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Aged mice show an increased mortality after anesthesia with a standard dose of ketamine/xylazine
Sandra Schuetze,Anja Manig,Sandra Ribes,Roland Nau 한국실험동물학회 2019 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.35 No.2
Geriatric animal models are crucial for a better understanding and an improved therapy of age-related diseases. We observed a high mortality of aged mice after anesthesia with a standard dose of ketamine/xylazine, an anesthetic regimen frequently used in laboratory veterinary medicine. C57BL/6-N mice at the age of 2.14 ± 0.23 months (young mice) and 26.31 ± 2.15 months (aged mice) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 2 mg ketamine and 0.2 mg xylazine. 4 of 26 aged mice (15.4%) but none of 26 young mice died within 15 min after injection of the anesthetics. The weight of aged mice was significantly higher than that of young mice (32.8 ± 5.4 g versus 23.2 ± 3.4 g, p < 0.0001). Thus, aged mice received lower doses of anesthetics in relation to their body weight which are within the lower range of doses recommended in the literature or even beneath. There were no differences between deceased and surviving aged mice concerning their sex, weight and their motor performance prior to anesthesia. Our data clearly show an age-related increase of mortality upon anesthesia with low standard doses of ketamine/ xylazine. Assessment of weight and motor performance did not help to predict vulnerability of aged mice to the anesthetics. Caution is necessary when this common anesthetic regimen is applied in aged mice: lower doses or the use of alternative anesthetics should be considered to avoid unexpected mortality. The present data from our geriatric mouse model strongly corroborate an age-adjusted reduction of anesthetic doses to reduce anesthesia-related mortality in aged individuals.
Oviductal Protein Produces Flurescence Staining of the Perivitelline Space in Mouse Oocytes
KIM, HYUNCHAN,KIM, HAEKWON,KIM, SUNG RYE,KIM, MOON KYOO,SCHUETZ, ALLEN W. 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1996 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-
Mouse oocytes were previously observed to undergo structural changes in volving the perivitelline space(PVS)within the oviduct following ovulation, as visualized by staining with fluorochrome-protein conjugates. In the present study, this phenomenon was investigated in detail to determine the role of the oviduct and oocyte. Mouse ovarian oocytes matured in vitro were further incubated in medium or within explanted oviducts in vitro for varying periods of time and then stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-casein. Twenty percent of oocytes incubated within explanted oviducts for 3 hr showed distinct fluorescence staining of PVS, whereas after 20 hr incubation, most(89%)oocytes were similarly stained. In contrast, no ovarian oocytes was stained when incubated in medium alone. Puromycin treatment during incubation of oocytes within explanted oviducts produced a dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of oocytes exhibiting PVS staining after FITC-casein exposure. FITC-casein staining of the PVS also occurred in all oocytes following incubation of in vitromatured oocytes with oviductal tissue extract. In contrast, no oocytes incubated with serum exhibited fluorescence staining. Additionally, the PVS of oocytes failed to stain after incubation with either 0.001% of trypsin- or heat-treated oviductal homogenate. When zona pellucida(ZP)ghosts, devoid of ooplasm, were incubated within explanted oviducts, their PVS was stained brightly following FITC-casein treatment. From these results, it is concluded that proteinaceous material(s)secreted by the mouse oviduct is responsible for the fluorescence staining of the PVS of mouse oocytes and of ghost ZP. The ooplasm does not appear to paly any role inn altering the properties of the PVS staining.