiasm of becoming a practice-based rural artist. All of those rich experiences became one of the preconditions and sources of the Diary of Kajae`s Traveling in Peking, his immortal classics. According to the related contents in this paper, we can found that because of his artistic accomplishment, there is an obvious feature in his travel note, which with dense academic atmosphere of art. He would describe what he heard or saw faithfully by chronological narrative according to the chronological and ordinal order. His skill of recording well-known mountains and rivers is symbolic almost to the point of landscape painting. Meanwhile, just because he can appreciate instruments, music, painting, handiwork, folk drama, vaudeville and magic, he can observe and record basic features and value of these folk arts that can`t be found by ordinary people. Diary of Kajae`s Traveling in Peking is a comprehensive diary style literary work with rich content and its own logic and system, as well as description of scenery and objects. That is the unique feature of this work, which can manifest its value both in history and literature.

An Experimental Investigation of Yarn Tension in Simulated Ring Spinning

Tang Zheng-Xue,Wang Xungai,Fraser W. Barrie,Wang Lijing The Korean Fiber Society 2004 Fibers and polymers Vol.5 No.4

Yarn tension is a key factor that affects the efficiency of a ring spinning system. In this paper, a specially constructed rig, which can rotate a yam at a high speed without inserting any real twist into the yarn, was used to simulate a ring spinning process. Yarn tension was measured at the guide-eye during the simulated spinning of different yarns at various balloon heights and with varying yarn length in the balloon. The effect of balloon shape, yarn hairiness and thickness, and yam rotating speed, on the measured yarn tension, was examined. The results indicate that the collapse of balloon shape from single loop to double loop, or from double loop to triple etc, lead to sudden reduction in yarn tension. Under otherwise identical conditions, a longer length of yarn in the balloon gives a lower yarn tension at the guide-eye. In addition, thicker yarns and/or more hairy yarns generate a higher tension in the yarn, due to the increased air drag acting on the thicker or more hairy yarns.

Subdivision of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients with Bone-Only Metastasis at Diagnosis for Prediction of Survival and Treatment Guidance

Xue-Song Sun,Yu-Jing Liang,Sai-Lan Liu,Qiu-Yan Chen,Shan-Shan Guo,Yue-Feng Wen,Li-Ting Liu,Hao-Jun Xie,Qing-Nan Tang,Xiao-Yun Li,Jin-Jie Yan,Lin-Quan Tang,Hai-Qiang Mai 대한암학회 2019 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.51 No.4

Purpose The purpose of this study was to subdivide M1 stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with bone-only metastases for prognosis prediction while identifying the treatment effect of locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT) and metastasis radiotherapy (MRT) among patients with different risk. Materials and Methods From November 2006 to October 2016, a total of 226 patients with bone-only metastasic NPC were retrospectively enrolled. All patients developed distant lesions before receiving treatment. All potential prognostic factors were considered and the correlation of the M1 subdivisions with overall survival (OS) was determined by Cox regression hazards model. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to appraise survival condition and log-rank testing was used to compare the differences. Results The median follow-up time was 33.9 months (range, 3 to 126 months). According to multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, the number of metastatic lesions and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA status after palliative chemotherapy (PCT) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Thus, we subdivided patients into three risk groups according to these two factors. Systemic chemotherapy combined with LRRT may benefit patients in low- and intermediate-risk groups but not in the high-risk group. Further aggressive MRT based on systemic chemotherapy showed no survival benefit in any risk group. Conclusion The stratification of NPC patients with bone-only metastasis based on EBV DNA after PCT and the number of metastatic lesions provided promising prognostic value and could aid clinicians in person-specific treatment.

Model and Control of Novel Surface-Motor in Plane Motion

( Xue Peng Liu ),( Xue Song Mei ),( Xu Tang Wu ) 한국산업응용수학회(구 한국산업정보응용수학회) 2004 한국산업정보응용수학회 Vol.8 No.2

Patterns of Failure and Survival Trends in 3,808 Patients with Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosed from 1990 to 2012: A Large-Scale Retrospective Cohort Study

Xue-Song Sun,Di-Han Liu,Sai-Lan Liu,Qiu-Yan Chen,Shan-Shan Guo,Yue-Feng Wen,Li-Ting Liu,Hao-Jun Xie,Qing-Nan Tang,Yu-Jing Liang,Xiao-Yun Li,Jin-Jie Yan,Ming-Huang Hong,Jun Ma,Lin-Quan Tang,Hai-Qiang M 대한암학회 2019 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.51 No.4

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the survival trends and patterns of failure in patients with stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy over the last 20 years. Materials and Methods Thirty-eight hundred and eight patients diagnosed with stage II NPC between January 1990 and December 2012 were involved in this retrospective cohort study. All patients were treated with RT. According to the main imaging techniques and RT technology, we categorized these patients into four calendar periods: 1990-1996, 1997-2002, 2003-2007, and 2008-2012. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis–free survival (DMFS) were served as the clinical outcome. Results After a median follow-up period of 84.7 months, we observed increasing trends in survival and disease control. The 3- and 5-year OS rates increased from 87.1% and 78.7% in the first calendar period to 97.4% and 94.5% in the last calendar period, respectively (p < 0.001). Additionally, significant increasing trends could be seen in the PFS and LRFS during the four calendar periods. In the subgroup analysis, the LRFS in patients older than 50 years at diagnosis showed greater improvement than younger patients. However, the rate of distant metastasis was stable and relatively low, as the 5-year DMFS ranged from 90.5% to 94.7% among the four calendar periods. Conclusion The survival rates in patients with stage II NPC showed increasing trends from 1990 to 2012. The advance of RT provided excellent locoregional control and enhanced OS.

일반논문 : 李德懋의 유가(儒家) 동몽교육(童蒙敎育) 사상(思想)에 관한 연구(硏究)

이학당 ( Xue Tang Li ) 한국실학학회 2015 한국실학연구 Vol.0 No.29

조선조 초기부터 유교적인 교양은 이미 관가 수양의 덕목에서 전체 사회의 기본 행위 기준으로 확산되어 미풍양속을 형성하는 가치 원천 역할을 담당하고 있었다. 조선 중기에 이르러서는 학교 교육이 선비를 양성하여 풍속과 교화를 이끄는 주도적인 수단으로 이용하게 되었다. 유가의 예(禮)와 경(敬), 신(愼)사상에 근거한 예의 범절 교육의 중시는 조선 후기에도 계승되어 향교와 서원 내지 거가(居家)자녀 교육의 기본 규범으로 되었다. 이 글은 이덕무의 사소절-동규를 텍스로 하여 현대 교육학의 견지에서 그의 아동 교육 사상의 의미를 밝힐 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 이덕무가 제시한 아동교양과 교육의 내용과 방법, 그 현실적인 의미 등으로 나눠서 분석하였다. 이덕무는 철저하게 유가 규범으로 근신하고 아정(雅正)하며 자율적인 한평생을 보낸선비였을 뿐만 아니라, 아동교육에 대해서도 계적인 논설을 남긴 조선후기의 중요한 교육가였다. 그는 사소절-동규를 저술하여 아동교육의 취지를 선악을 구별할 줄 아는 선류(善類)를 키우는데 있다고 주장하였다. 이를 위해 그는 율곡이이(栗谷李珥)가 저술한 격몽요결(擊蒙要訣)이 소학의 階梯요, 좌윤유직기(左尹兪直基)가 편찬한 해동가언선행(海東嘉言善行)이 소학의 우익이며 그 언사들이 모두 淺近易知하여 아동들이 소학을 배우는데 참조하면 좋은 효과를 얻을 수 있다는 것을 제시하였다. 북학을 주장한 실학자로서 이덕무는 연암 박지원과 초정 박제가 등과 함께 당시 조선 사회 모순을 완화하고 정치와 경제를 발전시키는데 여러 가지 건설적인 대안을 내놓았다. 그들은 현실주의와 실증주의 입장에 서서 유가경전의 “참뜻”을 파악할 것을 주장하였다. 이러한 사상은 이덕무의 아동교육관에도 깊은 영향을 미치게 되어 그로 하여금 아동기부터 어질게 살도록 교육해야 한다는 중요성을 인식하게 하였다. 전통적인 성리학이 신분상의 선천적인 차별을 인정하기 때문에 교육을 통해 신분의 근본적 상승은 실현할 수 있는냐는 문제는 의론하지 않았지만, 그는 이와 달리 개인의 능력에 따라 교육을 통해 개인적 수양과 자아의 실현을 완성할 수 있다는 것을 확신하였다. 그래서 그의 아동교육관은 성리학의 속박을 완전히 벗어나지 않았지만, 아동의 본성은 원래부터 어질고 평등적인 교육을 받아야 한다는데 전진하였다. 이덕무는 아동을 교육함에 있어서 반드시 먼저 마음가짐을 공명하게 하고 학업을 정대하게 하도록 인도할 것이며, 그가 장성하면 사우(師友)를 추종하되, 반드시 단아한 사람을 택하고 옳지 못한 사람을 멀리하며 경서의 교훈을 어기지 않게 해야 비로소 잡류(雜流)가 되는 것을 면할 것이라고 하였다. 그는 성선(性善)을 주장하여 아동의 어진 본성을 유지하는 중요성을 정확히 인식하였다. 아동들이 후천의여러 사상들에 쉽게 영향을 받기 때문에 도덕 교육을 일찍 실시할 필요성을 강조하였다. 이덕무는 아동들에 대한 세밀한 관찰을 근거하여 그들의 성격적 특징을 파악함 으로써 그에 따라 구체적이고 효과적인 대안을 제시하려고 하였다. 그 내용을 보면 크게 언어(言語), 복식(服飾), 위의(威儀)세 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 아동기의 특성으로 인해 아동들 스스로의 내심수양보다 부모와 스승들이 그 잘못을 고쳐주는 과정이 더욱 효과적이다. 그래서 이덕무는 동규에 내재적 수양 방법보다 아동들의 구체적행위방식과 결부하여 그들을 지도할 때의 의사항을 지적하고 특히 외재적 수양을 구용의 요구에 맞추어 지도해야 한다는 것을 역설하였다. 이덕무는 동규 편에서 아동교육에 관한 비교적 과학적이고 현실적인 교육방법을 제시하였다. 그는 아동의 연령 단계에 따른 생리, 심리적 특징을 맞춰 교육의 방법도 달리 제시하였다. 조선 시대에는 문인들이 과거를 포기하고 나름대로 경학이나 문학을 하는 자가 드물지 않게 등장하지만 이덕무처럼 부모가 자제의 조기 교육부터 개인의 자질에 따라 그 취미를 존중하여 학업을 성취시키자는 주장은 비범한 것으로 주목할만한 견해라고 판단된다. 이덕무는 현 시점의 현대 사회 에도 쉽게 실행할 수 없는 소질 교육의 선창자(先唱者)였다. From the primary stage of Dynasty of Korea, the education thought of Confucianism has been changed from noble culture to basic standard of behavior to all society. It became a value resource of forming a high standard of social morality. In the middle of Joseon Dynasty, the public school education became the main method of training gentlemen, guiding custom and civilizing. The thought of emphasizing etiquette, honor and prudence is inherited by the Confucianism of later stage of Joseon Dynasty and became the basic norm of local schools, academies and even children’s education. This paper takes Shashaozhel-Donggiu, written by Lee Dek-mu, as research object, and hope to an alyzeits significancein childhood education by view of modern pedagogy.Therefore,the paper an alyzes detail edincontent, method and practical significance of childhood up bring in gand education. Lee Dek-mu, a gentleman who disciplines himself by Confucian standard, is an important educationalist putting forward a system view of childhood education in the later stage of Joseon Dynasty. He advocated that the objective of childhood education is to train themto distinguish good and evil, so he considered that jokmengyaojul by Lee yi and Haidongjilenshenheng by You Jik-gi were both excellent reference book in primary school, the former was the ladder and the latter was assistant. He believed that personal moral cultivation could be improved by education aimed at personality and then achieved self-worth. Although his education ideology was still restricted by Korean rational Confucianism, hehad realized that all the children were birth to good, and they should get equal education opportunity. By careful observation of children, Lee Dek-mu held their psychological development characteristics, and advocated effective and specific educational program, which contains speaking, dressing and awesome deportment. According to children’s characteristics, we must give themerror correction and supervision as well as their self-inner cultivation. In that social condition, his advice of emphasizing early childhood education and achieving their study by personal qualifications and interesting should be given a highly regarded. He deserves the title of foresight educationalist.