Novel Approach for Deriving Test Scenarios and Test Cases from Events

Sandeep K Singh,Sangeeta Sabharwal,J P Gupta 한국정보처리학회 2012 Journal of information processing systems Vol.8 No.2

Buckling of laminated composite plates subjected to mechanical and thermal loads using meshless collocations

Sandeep Singh,Jeeoot Singh,K. K. Shukla 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.2

Meshless collocations utilizing Gaussian and Multiquadric radial basis functions for the stability analysis of orthotropic and cross ply laminated composite plates subjected to thermal and mechanical loading are presented. The governing differential equations of plate are based on higher order shear deformation theory considering two different transverse shear stress functions. The plate governing differential equations are discretized using radial basis functions to cast a set of simultaneous equations. The convergence of both radial basis functions is studied for different values of shape parameters. Several numerical examples are undertaken to demonstrate the accuracy of present method and the effects of orthotropy ratio of the material, span to thickness ratio of the plate, and fiber orien-tation on critical load/temperature are also presented.

A Novel Approach for Deriving Test Scenarios and Test Cases from Events

Singh, Sandeep K.,Sabharwal, Sangeeta,Gupta, J.P. Korea Information Processing Society 2012 Journal of information processing systems Vol.8 No.2

Safety critical systems, real time systems, and event-based systems have a complex set of events and their own interdependency, which makes them difficult to test ma Safety critic Safety critical systems, real time systems, and event-based systems have a complex set of events and their own interdependency, which makes them difficult to test manually. In order to cut down on costs, save time, and increase reliability, the model based testing approach is the best solution. Such an approach does not require applications or codes prior to generating test cases, so it leads to the early detection of faults, which helps in reducing the development time. Several model-based testing approaches have used different UML models but very few works have been reported to show the generation of test cases that use events. Test cases that use events are an apt choice for these types of systems. However, these works have considered events that happen at a user interface level in a system while other events that happen in a system are not considered. Such works have limited applications in testing the GUI of a system. In this paper, a novel model-based testing approach is presented using business events, state events, and control events that have been captured directly from requirement specifications. The proposed approach documents events in event templates and then builds an event-flow model and a fault model for a system. Test coverage criterion and an algorithm are designed using these models to generate event sequence based test scenarios and test cases. Unlike other event based approaches, our approach is able to detect the proposed faults in a system. A prototype tool is developed to automate and evaluate the applicability of the entire process. Results have shown that the proposed approach and supportive tool is able to successfully derive test scenarios and test cases from the requirement specifications of safety critical systems, real time systems, and event based systems.

Genetic Structure and Differentiation of Three Indian Goat Breeds

Dixit, S.P.,Verma, N.K.,Aggarwal, R.A.K.,Kumar, Sandeep,Chander, Ramesh,Vyas, M.K.,Singh, K.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.9

Gene flow, genetic structure and differentiation of Kutchi, Mehsana and Sirohi breeds of goat from North-Western India were evaluated based on 25 microsatellite markers so as to support breed conservation and improvement decisions. The microsatellite genotyping was carried out using an automated DNA sequencer. The gene diversity across the studied loci for the Kutchi breed varied from 0.57 (ILST 065) to 0.93 (OarFCB 304, OMHC 1, ILSTS 058) with an overall mean of 0.79${\pm}$0.02. The corresponding values for Mehsana and Sirohi breeds were 0.16 (ILST 008) to 0.93 (OMHC 1, ILSTS 058) with an average of 0.76${\pm}$0.04, and 0.50 (ILSTS 029) to 0.94 (ILSTS 058) with an average of 0.78${\pm}$0.02, respectively. The Mehsana breed had lowest gene diversity among the 3 breeds studied. All the populations showed an overall significant heterozygote deficit ($F_{is}$). The Fis values were 0.26, 0.14 and 0.36 for Kutchi, Mehsana and Sirohi goat breeds, respectively. Kutchi and Mehsana were more differentiated (16%) followed by Mehsana and Sirohi (13%).The measures of standard genetic distance between pairs of breeds indicated that the lowest genetic distance was between Kutchi and Sirohi breeds (0.73) and the largest genetic distance was between Mehsana and Kutchi (1.0) followed by Sirohi and Mehsana (0.75) breeds. Mehsana and Kutchi are distinct breeds and this was revealed by the estimated genetic distance between them. All measures of genetic variation revealed substantial genetic variation in each of the populations studied, thereby showing good scope for their further improvement.

Fast ionic conduction in tetravalent metal pyrophosphate-alkali carbonate composites: New potential electrolytes for intermediate-temperature fuel cells

Singh, Bhupendra,Bhardwaj, Aman,Gautam, Sandeep K.,Kumar, Devendra,Parkash, Om,Kim, In-Ho,Song, Sun-Ju Elsevier 2017 Journal of Power Sources Vol.345 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Here we present a report on synthesis and characterization of tetravalent metal pyrophosphate (TMP) and alkali carbonate (A<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>; A = Li and/or Na) composites. The TMP-carbonate composites are prepared by mixing indium-doped tin pyrophosphate or yttrium-doped zirconium pyrophosphate with Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> or an eutectic mixture of Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>-Na<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> in different wt.% ratios. The phase composition, microstructure and electrical conductivity of the sintered specimen are analyzed. In addition, the effect of different TMP and A<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> phases is investigated. A maximum ionic conductivity of 5.5 × 10<SUP>−2</SUP> S cm<SUP>−1</SUP> at 630 °C is observed in this study with a Sn<SUB>0.9</SUB>In<SUB>0.1</SUB>P<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB>-Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> composite. Based on the literature data, TMP-carbonate composites can be considered to be primarily a proton and oxygen-ion co-ionic conductor and, therefore, have strong potential as electrolytes in fuel cells in 500–700 °C range.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> New tetravalent metal pyrophosphate (TMP)-alkali carbonate composites are reported. </LI> <LI> TMP-carbonate composites sintered at 750 °C are dense. </LI> <LI> SIP21-L10 composite showed max. conductivity of 5.5 × 10<SUP>−2</SUP> S cm<SUP>−1</SUP> at 630 °C. </LI> <LI> Conductivity of TMP-carbonate is comparable to ceria-carbonate composites. </LI> </UL> </P>

Role of Decompression in Late Presentation of Cervical Spinal Cord Disorders

Sandeep Shrivastava,Harshal Sakale,Rajesh Dulani,Pradeep K Singh,Manoj Sanrakhia 대한척추외과학회 2014 Asian Spine Journal Vol.8 No.2

Study Design: Prospective study conducted at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India. Purpose: To show the efficacy of decompression in the late presentation of cervical spinal cord disorders. Overview of Literature: Studies by various authors have shown that early spinal decompression results in better neurological outcomes. Methods: From January 2003 to January 2005, 11 of the 41 patients with cervical spinal cord compression, meeting the inclusion criteria, underwent anterior decompression; interbody graft placement and stabilization by anterior cervical locking plate. The neurologic and functional outcomes were recorded. Results: Five patients had spinal cord injury and 6 patients had compressive cervical myelopathy. Complications included 1 death and 1 plate loosening. No patient lost their preoperative neurological status. One patient had no improvement, 2 patients showed full recovery. The mean follow-up is 28.3 month. At the of rehabilitation, 6 were able to walk without support), 2 could walk with support, and 1 needed a wheelchair. The average American Spinal Injury Association motor score on admission to the hospital, 32.8 (standard deviation [SD], 30.5); admission to rehabilitation, 38.6 (SD, 32.4); discharge from rehabilitation, 46.2 (SD, 33.7). The most recent follow-up was 64.0 (SD, 35.3). Conclusions: The anterior approach for cervical decompression allows for adequate decompression. This decompression is the best chance offered in even late reported cases, including posttraumatic cases where there is no evidence of cord transactions. The use of anterior cervical plates reduces the chances of graft loosening, extruding, or collapsing.

Characteristics and Variability of Carbonaceous Aerosols over a Semi Urban Location in Garhwal Himalayas

K. Sandeep,R. S. Negi,A. S. Panicker,Alok Sagar Gautam,D. S. Bhist,G. Beig,B. S. Murthy,R. Latha,Santosh Singh,S. Das 한국기상학회 2020 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.56 No.3

Extraction of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were carried out over Srinagar, India, an ecologically sensitive semi-urban site in Garhwal Himalays. The PM2.5 sampling was carried out during January to December, 2017 over the site. The OC and EC were extracted from PM2.5 samples using a thermo optical OC/EC analyzer. Highest OC and EC concncentrations were found during postmonsoon (17.67 ± 1.1 μg/m3 OC and 6.34 ± 0.75 EC) and Winter (17.31 ± 3.045 μg/m3 OC and 6.32 ± 0.585 μg/m3 EC) seasons are attributed to boundary layer dynamics and anthropogenic activities. The lower concentration of OC/ EC was observed during monsoon season (11.64 ± 1.75 μgm−3 OC and 3.46 ± 0.19μgm−3 EC) owing to wet scavenging of aerosols and minimum count of forest fire/biomass buring incidences. Both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season concentrations are also influenced by biomass burning in the IGP (Indo-Gangetic Plain) region and forest fires in the adjecent areas. The OC/EC ratio sounds that vehicular exhaust and biomass burning are the major source of OC/EC over the site. Generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) at the region causes variability in OC/EC ratio in different seasons. It is found that 24–32% of PM2.5 is contributed by carbonaceous aerosols (OC and EC) over Srinagar. The pivotal role of meteorology in modulating OC/ EC concentrations has been illustared in detail.

Design of Slotted Square Microstrip Patch Antenna Connected with Rectangular Shaped Meta Material Structure to Enhance Parameters at 2.6GHz

Sumit Singh Tewatiya,Sandeep k. Agrawal 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.9 No.6

In this work, Rectangular Micro strip Patch Antenna (RMPA) along with Meta material which has design of “Slotted Square Connected with Rectangular shaped cover structure” is proposed at height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane. The RMPA with proposed Meta material structure is designed to resonate at 2.6 GHz frequency. This work is mainly focused on increasing the potential parameters of micro strip patch antenna. Proposed Meta material structure is significantly reduced the return loss and increased the bandwidth and directivity of the antenna with compare to RMPA alone. The bandwidth is increased up to 22MHz in comparison to RMPA alone. The return loss of proposed antenna is reduced by 41.88dB by incorporating the proposed Meta material structure. For simulation purpose CST-MWS Software has been used.

Improving Analytical Performance of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Strontium, the Minor Impurity Element, in Salts Using Multiple Filter-Paper Sampling

Kumar Sandeep,Ngo Van Tho,Park Jeong,Ham Kyung‐Sik,Singh Vivek K.,Nam Sang‐Ho,Lee Yonghoon 대한화학회 2021 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.42 No.5

Strontium (Sr) is an element of toxicological concern due to its close chemical proximity to Ca. In this work, Sr in sea salts collected from China and South Korea was analyzed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The precision could be improved by using multiple filter-paper sampling and intensity normalization using a weak Na I line as a reference signal. The analyte signal variation between filter-paper pieces as well as that within a single filter-paper piece could be corrected by the suggested method. The limit of detection of ~2 ppm and the precision of ~5% could be obtained. As a measure of accuracy, the root-mean-square error was estimated to be 9 ppm. The multiple filter-paper sampling can be performed easily on the salt production sites and improves the LIBS analysis precision resulting to sufficient quantification capability for minor metallic elements in edible sea salt products.

Morphological and in vitro investigation of core–shell nanostructures of carvedilol using quality by design

Jerome K. George,Sandeep Kumar Singh,Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma 한국약제학회 2015 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.45 No.6

The present study aimed to develop an ideal nanostructured delivery (propylene glycol monocaprylatepolycaprolactone core–shell nanostructures) for a poorly soluble drug by quality-by-design (QbD) approach. Carvedilol (CVD) loaded polymeric nanocapsules were formulated by 3² factorial designs and established the functional relationships between the operating independent variables. An increase in polycaprolactone (PCL) content led to a rise in mean particle size, while the effect of Lutrol F127 was found statistically insignificant. Furthermore, it was observed that as the level of Lutrol F127 increases zeta potential decreases. However different levels of PCL did not significantly affected the zeta potential. The in vitro release of carvedilol from nanocapsule is contributed by the coupling of diffusion and erosion mechanism. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed the spherical nature of prepared optimized formulations OF1–OF3. TEM images illustrated spherical nanocapsules with a clearly distinctive oil core and PCL coating. The thickness of the core varied from 14.78 to 54.21 nm. The smooth surface of nanocapsules observed under AFM studies indicated no surface crystallization of CVD or other excipients used in preparing optimized formulations. The root mean square roughness and the average volume of optimized nanocapsules (OF1–OF3) ranged between 14.42–23.26 nm and 24.41–49.91 μm³, respectively. This study revealed the effectiveness of QbD for the preparation of optimized nanocapsules of CVD having desired attributes in the shortest possible time.