Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) Juice as a Potential Source of Biological Compounds

Maciej Ga˛sto,Miros1aw Kros´niak,Ma1gorzata Derwisz,Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek 한국식품영양과학회 2013 Journal of medicinal food Vol.16 No.8

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.), apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cultivars Jonagold and Red Boskoop), pear (Pyrus communis cv. Conference), and plum (Prunus domestica L. cv. Common Plum) juices were assayed for their quality, organic acids, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity (determined as a ferric-reducing antioxidant power [FRAP]). Cornelian cherry juice revealed the highest titratable acidity—2.58 g malic acid/100 g. The highest polyphenol content was also noted for Cornelian cherry—45.6 mg gallic acid (GA)/g. The medium level of polyphenols was proved for Jonagold apple (22.8 mg GA1/g). The lowest level was recorded for Common Plum (9.60 mg GA/g), followed by Conference pear and Red Boskoop apple (12.3 and 21.3 mg GA/g, respectively). The FRAP values were 1.97 mmol Fe/L for Common Plum juice, 2.37 mmol Fe/L for Conference pear juice, and 3.92 mmol Fe/L for both Red Boskoop and Jonagold apple juices. However, the obtained data indicated outstanding antioxidant properties for Cornelian cherry juice. In this case, FRAP reached 23.5 mmol Fe/L. The calculated correlation coefficient FRAP versus polyphenols indicates that the antioxidant status for Cornelian cherry is not only correlated with polyphenols but also with other biological compounds. The obtained results indicated that Cornelian cherry is a valuable source of substances with a high antioxidant activity.

Variability of Stem-Base Infestation and Coexistence of Fusarium spp. Causing Crown Rot of Winter Wheat in Serbia

Radivoje Jevtić,Nemanja Stošić,Vesna Župunski,Mirjana Lalošević,Branka Orbović 한국식물병리학회 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.6

Investigations related with factors influencing root and crown rot are rare and mainly related to farming practice and soil management. The main objective of this study was to examine broader range of factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat in the field conditions. The effect of spatial distribution of infected plants on disease index (DIs) assessments was also investigated. Analysis of factors influencing DIs of crown rot of wheat demonstrated significant influence of the growing seasons (P < 0.001) and extreme fluctuations in winter temperatures (P < 0.001). In addition to that, localities together with their interaction with the growing season also significantly influenced DIs (P < 0.001). Aggregation of infected plants influenced variability of DI estimations, and it was pointed out that more extensive investigation should be conducted on broad range of DI in order to establish sampling method giving uniform sampling precision. Fusarium graminearum was shown to be predominant Fusarium species in Serbia (72.6%) using sequence-characterized amplified region analysis. Interestingly F. oxysporum was isolated in higher frequencies (27.4%) than it was reported in the literature. Given that there were no reports on the diversity of Fusarium species causing crown rot of wheat in Serbia, this study presents first report on this important subject. It also indicated that more attention should be focused on combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat. This knowledge will contribute to better understanding of factors influencing root and crown rot of wheat which would ensure sustainable disease management in the future.

Annexin A6 is highly abundant in monocytes of obese and type 2 diabetic individuals and is downregulated by adiponectin in vitro

Fabian Stögbauer,Johanna Weigert,Markus Neumeier,Josef Wanninger,Daniela Sporrer,Markus Weber,Andreas Schäffler,Carlos Enrich,Peta Wood,Thomas Grewal,Charalampos Aslanidis,Christa Buechler 생화학분자생물학회 2009 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.41 No.7

Adiponectin stimulates cholesterol efflux in macrophages and low adiponectin may in part contribute to disturbed reverse cholesterol transport in type 2 diabetes. Monocytes express high levels of annexin A6 that could inhibit cholesterol efflux and it was investigated whether the atheroprotective effects of adiponectin are accompanied by changes in annexin A6 levels. Adiponectin reduces annexin A6 protein whereas mRNA levels are not affected. Adiponectin-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) does not account for reduced annexin A6 expression. Further, fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide that are elevated in obesity do not influence annexin A6 protein levels. Annexin A6 in monocytes from overweight probands or type 2 diabetic patients is significantly elevated compared to monocytes of normal- weight controls. Monocytic annexin A6 positively correlates with body mass index and negatively with systemic adiponectin of the blood donors. Therefore, the current study demonstrates that adiponectin reduces annexin A6 in monocytes and thereby may enhance cholesterol efflux. In agreement with these in vitro finding an increase of monocytic annexin A6 in type 2 diabetes monocytes was observed. Adiponectin stimulates cholesterol efflux in macrophages and low adiponectin may in part contribute to disturbed reverse cholesterol transport in type 2 diabetes. Monocytes express high levels of annexin A6 that could inhibit cholesterol efflux and it was investigated whether the atheroprotective effects of adiponectin are accompanied by changes in annexin A6 levels. Adiponectin reduces annexin A6 protein whereas mRNA levels are not affected. Adiponectin-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) does not account for reduced annexin A6 expression. Further, fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide that are elevated in obesity do not influence annexin A6 protein levels. Annexin A6 in monocytes from overweight probands or type 2 diabetic patients is significantly elevated compared to monocytes of normal- weight controls. Monocytic annexin A6 positively correlates with body mass index and negatively with systemic adiponectin of the blood donors. Therefore, the current study demonstrates that adiponectin reduces annexin A6 in monocytes and thereby may enhance cholesterol efflux. In agreement with these in vitro finding an increase of monocytic annexin A6 in type 2 diabetes monocytes was observed.

Variability of Stem-Base Infestation and Coexistence of Fusarium spp. Causing Crown Rot of Winter Wheat in Serbia

Radivoje Jevtić,Nemanja Stoš,ić,Vesna Ž,upunski,Mirjana Laloš,ević,Branka Orbović 한국식물병리학회 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.6

Investigations related with factors influencing root and crown rot are rare and mainly related to farming practice and soil management. The main objective of this study was to examine broader range of factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat in the field conditions. The effect of spatial distribution of infected plants on disease index (DIs) assessments was also investigated. Analysis of factors influencing DIs of crown rot of wheat demonstrated significant influence of the growing seasons (P < 0.001) and extreme fluctuations in winter temperatures (P < 0.001). In addition to that, localities together with their interaction with the growing season also significantly influenced DIs (P < 0.001). Aggregation of infected plants influenced variability of DI estimations, and it was pointed out that more extensive investigation should be conducted on broad range of DI in order to establish sampling method giving uniform sampling precision. Fusarium graminearum was shown to be predominant Fusarium species in Serbia (72.6%) using sequence-characterized amplified region analysis. Interestingly F. oxysporum was isolated in higher frequencies (27.4%) than it was reported in the literature. Given that there were no reports on the diversity of Fusarium species causing crown rot of wheat in Serbia, this study presents first report on this important subject. It also indicated that more attention should be focused on combined effects of abiotic and biotic factors influencing stem-base infestation of winter wheat. This knowledge will contribute to better understanding of factors influencing root and crown rot of wheat which would ensure sustainable disease management in the future.

Assessment of the Antibacterial Behavior of Polyester Fabric Pre-treated with Atmospheric Discharge Plasma

Z. Špitalský,D. Rástočná Illová,O. Žigo,M. Mičušík,Z. Nógellová,M. Procházka,A. Kleinová,M. Kováčová,I. Novák 한국섬유공학회 2019 Fibers and polymers Vol.20 No.8

Polyester (PES) fabrics were pre-treated with atmospheric discharge plasma, and the surface properties, chemicalcomposition, and physical changes on the surfaces of the PES fabrics were investigated. The hydrophobic recovery of theplasma-modified surface during aging of the PES fabrics treated with plasma was also investigated. The glycerin contactangles were determined along with the chemical composition changes in the PES fabric using X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and iodometric analyses. The physical changes in the topography androughness of the plasma-modified PES were studied using scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation. The relationbetween the hydrophilicity and hydroperoxide concentration on the surface of the plasma-treated PES fabrics was analyzedand the antibacterial behavior of the fabrics with respect to selected two bacterial strains was monitored.

Solution-Phase MechanisticStudy and Solid-State Structureof a Tris(bipyridinium radical cation) Inclusion Complex

Fahrenbach, AlbertC.,Barnes, Jonathan C.,Lanfranchi, Don Antoine,Li, Hao,Coskun, Ali,Gassensmith, Jeremiah J.,Liu, Zhichang,Bení,tez, Diego,Trabolsi, Ali,Goddard, William A.,Elhabiri, Mourad,Sto American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.6

<P>The ability of the diradical dicationic cyclobis(paraquat-<I>p</I>-phenylene) (CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP>) ring to forminclusion complexes with 1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridiniumradical cationic (BIPY<SUP>•+</SUP>) guests has been investigatedmechanistically and quantitatively. Two BIPY<SUP>•+</SUP> radicalcations, methyl viologen (MV<SUP>•+</SUP>) and a dibutynylderivative (V<SUP>•+</SUP>), were investigated as guests forthe CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP> ring. Both guests form trisradicalcomplexes, namely, CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP>⊂MV<SUP>•+</SUP> and CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP>⊂V<SUP>•+</SUP>, respectively.The structural details of the CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP>⊂MV<SUP>•+</SUP> complex, which were ascertained by single-crystalX-ray crystallography, reveal that MV<SUP>•+</SUP> is locatedinside the cavity of the ring in a centrosymmetric fashion: the 1:1complexes pack in continuous radical cation stacks. A similar solid-statepacking was observed in the case of CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP> byitself. Quantum mechanical calculations agree well with the superstructurerevealed by X-ray crystallography for CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP>⊂MV<SUP>•+</SUP> and further suggest an electronicasymmetry in the SOMO caused by radical-pairing interactions. Theelectronic asymmetry is maintained in solution. The thermodynamicstability of the CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP>⊂MV<SUP>•+</SUP> complex was probed by both isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)and UV/vis spectroscopy, leading to binding constants of (5.0 ±0.6) × 10<SUP>4</SUP> M<SUP>–1</SUP> and (7.9 ± 5.5)× 10<SUP>4</SUP> M<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively. The kineticsof association and dissociation were determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy,yielding a <I>k</I><SUB>f</SUB> and <I>k</I><SUB>b</SUB> of (2.1 ± 0.3) × 10<SUP>6</SUP> M<SUP>–1</SUP> s<SUP>–1</SUP> and 250 ± 50 s<SUP>–1</SUP>, respectively.The electrochemical mechanistic details were studied by variable scanrate cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the experimental data were compareddigitally with simulated data, modeled on the proposed mechanism usingthe thermodynamic and kinetic parameters obtained from ITC, UV/vis,and stopped-flow spectroscopy. In particular, the electrochemicalmechanism of association/dissociation involves a bisradical tetracationicintermediate CBPQT<SUP>(2+)(•+)</SUP>⊂V<SUP>•+</SUP> inclusion complex; in the case of the V<SUP>•+</SUP> guest,the rate of disassociation (<I>k</I><SUB>b</SUB> = 10 ±2 s<SUP>–1</SUP>) was slow enough that it could be detectedand quantified by variable scan rate CV. All the experimental observationslead to the speculation that the CBPQT<SUP>(2+)(•+)</SUP> ringof the bisradical tetracation complex might possess the unique propertyof being able to recognize both BIPY<SUP>•+</SUP> radical cationand π-electron-rich guests simultaneously. The findings reportedherein lay the foundation for future studies where this radical–radicalrecognition motif is harnessed particularly in the context of mechanicallyinterlocked molecules and increases our fundamental understandingof BIPY<SUP>•+</SUP> radical–radical interactions insolution as well as in the solid-state.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-6/ja2089603/production/images/medium/ja-2011-089603_0004.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja2089603'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Controlling Switching in Bistable [2]Catenanes by Combining Donor–Acceptor and Radical–Radical Interactions

Zhu, Zhixue,Fahrenbach, Albert C.,Li, Hao,Barnes, Jonathan C.,Liu, Zhichang,Dyar, Scott M.,Zhang, Huacheng,Lei, Juying,Carmieli, Raanan,Sarjeant, Amy A.,Stern, Charlotte L.,Wasielewski, Michael R.,Sto American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.28

<P>Two redox-active bistable [2]catenanes composed of macrocyclic polyethers of different sizes incorporating both electron-rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) and electron-deficient 4,4′-bipyridinium (BIPY<SUP>2+</SUP>) units, interlocked mechanically with the tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-<I>p</I>-phenylene) (CBPQT<SUP>4+</SUP>), were obtained by donor–acceptor template-directed syntheses in a threading-followed-by-cyclization protocol employing Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions in the final mechanical-bond forming steps. These bistable [2]catenanes exemplify a design strategy for achieving redox-active switching between two translational isomers, which are driven (i) by donor–acceptor interactions between the CBPQT<SUP>4+</SUP> ring and DNP, or (ii) radical–radical interactions between CBPQT<SUP>2(•+)</SUP> and BIPY<SUP>•+</SUP>, respectively. The switching processes, as well as the nature of the donor–acceptor interactions in the ground states and the radical–radical interactions in the reduced states, were investigated by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, dynamic <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis spectroelectrochemistry, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The crystal structure of one of the [2]catenanes in its trisradical tricationic redox state provides direct evidence for the radical–radical interactions which drive the switching processes for these types of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs). Variable-temperature <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy reveals a degenerate rotational motion of the BIPY<SUP>2+</SUP> units in the CBPQT<SUP>4+</SUP> ring for both of the two [2]catenanes, that is governed by a free energy barrier of 14.4 kcal mol<SUP>–1</SUP> for the larger catenane and 17.0 kcal mol<SUP>–1</SUP> for the smaller one. Cyclic voltammetry provides evidence for the reversibility of the switching processes which occurs following a three-electron reduction of the three BIPY<SUP>2+</SUP> units to their radical cationic forms. UV/vis spectroscopy confirms that the processes driving the switching are (i) of the donor–acceptor type, by the observation of a 530 nm charge-transfer band in the ground state, and (ii) of the radical–radical ilk in the switched state as indicated by an intense visible absorption (ca. 530 nm) and near-infrared (ca. 1100 nm) bands. EPR spectroscopic data reveal that, in the switched state, the interacting BIPY<SUP>•+</SUP> radical cations are in a fast exchange regime. In general, the findings lay the foundations for future investigations where this radical–radical recognition motif is harnessed in bistable redox-active MIMs in order to achieve close to homogeneous populations of co-conformations in both the ground and switched states.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-28/ja3037355/production/images/medium/ja-2012-037355_0011.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja3037355'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>