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Kwon, Sooncheol,Park, Jin Kuen,Kim, Jehan,Kim, Geunjin,Yu, Kilho,Lee, Jinho,Jo, Yong-Ryun,Kim, Bong-Joong,Kang, Hongkyu,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Heejoo,Lee, Kwanghee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Journal of Materials Chemistry A Vol.3 No.15
<P>Processing additives have been widely utilized for high-performance organic bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices. However, the role of processing additives remained unclear due to the limited information relying on the final BHJ film state rather than the intermediate film state during solvent evaporation. Here, by using<I>in situ</I>GIWAXS measurements on the intermediate BHJ film, we propose a possible phase separation mechanism in efficient BHJ solar cells consisting of a narrow band gap polymer (P1) and PC71BM<I>via</I>the use of 1-chloronaphthalene (1-CN) as a processing additive. We found that adding small amounts of an additive, 1-CN, with a high boiling point and a high PC71BM solubility can prolong the solvent evaporation time and dissolve many PC71BM molecules, promoting the strong P1 polymer:solvent and PC71BM:solvent interaction to produce pure domains of each component. Thus, the bi-continuous networks for both P1 and PC71BM and their enlarged interfacial area are well fabricated in the BHJ films, inducing balanced photo-charge carrier densities for the electrons and holes and improving the overall photovoltaic performance. Therefore, our findings elucidate the kinetic motions of two organic phases affected by the physical properties of the solvents in the process of film formation and establish criteria for BHJ systems.</P>
Effect of Processing Additives on Organic Photovoltaics: Recent Progress and Future Prospects
Kwon, Sooncheol,Kang, Hongkyu,Lee, Jong-Hoon,Lee, Jinho,Hong, Soonil,Kim, Heejoo,Lee, Kwanghee Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley Sons) 2017 Advanced energy materials Vol.7 No.10
<P>Due to the short diffusion length of approximately 10 nm of an exciton in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) comprising electron donors and acceptors, a formation with well phase-separated nanomorphology in BHJ films has been one of the most important issues in achieving efficient charge separation and extraction in OSCs. By adding a small amount of a high boiling point solvent or molecules to a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solution, processing additive techniques have recently begun to offer an attractive and efficient method for controlling the nanoscale BHJ morphology of state-of-the-art OSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding approximately 11%. However, it remains unknown whether the effect of processing additives can potentially pave the way for the ongoing development of various BHJ components and the commercialization of OSCs. Here, recent progress in understanding and developing the effects of processing additives on OSCs is highlighted. This overview suggests possible guidelines for a wide range of BHJ components with respect to morphological/structural evolution. Furthermore, the rational correlations among processing additives, BHJ components, and fabrication technologies and the performance of high-performance and low-cost OSCs are discussed along with future commercialization prospects.</P>
이순철(SoonCheol Lee),권기원(Kee-Won Kwon),김소영(SoYoung Kim) 대한전자공학회 2014 전자공학회논문지 Vol.51 No.8
본 논문에서는 실제 공정을 반영한 FinFET의 게이트 저항 압축모델을 개발하였다. 삼차원 소자 시뮬레이터 Sentaurus를 사용하여, Y-parameter 해석 방법을 적용하여 게이트 저항을 추출하여 제안하는 모델을 검증하였다. FinFET 게이트의 전기장이 수평·수직 방향으로 형성됨을 고려하여 모델링함으로써, FinFET 게이트 저항의 비선형성을 반영하였다. 현재 제작되고 있는 FinFET에서 게이트가 두 물질(Tungsten, TiN)로 적층된 구조일 수 있음을 고려하여, 비저항이 서로 다른 물질을 적층 시킨 구조에 대한 압축 모델을 개발하였다. 제안하는 모델을 사용하여, 게이트의 기하학적 구조 변수 변화에 따른 게이트 저항이 최소가 되는 fin의 수를 제안하였다. BSIM-CMG에 제안하는 모델을 구현한 후, ring-oscillator를 설계하고, 게이트 저항이 고려되지 않았을 때와 고려되었을 때의 각단의 신호지연을 회로 시뮬레이터를 통해 비교하였다. In this paper, the compact model for FinFET gate resistance is developed. Based on the FinFET geometry and material, the value of the gate resistance is extracted by Y-parameter analysis using 3D device simulator, Sentaurus. By dividing the gate resistance into horizontal and vertical components, the proposed gate resistance model captures the non-linear characteristics. The proposed compact model reflects the realistic gate structure which has two different materials (Tungsten, TiN) stacked. Using the proposed model, the number of fins for the minimum gate resistance can be proposed based on the variation of gate geometrical parameters. The proposed gate resistance model is implemented in BSIM-CMG. A ring-oscillator is designed, and its delay performance is compared with and without gate resistance.
Synthesis and photovoltaic property of copolymers with phenanthrothiadiazole moiety
Song, Suhee,Park, Seijung,Kwon, Sooncheol,Lee, Byoung Hoon,Shim, Joo Young,Lee, Jongjin,Park, Sung Heum,Jin, Youngeup,Kim, Il,Lee, Kwanghee,Suh, Hongsuk Elsevier 2012 Solar energy materials and solar cells Vol.105 No.-
Kang, Hongkyu,Lee, Jinho,Jung, Suhyun,Yu, Kilho,Kwon, Sooncheol,Hong, Soonil,Kee, Seyoung,Lee, Seongyu,Kim, Dongwon,Lee, Kwanghee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Nanoscale Vol.5 No.23
<P>Vertically self-assembled bilayers with an interfacial bottom layer and a photoactive top layer are demonstrated via a single coating step of a blend composed of an amine-containing nonconjugated polyelectrolyte (NPE) and an organic electron donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction composite. The self-assembled NPE layer reduces the work function of an indium tin oxide (ITO) cathode, which leads to efficient inverted organic solar cells without any additional interface engineering of the ITO.</P>
Gim, Yeongrok,Kim, Daekyeom,Kyeong, Minkyu,Byun, Seunghwan,Park, Yuri,Kwon, Sooncheol,Kim, Heejoo,Hong, Sukwon,Lansac, Yves,Jang, Yun Hee The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.18 No.22
<P>A new series of D-A-D-type small-molecule photovoltaic donors are designed and virtually screened before synthesis using time-dependent density functional theory calculations carefully validated against various polymeric and molecular donors. In this series of new design, benzodithiophene is kept as D to achieve the optimum highest-occupied molecular orbital energy level, while thienopyrroledione is initially chosen as A but later replaced by difluorinated benzodiathiazole or its selenide derivative to achieve the optimum band gap. The D-A-D core is end-capped by pyridone units which could not only enhance their self-assembly via hydrogen bonds but also play a role as an acceptor (A') to form an extended A'-D-A-D-A' small-molecule donor.</P>
Jung, In Hwan,Yu, Jinyoung,Jeong, Eunjae,Kim, Jinseck,Kwon, Sooncheol,Kong, Hoyoul,Lee, Kwanghee,Woo, Han Young,Shim, Hong-Ku WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Chemistry Vol.16 No.12
<P>We have synthesized four types of cyclopentadithiophene (CDT)-based low-bandgap copolymers, poly[{4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}-alt-(2,2′-bithiazole-5,5′-diyl)] (PehCDT-BT), poly[(4,4-dioctyl-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′-bithiazole-5,5′-diyl)] (PocCDT-BT), poly[{4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}-alt-{2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-5,5′-diyl}] (PehCDT-TZ), and poly[(4,4-dioctyl-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl)-alt-{2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole-5,5′-diyl}] (PocCDT-TZ), for use in photovoltaic applications. The intramolecular charge-transfer interaction between the electron-sufficient CDT unit and electron-deficient bithiazole (BT) or thiazolothiazole (TZ) units in the polymeric backbone induced a low bandgap and broad absorption that covered 300 nm to 700–800 nm. The optical bandgap was measured to be around 1.9 eV for PehCDT-BT and PocCDT-BT, and around 1.8 eV for PehCDT-TZ and PocCDT-TZ. Gel permeation chromatography showed that number-average molecular weights ranged from 8000 to 14 000 g mol<SUP>−1</SUP>. Field-effect mobility measurements showed hole mobility of 10<SUP>−6</SUP>–10<SUP>−4</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> for the copolymers. The film morphology of the bulk heterojunction mixtures with [6,6]phenyl-C<SUB>61</SUB>-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) was also examined by atomic force microscopy before and after heat treatment. When the polymers were blended with PCBM, PehCDT-TZ exhibited the best performance with an open circuit voltage of 0.69 V, short-circuit current of 7.14 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, and power conversion efficiency of 2.23 % under air mass (AM) 1.5 global (1.5 G) illumination conditions (100 mW cm<SUP>−2</SUP>).</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Mind the bandgap: Four types of cyclopentadithiophene (CDT)-based low-bandgap copolymers with two thiazole derivatives based on thiazolothiazole (TZ) and bithiazole (BT) structures have been synthesized (see picture for examples). The internal charge-transfer interaction between the electron-sufficient CDT unit and electron-deficient TZ or BT units in the polymeric backbone induces a low bandgap. <img src='wiley_img_2010/09476539-2010-16-12-CHEM200903064-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/09476539-2010-16-12-CHEM200903064-content'> </P>
구조해석을 통한 T/CON 피스톤 처짐량 및 피로수명에 대한 연구
임상우(Sangwoo Lim),이웅철(Woongchul Lee),권의섭(Eaisub Kwon),신순철(Sooncheol Shin),주인식(Insik Joo) 한국자동차공학회 2013 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2013 No.11
Torque converter consists of fluid clutch and lock-up clutch. When the lock-up clutch activates, piston operation transfers the engine power to the transmission. In recent times, in order to meet the requirements for light weight and stability, Torque converter requires optimized design using structural analysis considering maximum load. The most effective parts to lightweight is piston of lock-up clutch which is necessary design criteria. In addition, study for life optimization was conducted. For analysis, piston shape is of single facing clutch type. In the future, this study will aid for structural design of piston.