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Centralized Machine Learning Versus Federated Averaging: A Comparison using MNIST Dataset
Sony Peng,Yixuan Yang,Makara Mao,Doo-Soon Park 한국인터넷정보학회 2022 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.16 No.2
A flood of information has occurred with the rise of the internet and digital devices in the fourth industrial revolution era. Every millisecond, massive amounts of structured and unstructured data are generated; smartphones, wearable devices, sensors, and self-driving cars are just a few examples of devices that currently generate massive amounts of data in our daily. Machine learning has been considered an approach to support and recognize patterns in data in many areas to provide a convenient way to other sectors, including the healthcare sector, government sector, banks, military sector, and more. However, the conventional machine learning model requires the data owner to upload their information to train the model in one central location to perform the model training. This classical model has caused data owners to worry about the risks of transferring private information because traditional machine learning is required to push their data to the cloud to process the model training. Furthermore, the training of machine learning and deep learning models requires massive computing resources. Thus, many researchers have jumped to a new model known as "Federated Learning". Federated learning is emerging to train Artificial Intelligence models over distributed clients, and it provides secure privacy information to the data owner. Hence, this paper implements Federated Averaging with a Deep Neural Network to classify the handwriting image and protect the sensitive data. Moreover, we compare the centralized machine learning model with federated averaging. The result shows the centralized machine learning model outperforms federated learning in terms of accuracy, but this classical model produces another risk, like privacy concern, due to the data being stored in the data center. The MNIST dataset was used in this experiment.
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Sony Shrestha,홍용표,Yonggyun Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2010 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.13 No.1
Eicosanoids mediate insect immune responses, especially against bacterial infection. Phospholipase A2(PLA2) catalyzes the committed step of the eicosanoid biosynthesis pathway. Three PLA2 inhibitors have been identified from metabolites of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila:benzylideneacetone (BZA), Pro-Tyr (PY), and acetylated Phe-Gly-Val (Ac-FGV). Interestingly, they share benzenepropane as a core chemical structure. We analyzed the functional significance of the core structure using structural derivatives. Removing a phenyl ring from PY resulted in significant loss of the PLA2inhibitory activity, as seen in a Pro-Ala derivative. Though the p-hydroxyl group was not critical in PY as seen in Pro-Phe derivative, its addition to BZA resulted in significant loss of inhibitory activity. Some alterations of structures other than the core structure increased PLA2-inhibitory activity in some derivatives, including Ala-Tyr (AY) and Phe-Gly-Val (FGV) derivatives. Using these selected derivatives,we further analyzed synergistic effects on pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) against the second instar larvae of Plutella xylostella. These two derivatives significantly enhanced the Bt pathogenicity. This study introduces two novel compounds that inhibit PLA2 and suggests their application in combination with Bt to control P. xylostella.
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( Sony Maharjan ),( Byoung Kwon Park ),( Su In Lee ),( Yoonho Lim ),( Keunwook Lee ),( Hyung-joo Kwon ) 한국응용약물학회 2018 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.26 No.3
A type of breast cancer with a defect in three molecular markers such as the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor is called triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Many patients with TNBC have a lower survival rate than patients with other types due to a poor prognosis. In this study, we confirmed the anti-cancer effect of a natural compound, Gomisin G, in TNBC cancer cells. Treatment with Gomisin G suppressed the viability of two TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 but not non-TNBC cell lines such as MCF-7, T47D, and ZR75-1. To investigate the molecular mechanism of this activity, we examined the signal transduction pathways after treatment with Gomisin G in MDA-MB-231 cells. Gomisin G did not induce apoptosis but drastically inhibited AKT phosphorylation and reduced the amount of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) and phosphorylated Rb. Gomisin G induced in a proteasome-dependent manner a decrease in Cyclin D1. Consequently, Gomisin G causes cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. In contrast, there was no significant change in T47D cells except for a mild decrease in AKT phosphorylation. These results show that Gomisin G has an anti-cancer activity by suppressing proliferation rather than inducing apoptosis in TNBC cells. Our study suggests that Gomisin G could be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of TNBC patients.
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Race, Reason, and Emotion:Reading Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s House of Glass
Sony Karsono 한국동남아학회 2021 동남아시아연구 Vol.31 No.2
In the early 20th-century Dutch East Indies, through domestic espionage and scholarly research, the colonial state produced strategic knowledge about its Native subjects. The state used such knowledge to keep the Natives under control. House of Glass, the fourth and last novel in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s “Buru Quartet,” offers a fictionalized historical account of how the domestic spy work and scholarly studies responded to the emergence of Native nationalist movement. This paper examines one product of the colonial state’s knowledge- production activities: the colonial discourse on Natives revolving around the notions of race, reason, and emotion. A critical reading of this discourse suggests that it contains not merely racial prejudices on the part of European colonial masters against Natives but also elements of truth about them. Pramoedya seems to have used the narrator Jacques Pangemanann to draw attention to the troubling weaknesses he saw in Indonesians, both in the colonial era and under the New Order.
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Oenocytoid cell lysis to release prophenoloxidase is induced by eicosanoid via protein kinase C
Sony Shrestha,김용균 한국응용곤충학회 2009 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.12 No.4
Eicosanoids mediate insect cellular immune responses, which depend largely on phenoloxidase (PO) activity. In plasma, PO is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of proPO, which is stored in oenocytoids, a specific hemocyte type, of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Eicosanoids induce an acute cell lysis of oenocytoids, which releases proPO into the plasma. We investigated an intracellular signal pathway following a functional interaction of eicosanoid(s) to a putative membrane receptor. U-73122 (a specific inhibitor of phospholipase C) inhibited oenocytoid lysis of S. exigua significantly after bacterial infection. We concluded that oenocytoid lysis required a certain level of calcium ion because EGTA (a calcium chelator) treatment inhibited cell lysis. Two protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (staurosporine and calphostin C) significantly inhibited the oenocytoid lysis. Oenocytoid lysis was likely induced by Na+ entry and subsequent osmotic shock because juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, which activates Na+-K+ ATPase and induces subsequent cell shrinkage, antagonized the effect of eicosaniod on cell lysis. Furthermore, ouabain (a specific Na+ pump inhibitor) significantly inhibited oenocytoid lysis. These results suggest that eicosanoid mediates oenocytoid lysis by activating the intracellular PKC pathway. Eicosanoids mediate insect cellular immune responses, which depend largely on phenoloxidase (PO) activity. In plasma, PO is activated by the proteolytic cleavage of proPO, which is stored in oenocytoids, a specific hemocyte type, of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Eicosanoids induce an acute cell lysis of oenocytoids, which releases proPO into the plasma. We investigated an intracellular signal pathway following a functional interaction of eicosanoid(s) to a putative membrane receptor. U-73122 (a specific inhibitor of phospholipase C) inhibited oenocytoid lysis of S. exigua significantly after bacterial infection. We concluded that oenocytoid lysis required a certain level of calcium ion because EGTA (a calcium chelator) treatment inhibited cell lysis. Two protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (staurosporine and calphostin C) significantly inhibited the oenocytoid lysis. Oenocytoid lysis was likely induced by Na+ entry and subsequent osmotic shock because juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, which activates Na+-K+ ATPase and induces subsequent cell shrinkage, antagonized the effect of eicosaniod on cell lysis. Furthermore, ouabain (a specific Na+ pump inhibitor) significantly inhibited oenocytoid lysis. These results suggest that eicosanoid mediates oenocytoid lysis by activating the intracellular PKC pathway.
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Sony Shrestha,김용균 한국응용곤충학회 2007 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.10 No.2
In insect immunity, phenoloxidase (PO) plays an important role in the processes during melanotic encapsulation and phagocytosis. However, uncontrolled PO activity is known to be fatal due to its toxic catalytic products. Thus, the activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) to PO must be controlled. This study showed that at least three factors were involved in the proPO activation pathway of Spodoptera exigua. Most hemolymph PO activity of S. exigua was detected in hemocytes. The de novo synthesis of proPO was a factor by which PO activity levels were determined in hemolymph, as PO activity was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by cycloheximide, a eukaryotic protein translation inhibitor. The second factor was derived from serine protease (s) becasue only serine protease inhibitors prevented proPO activation, while other proteases did not. In addition, eicosanoids were implicated in proPO activation, because dexamethasone, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, inhibited proPO activation. These results indicate that the activation of proPO in S. exigua is controlled at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
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Ageing in ‘‘Poor Household’’ or Ageing into Poverty? Tackling the Policy Dilemma of Redistribution
Sony Pellissery,Irudaya Rajan 한국사회복지학회 2010 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.4 No.1
The policy issue of how to target poor households rather than provide universal coverage takes theprimary place in the question of redistribution where resources are limited. The Government ofIndia’s social protection programs, particularly the old age pension for the informal sector of theeconomy, has taken a targeting approach. In this article we show that there is a case for universalcoverage since ageing households experience greater exclusion from market-based protection aswell as from informal (household-based) protection. We make the argument for universal coverageon two grounds: first, a targeted approach has resulted in leakage, indicating that non-poor elderlyindividuals in the unorganized sector also require some sort of support. Though they are valid, wedo not resort to traditional arguments against targeting, such as that it creates institutional lock-inmechanisms and stigmatizes the recipients. Second, the loss of income on age-related matters (e.g. hospitalization) or the ability of elderly individuals to gain credit is not particularly class-specific,although the targeting policy implies it is. The article is based on the secondary data source of theNational Sample Survey, primary data sources, particularly those conducted by the authors inKerala and Maharashtra and specifically designed for the ageing population, and ethnographicobservations from fieldwork.
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