http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
The ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall and Megatall Building Systems
Simmonds, Peter Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2015 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.4 No.4
The ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall and Megatall Building Systems was produced in collaboration with the CTBUH. The design guide outlines various tall building mechanical systems that are presently being designed or are planned for the future. Tall commercial buildings in particular present a series of design problems that set them apart from other functions. The Design Guide will be of interest to owners, architects, structural engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers and other specialized engineers and consultants. This design guide addresses design issues for tall commercial buildings, which are very often mixed-use, and commonly consist of low level retail, office floors, residential units, and hotel uses.
Stack Effect Guidelines for Tall, Mega Tall and Super Tall Buildings
Simmonds, Peter,Zhu, Rui Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat Korea 2013 International journal of high-rise buildings Vol.2 No.4
The ASHRAE Technical Committee for Tall Buildings, TC 9.12, has defined a tall building as one whose height is greater than 300 feet (91m). Since the publication of the HVAC Design Guide for Tall Commercial Buildings in 2004, there were only about 300 buildings taller than 200 meters; this number has risen to 600 in 2010 and the prediction 765 buildings taller than 200 meters in 2012. There has also been an introduction of two new classes of tall buildings: ${\bullet}$ Mega tall, which are buildings taller than 300 m, and ${\bullet}$ Super tall, which are buildings taller than 600 m. The effect of ambient air temperature over the height of buildings, especially Mega tall and Super tall buildings. The ambient climatic conditions vary with altitude and these changes in ambient conditions can seriously affect load calculations and performance of super and mega tall buildings. This paper presents revised calculations for stack effect for Tall, Mega Tall and Super tall Buildings.
Simmonds, Michael J.,Christy, Rhys,Marshall-Gradisnik, Sonya M.,Meiselman, Herbert J.,Baskurt, Oguz K. 한국유변학회 2011 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.23 No.4
The extent of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation has widely been accepted as a reliable indicator of inflammatory processes. The ability to measure RBC aggregation indexes in capillary blood samples may simplify the application of the test and may bring advantages in its clinical usage as well as application in field studies. This study compared RBC aggregation indexes measured in venous and capillary blood samples using a newly developed capillary tube aggregometer. Although strong correlations between aggregation indexes measured in capillary and venous samples were detected, the indexes measured in venous samples were higher compared to capillary samples, thus indicating a bias. The possible reason for this bias is proposed to be related to the difference in oxygen saturation of venous and capillary samples and therefore altered the light absorption spectrums. Our results indicate that capillary blood samples can be used to estimate RBC aggregation in venous blood samples, however the bias should be taken into account.
Simmonds, P. G.,Rigby, M.,Manning, A. J.,Lunt, M. F.,O&,apos,Doherty, S.,McCulloch, A.,Fraser, P. J.,Henne, S.,Vollmer, M. K.,Mü,hle, J.,Weiss, R. F.,Salameh, P. K.,Young, D.,Reimann, S.,Wenger Copernicus GmbH 2016 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol.16 No.1
<P>Abstract. High frequency, in situ observations from 11 globally distributed sites for the period 1994-2014 and archived air measurements dating from 1978 onward have been used to determine the global growth rate of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2). These observations have been combined with a range of atmospheric transport models to derive global emission estimates in a top-down approach. HFC-152a is a greenhouse gas with a short atmospheric lifetime of about 1.5 years. Since it does not contain chlorine or bromine, HFC-152a makes no direct contribution to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is therefore used as a substitute for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). The concentration of HFC-152a has grown substantially since the first direct measurements in 1994, reaching a maximum annual global growth rate of 0.84 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1 in 2006, implying a substantial increase in emissions up to 2006. However, since 2007, the annual rate of growth has slowed to 0.38 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2010 with a further decline to an annual average rate of growth in 2013-2014 of −0.06 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1. The annual average Northern Hemisphere (NH) mole fraction in 1994 was 1.2 ppt rising to an annual average mole fraction of 10.1 ppt in 2014. Average annual mole fractions in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) in 1998 and 2014 were 0.84 and 4.5 ppt, respectively. We estimate global emissions of HFC-152a have risen from 7.3 ± 5.6 Gg yr−1 in 1994 to a maximum of 54.4 ± 17.1 Gg yr−1 in 2011, declining to 52.5 ± 20.1 Gg yr−1 in 2014 or 7.2 ± 2.8 Tg-CO2 eq yr−1. Analysis of mole fraction enhancements above regional background atmospheric levels suggests substantial emissions from North America, Asia, and Europe. Global HFC emissions (so called “bottom up” emissions) reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on cumulative national emission data reported to the UNFCCC, which in turn are based on national consumption data. There appears to be a significant underestimate ( > 20 Gg) of “bottom-up” reported emissions of HFC-152a, possibly arising from largely underestimated USA emissions and undeclared Asian emissions. </P>
Michael J. Simmonds,Rhys Christy,Sonya M. Marshall-Gradisnik,Herbert J. Meiselman,Oguz K. Baskurt 한국유변학회 2011 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.23 No.4
The extent of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation has widely been accepted as a reliable indicator of inflammatory processes. The ability to measure RBC aggregation indexes in capillary blood samples may simplify the application of the test and may bring advantages in its clinical usage as well as application in field studies. This study compared RBC aggregation indexes measured in venous and capillary blood samples using a newly developed capillary tube aggregometer. Although strong correlations between aggregation indexes measured in capillary and venous samples were detected, the indexes measured in venous samples were higher compared to capillary samples, thus indicating a bias. The possible reason for this bias is proposed to be related to the difference in oxygen saturation of venous and capillary samples and therefore altered the light absorption spectrums. Our results indicate that capillary blood samples can be used to estimate RBC aggregation in venous blood samples, however the bias should be taken into account.
Chung, Woo Jin,Simmonds, Adam G.,Griebel, Jared J.,Kim, Eui Tae,Suh, Hyo Seon,Shim, In‐,Bo,Glass, Richard S.,Loy, Douglas A.,Theato, Patrick,Sung, Yung‐,Eun,Char, Kookheon,Pyun, Jeffrey WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Angewandte Chemie Vol.123 No.48
<P><B><I>Der Einsatz von elementarem Schwefel</I></B> als Reaktionsmedium für die Herstellung von Goldnanopartikeln und vulkanisierten Nanokompositen wird in der Zuschrift von J. Pyun et al. auf Seite 11 611 ff. beschrieben. Flüssiger Schwefel dient in diesem System als Lösungsmittel, Reduktionsmittel und Stabilisator für die Herstellung von Goldkolloiden. Potenziell nutzbarer elementarer Schwefel fällt in riesigen Mengen beim Raffinieren von Erdöl an.</P>
Elemental Sulfur as a Reactive Medium for Gold Nanoparticles and Nanocomposite Materials
Chung, Woo Jin,Simmonds, Adam G.,Griebel, Jared J.,Kim, Eui Tae,Suh, Hyo Seon,Shim, In‐,Bo,Glass, Richard S.,Loy, Douglas A.,Theato, Patrick,Sung, Yung‐,Eun,Char, Kookheon,Pyun, Jeffrey WILEY‐VCH Verlag 2011 Angewandte Chemie Vol.123 No.48
<P><B>Schwefelgelb:</B> Elementarer Schwefel wird als unkonventionelles Medium für die Synthese und Stabilisierung von kolloidalem Gold genutzt. In diesem System erfüllt Schwefel viele Funktionen, wie die Sulfurierung von PPh<SUB>3</SUB> und die Solubilisierung und Reduktion von Au<SUP>I</SUP>‐Vorstufen zu Au‐Nanopartikeln (NPs; siehe Bild). Die Vulkanisation von Au‐haltigen Schwefeldispersionen erfordert vernetzte Nanokomposite, die mit TEM, XRD, XPS und Raman‐Spektroskopie nachgewiesen wurden.</P>
Dirlam, Philip T.,Park, Jungjin,Simmonds, Adam G.,Domanik, Kenneth,Arrington, Clay B.,Schaefer, Jennifer L.,Oleshko, Vladimir P.,Kleine, Tristan S.,Char, Kookheon,Glass, Richard S.,Soles, Christopher American Chemical Society 2016 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.8 No.21
<P>The practical implementation of Li-S technology has been hindered by short cycle life and poor rate capability owing to deleterious effects resulting from the varied solubilities of different Li polysulfide redox products. Here, we report the preparation and utilization of composites with a sulfur-rich matrix and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) particulate inclusions as Li-S cathode materials with the capability to mitigate the dissolution of the Li polysulfide redox products via the MoS2 inclusions acting as 'polysulfide anchors'. In situ composite formation was completed via a facile, one-pot method with commercially available starting materials. The composites were afforded by first dispersing MoS2 directly in liquid elemental sulfur (S-8) with sequential polymerization of the sulfur phase via thermal ring opening polymerization or copolymerization via inverse vulcanization. For the practical utility of this system to be highlighted, it was demonstrated, that the composite formation methodology was amenable to larger scale processes with composites easily prepared in 100 g batches. Cathodes fabricated with the high sulfur content composites as the active material afforded Li-S cells that exhibited extended cycle lifetimes of up to 1000 cycles with low capacity decay (0.07% per cycle) and demonstrated exceptional rate capability with the delivery of reversible capacity up to 500 mAh/g at 5 C.</P>
Oleshko, Vladimir P.,Kim, Jenny,Schaefer, Jennifer L.,Hudson, Steven D.,Soles, Christopher L.,Simmonds, Adam G.,Griebel, Jared J.,Glass, Richard S.,Char, Kookheon,Pyun, Jeffrey Cambridge University Press (Materials Research Soc 2015 MRS Communications Vol.5 No.3
<▼1><B>Abstract</B><P/></▼1><▼2><P>Poly[sulfur-random-1,3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB)] copolymers synthesized via inverse vulcanization form electrochemically active polymers used as cathodes for high-energy density Li-S batteries, capable of enhanced capacity retention (1005 mAh/g at 100 cycles) and lifetimes of over 500 cycles. In this prospective, we demonstrate how analytical electron microscopy can be employed as a powerful tool to explore the origins of the enhanced capacity retention. We analyze morphological and compositional features when the copolymers, with DIB contents up to 50% by mass, are blended with carbon nanoparticles. Replacing the elemental sulfur with the copolymers improves the compatibility and interfacial contact between active sulfur compounds and conductive carbons. There also appears to be improvements of the cathode mechanical stability that leads to less cracking but preserving porosity. This compatibilization scheme through stabilized organosulfur copolymers represents an alternative strategy to the nanoscale encapsulation schemes which are often used to improve the cycle life in high-energy density Li-S batteries.</P></▼2>
O&,apos,Doherty, S.,Rigby, M.,Mü,hle, J.,Ivy, D. J.,Miller, B. R.,Young, D.,Simmonds, P. G.,Reimann, S.,Vollmer, M. K.,Krummel, P. B.,Fraser, P. J.,Steele, L. P.,Dunse, B.,Salameh, P. K.,Harth, Copernicus GmbH 2014 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.14 No.17
<P>Abstract. High-frequency, in situ observations from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE), for the period 2003 to 2012, combined with archive flask measurements dating back to 1977, have been used to capture the rapid growth of HFC-143a (CH3CF3) and HFC-32 (CH2F2) mole fractions and emissions into the atmosphere. Here we report the first in situ global measurements of these two gases. HFC-143a and HFC-32 are the third and sixth most abundant hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) respectively and they currently make an appreciable contribution to the HFCs in terms of atmospheric radiative forcing (1.7 ± 0.04 and 0.7 ± 0.02 mW m−2 in 2012 respectively). In 2012 the global average mole fraction of HFC-143a was 13.4 ± 0.3 ppt (1σ) in the lower troposphere and its growth rate was 1.4 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1; HFC-32 had a global mean mole fraction of 6.2 ± 0.2 ppt and a growth rate of 1.1 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2012. The extensive observations presented in this work have been combined with an atmospheric transport model to simulate global atmospheric abundances and derive global emission estimates. It is estimated that 23 ± 3 Gg yr−1 of HFC-143a and 21 ± 11 Gg yr−1 of HFC-32 were emitted globally in 2012, and the emission rates are estimated to be increasing by 7 ± 5% yr−1 for HFC-143a and 14 ± 11% yr−1 for HFC-32. </P>