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A Plant Immune Receptor Detects Pathogen Effectors that Target WRKY Transcription Factors
Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Duxbury, Z.,Huh, S.,Ma, Y.,Segonzac, C.,Sklenar, J.,Derbyshire, P.,Cevik, V.,Rallapalli, G.,Saucet, Simon B.,Wirthmueller, L.,Menke, Frank L.H.,Sohn, K.,Jones, Jonathan D.G. Cell Press ; MIT Press 2015 Cell Vol.161 No.5
Defense against pathogens in multicellular eukaryotes depends on intracellular immune receptors, yet surveillance by these receptors is poorly understood. Several plant nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) immune receptors carry fusions with other protein domains. The Arabidopsis RRS1-R NB-LRR protein carries a C-terminal WRKY DNA binding domain and forms a receptor complex with RPS4, another NB-LRR protein. This complex detects the bacterial effectors AvrRps4 or PopP2 and then activates defense. Both bacterial proteins interact with the RRS1 WRKY domain, and PopP2 acetylates lysines to block DNA binding. PopP2 and AvrRps4 interact with other WRKY domain-containing proteins, suggesting these effectors interfere with WRKY transcription factor-dependent defense, and RPS4/RRS1 has integrated a ''decoy'' domain that enables detection of effectors that target WRKY proteins. We propose that NB-LRR receptor pairs, one member of which carries an additional protein domain, enable perception of pathogen effectors whose function is to target that domain.
Impolications of EC Economic Integration for Agriculture, Agricultural Trade, and Trade Policy
Sarris, Alexander H. 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1993 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.8 No.2
Completion of the EC12 internal market will lead to industrial and agricultural restructuring. The short run adjustment costs in industry are likely to be worse for the southern EC countries, while adjustment pressure, due to agricultural liberalization will be most severe in the northern EC countries. In formation on farm structures is used to argue that resistance to agricultural trade liberalization by the farmers of the EC north is due to their much larger relative vulnerability. Resistance to internal trade liberalization in turn might induce more invisible trade barriers, and the recent CAP reform is used to illustrate relevant tendencies.
( Alexander H. Sarris ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 1993 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.8 No.2
Completion of the EC12 internal market will lead to industrial and agricultural restructuring. The short run adjustment costs in industry are likely to be worse for the southern EC countries, while adjustment pressures, due to agricultural liberalization will be most severe in the northern EC countries. In formation on farm structures is used to argue that resistance to agricultural trade liberalization by the farmers of the EC north is due to their much larger relative vulnerability. Resistance to internal trade liberalization in turn might induce more invisible trade barriers, and the recent CAP reform is used to illustrate relevant tendencies.
ADELMAN, IRMA,ROLAND-HOLST, DAVID W.,SARRIS, ALEXANDER H. 한국국제경제학회 1990 International Economic Journal Vol.4 No.2
Economic policy formulation in the presence of uncertainty is studied in a general equilibrium framework using techniques adapted from the theory of stochastic optimal control. The structure of the economy is represented by a dynamic computable general equilibrium model. Adjustment rules are derived by minimizing an expected loss function whose arguments are the deviations of a set of targets from an intended time path. Adjustment matrices are derived to provide ex ante rules for automatic policy response to unexpected fluctuations in economic conditions which keep target variables near their intended paths.
Sohn, Kee Hoon,Segonzac, Cé,cile,Rallapalli, Ghanasyam,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Woo, Joo Yong,Williams, Simon J.,Newman, Toby E.,Paek, Kyung Hee,Kobe, Bostjan,Jones, Jonathan D. G. Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS genetics Vol.10 No.10
<▼1><P>Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) disease resistance (R) proteins recognize specific “avirulent” pathogen effectors and activate immune responses. NB-LRR proteins structurally and functionally resemble mammalian Nod-like receptors (NLRs). How NB-LRR and NLR proteins activate defense is poorly understood. The divergently transcribed Arabidopsis <I>R</I> genes, <I>RPS4</I> (resistance to <I>Pseudomonas syringae</I> 4) and <I>RRS1</I> (resistance to <I>Ralstonia solanacearum</I> 1), function together to confer recognition of <I>Pseudomonas</I> AvrRps4 and <I>Ralstonia</I> PopP2. <I>RRS1</I> is the only known recessive NB-LRR <I>R</I> gene and encodes a WRKY DNA binding domain, prompting suggestions that it acts downstream of RPS4 for transcriptional activation of defense genes. We define here the early RRS1-dependent transcriptional changes upon delivery of PopP2 <I>via Pseudomonas</I> type III secretion. The Arabidopsis <I>slh1</I> (<I>sensitive to low humidity 1</I>) mutant encodes an RRS1 allele (RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>) with a single amino acid (leucine) insertion in the WRKY DNA-binding domain. Its poor growth due to constitutive defense activation is rescued at higher temperature. Transcription profiling data indicate that RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>-mediated defense activation overlaps substantially with AvrRps4- and PopP2-regulated responses. To better understand the genetic basis of RPS4/RRS1-dependent immunity, we performed a genetic screen to identify <I><U>su</U>ppressor of</I><U>s</U>l<U>h</U>1 <I><U>i</U>mmunity</I> (<I>sushi</I>) mutants. We show that many <I>sushi</I> mutants carry mutations in <I>RPS4</I>, suggesting that RPS4 acts downstream or in a complex with RRS1. Interestingly, several mutations were identified in a domain C-terminal to the RPS4 LRR domain. Using an <I>Agrobacterium</I>-mediated transient assay system, we demonstrate that the P-loop motif of RPS4 but not of RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> is required for RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> function. We also recapitulate the dominant suppression of RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> defense activation by wild type RRS1 and show this suppression requires an intact RRS1 P-loop. These analyses of RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> shed new light on mechanisms by which NB-LRR protein pairs activate defense signaling, or are held inactive in the absence of a pathogen effector.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>How plant NB-LRR resistance proteins and the related mammalian Nod-like receptors (NLRs) activate defense is poorly understood. Plant and animal immune receptors can function in pairs. Two Arabidopsis nuclear immune receptors, RPS4 and RRS1, confer recognition of the unrelated bacterial effectors, AvrRps4 and PopP2, and activate defense. Using delivery of PopP2 into Arabidopsis leaf cells <I>via Pseudomonas</I> type III secretion, we define early transcriptional changes upon RPS4/RRS1-dependent PopP2 recognition. We show an auto-active allele of RRS1, RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>, triggers transcriptional reprogramming of defense genes that are also reprogrammed by AvrRps4 or PopP2 in an RPS4/RRS1-dependent manner. To discover genetic requirements for RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> auto-activation, we conducted a suppressor screen. Many <I>suppressor of</I> slh1 <I>immunity</I> (<I>sushi</I>) mutants that are impaired in RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>-mediated auto-activation carry loss-of-function mutations in RPS4. This suggests that RPS4 functions as a signaling component together with or downstream of RRS1-activated immunity, in contrast to earlier hypotheses, significantly advancing our understanding of how immune receptors activate defense in plants.</P></▼2>
Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor
Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181
<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>
Papadopoulos, N.G.,Tsourlos, P.,Papazachos, C.,Tsokas, G.N.,Sarris, A.,Kim, J.H. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Geophysical prospecting Vol.59 No.3
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>In this work a new algorithm for the fast and efficient 3D inversion of conventional 2D surface electrical resistivity tomography lines is presented. The proposed approach lies on the assumption that for every surface measurement there is a large number of 3D parameters with very small absolute Jacobian matrix values, which can be excluded in advance from the Jacobian matrix calculation, as they do not contribute significant information in the inversion procedure. A sensitivity analysis for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous earth models showed that each measurement has a specific region of influence, which can be limited to parameters in a critical rectangular prism volume. Application of the proposed algorithm accelerated almost three times the Jacobian (sensitivity) matrix calculation for the data sets tested in this work. Moreover, application of the least squares regression iterative inversion technique, resulted in a new 3D resistivity inversion algorithm more than 2.7 times faster and with computer memory requirements less than half compared to the original algorithm. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm was verified using synthetic models representing typical archaeological structures, as well as field data collected from two archaeological sites in Greece, employing different electrode configurations. The applicability of the presented approach is demonstrated for archaeological investigations and the basic idea of the proposed algorithm can be easily extended for the inversion of other geophysical data.</P>
Georgina Oliver,Olivia Dean,David Camfield,Scott Blair-West,Chee Ng,Michael Berk,Jerome Sarris 대한정신약물학회 2015 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.13 No.1
Objective: Obsessive compulsive and related disorders are a collection of debilitating psychiatric disorders in which the role of glutamate dysfunction in the underpinning neurobiology is becoming well established. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a glutamate modulator with promising therapeutic effect. This paper presents a systematic review of clinical trials and case reports exploring the use of NAC for these disorders. A further objective was to detail the methodology of current clinical trials being conducted in the area. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library Database were searched for human clinical trials or case reports investigating NAC in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or obsessive compulsive related disorders. Researchers with known involvement in NAC studies were contacted for any unpublished data. Results: Four clinical trials and five case reports/series were identified. Study durations were commonly 12-weeks, using 2,400-3,000 mg/day of NAC. Overall, NAC demonstrates activity in reducing the severity of symptoms, with a good tolerability profile and minimal adverse effects. Currently there are three ongoing randomized controlled trials using NAC for OCD (two adults and one pediatric), and one for excoriation. Conclusion: Encouraging results have been demonstrated from the few pilot studies that have been conducted. These results are detailed, in addition to a discussion of future potential research.
Samantha E. Russell,Anna L. Wrobel,Olivia M. Dean,Michael Berk,Seetal Dodd,Chee H. Ng,Gin S. Malhi,Susan M. Cotton,Jerome Sarris,Alyna Turner 대한정신약물학회 2022 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.20 No.2
Objective: There is often a shortfall in recovery following treatment for an episode of bipolar disorder (BD). Exploration of participant’s experience provides vital information to enhance statistical outcomes for novel therapy trials. This study used mixed-methods to explore participants’ experience of a trial testing N -acetyl cysteine (NAC) and mitochondrially active nutraceuticals for BD depression. Methods: Case report forms from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of BD depression (n = 148) were analysed using a pragmatic adaption of grounded theory and thematic analysis. Results: Thematic analysis of 148 study participants indicated numerous changes in participant experience over time. For example, perceived environmental stressors reported by participants decreased over the trial in both treatment groups. Quantitative analysis of the themes revealed more positive theme reports in the combination treatment arm compared to the placebo arm and there were more negative themes identified in the placebo arm, compared to the NAC arm. Conclusion: This approach revealed additional results not elucidated in the primary quantitative analysis. This emphasises the value of mixed-methods research in capturing participants’ experiences in RCTs and detecting possible latent benefits and risks. Such methods can detect latent target signals in novel therapy trials conducted in BD and generate novel hypotheses.